Abstract
All primary care physicians should have an understanding of the interaction of various medical conditions with pregnancy. Whereas only some family physicians provide primary obstetric care, nearly all care for women during their childbearing years. Medical conditions that coexist with pregnancy may profoundly affect the course of pregnancy, and pregnancy may have a significant effect on the course of particular medical conditions. In addition, many medical conditions decrease the patient’s chances of having a successful pregnancy if they are not diagnosed and addressed during the preconception period. For example, failure to adequately control a patient with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus prior to conception may have disastrous consequences during the first few weeks of pregnancy, often before the patient seeks prenatal care. This chapter addresses conditions that may exist in pregnant patients.
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Naeye RL. Causes of the excessive rates of perinatal mortality and prematurity in pregnancies complicated by maternal urinary-tract infection. N Engl J Med 1979; 300: 819–28.
Harris RE. The significance of bacteriuria during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1979; 53: 71–3.
Kass EH. The role of asymptomatic bacteriuria in the pathogenesis of pyelonephritis. In: Quinn EL, Kass EH, eds. Biology of pyelonephritis. Boston: Little, Brown, 1960; 399–112.
Whalley PI. Bacteriuria of pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1967; 97: 723–38.
Harris RE, Gilstrap LC. Cystitis during pregnancy: a distinct clinical entity. Obstet Gynecol 1981; 57: 578–80.
Dujff P. Maternal and perinatal infections. In: Gabbe SG, Niebyl JR, Simpson JL, eds. Obstetrics normal and complicated pregnancies. New York: Churchhill Livingstone, 2001.
Duff P. Pyelonephritis in pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1984; 27: 17–31.
Kass EH. Pyelonephritis and bacteriuria: a major problem in preventive medicine. Ann Intern Med 1962; 56: 46–53.
Fan YA, Pastorek JG, Miller JM, Mulvey J. Acute pyelonephritis in pregnancy. Am J Perinatol 1987; 4: 324–6.
Smith JL. Foodborne infections during pregnancy. J Food Prot 1999; 62: 818–29.
Westblom TU, Gudipati S, DeRousse C, Midkiff BR, Belshe RB. Safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine: effect of dose and vaccination schedule. J Infect Dis 1994; 169: 996–1001.
Nishioka K. Predominant mode of transmission of hepatitis B virus: perinatal transmission in Asia. In: Vyas GN, Dienstag JL, Hoofnagle JH, eds. Viral hepatitis and liver disease. Orlando, FL: Grune & Stratton, 1984; 424–32.
Arevalo JA. Hepatitis B in pregnancy. West J Med 1989; 150: 668–74.
Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. Protection against viral hepatitis. MMWR 1990; 39 (suppl 2): 1–26.
Paccagnini S, Principi N, Massironi E, et al. Perinatal transmission and manifestation of hepatitis C virus infection in a high risk population. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1995; 4: 195–9.
Hoofnagle JH. Type D (delta) hepatitis. JAMA 1989; 261: 1321–5.
Fox GN, Strangavity JW. Varicella-zoster virus infections in pregnancy. Am Fam Physician 1989; 39: 89–98.
Yankowitz J, Pastorek JG. Viral diseases. In: James DK, Steer PJ, Weiner CP, Gonik B, eds. High risk pregnancy: management options, 2nd rev. ed. London: Saunders, 2000: 531–1.
Duff P. Infections in pregnancy. In: Ling FW, Duff P, eds. Obstetrics and gynecology: principles for practice, 1st ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2000; 125–7.
Centers for Disease Control. U.S TB cases decline seven percent in 2000, reaching an all-time low. Press release 12 Jun 2001. http://www.cdc.gov/nchstp/tb/pubs/pressrelease/061201.htm.
Vo QT, Stettier W, Crowley K. Pulmonary tuberculosis in pregnancy. Prim Care Update Obstet Gynecol 2000; 7: 233–49.
Centers for Disease Control. Screening for tuberculosis and tuberculosis infection in high-risk populations: recommendations of the Advisory Committee for the Elimination of Tuberculosis. MMWR 1990; 38: 1–12.
American Thoracic Society. Diagnostic standards and classification of tuberculosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990; 142: 725–35.
Bakht FR, Gentry LO. Toxoplasmosis in pregnancy: an emerging concern for family physicians. Am J Fam Pract 1992; 45: 1683–90.
Hohlfeld P, Daffos F, Costa JM, et al. Prenatal diagnosis of toxoplasmosis with a polymerase-chain reaction test on amniotic fluid. N Engl J Med 1994, 331: 695
Gagne SS. Toxoplasmosis. Primary care update. Obstet Gynecol 2001; 3: 122–6.
Daffos F, Forestier F, Capella-Pavilosky M, et al. Prenatal management of 746 pregnancies at risk for congenital toxoplasmosis. N Engl J Med 1988; 318: 271–5.
Duff P. Infections in pregnancy. In: Ling FW, Duff P, eds. Obstetrics and gynecology: principles for practice, 1st ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2000; 123–5.
Danforth D. Other complications and disorders due to pregnancy. In: Danforth D, ed. Obstetrics and gynecology, 4th ed. Philadelphia: Harper & Row, 1982; 482.
McFee JG. Iron metabolism and iron deficiency during pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1979; 22: 799–812.
Rutherford SE, Phelan JP. Deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary emboli in pregnancy. Crit Care Obstet 1991; 18: 345–70.
Laros RK, Alger LS. Thromboembolism and pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1979; 22: 871–88.
Polak JF, Wilkinson DL. Ultrasonographic diagnosis of symptomatic deep venous thrombosis in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991; 165: 625–9.
Spritizer CE, Evans AC, Kay HH. Magnetic resonance imaging of deep venous thrombosis in pregnant women with lower extremity edema. Obstet Gynecol 1995; 85: 603–7.
Garg K, Welsh CH, Feyerabend AJ, et al. Pulmonary embolism: diagnosis with spiral CT and ventilation-perfusion scanning— correlation with pulmonary angiographic results or clinical outcome. Radiology 1998; 208: 201–8.
Monreal M, Lafoz E, Olive A, del Rio L, Vedia C. Comparison of subcutaneous unfractionated heparin with a low molecular weight heparin (Fragmin) in patients with venous thromboembolism and contraindications to coumarin. Thromb Haemost 1994; 71: 7–11.
Sellman JS, Holman RI. Thromboembolism during pregnancy. Risks, challenges, and recommendations. Postgrad Med 2000; 109: 71–84.
Ginsberg JS, Hirsh J, Turner DC, et al. Risks to the fetus of anticoagulant therapy during pregnancy. Thromb Haemost 1989; 61: 189–96.
Samuels P. Hematologic disorders. In: Ling FW, Duff P, eds. Obstetrics and gynecology: principles for practice, 1st ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2000; 123–5.
Horn EH, Davies J, Keane L. Other hematologic conditions. In: James DK, Steer PJ, Weiner CP, Gonik B, eds. High risk pregnancy: management options, 2nd rev. ed. London: Saunders, 2000; 487–9.
Letsky EH, Greaves M. Guidelines on investigation and management of thrombocytopenia in pregnancy and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia. Br J Haematol 1996; 95: 21–6.
Landon MB. Diabetes mellitus and other endocrine diseases. In: Ling FW, Duff P, eds. Obstetrics and gynecology: principles for practice, 1st ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2000; 231–6.
Sacks DA, Abu-Fadil S, Greenspoon JS, Fotheringham N. Do the current standards for glucose tolerance testing represent a valid conversion of O’Sullivan’s original criteria? Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989; 161: 638–41.
Landon MB. Diabetes mellitus and other endocrine diseases. In: Ling FW, Duff P, eds. Obstetrics and gynecology: principles for practice, 1st ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2000; 231–6.
McCarroll AM. The placental transfer of propylthiouracil, me-thimazole and carbamazepine. Arch Dis Child 1976; 51: 532–6.
Montoro M. Successful outcomes of pregnancy in women with hypothyroidism. Ann Intern Med 1981; 94: 31–5.
Collop NA, Harman EM. Pulmonary problems in pregnancy. Comp Ther 1990; 16: 17–23.
Briggs GG, Freeman RK, Yaffe SJ. Drugs in pregnancy and lactation, 5rd ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1998.
Huff RW. Asthma in pregnancy: medical problems in pregnancy. Med Clin North Am 1989; 73: 653–60.
Cunningham FG, Lindheimer MD. Hypertension in pregnancy. N Engl J Med 1992; 326: 927–31.
Siba BM. Diagnosis and management of chronic hypertension in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1991; 78: 451–61.
Egerman RS. Hypertensive disorders during pregnancy In: Ling FW, Duff P, eds. Obstetrics and gynecology: principles for practice, 1st ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2000; 245–7.
Butters L, Kennedy S, Rubin PC. Atenolol in essential hypertension during pregnancy. BMJ 1990; 301: 587–9.
Michaletz-Onody PA. Peptic ulcer disease in pregnancy. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 1992; 21: 817–26.
Gordon MC, Landon MB Dermatologie disorders. In: Gabbe SG, Niebyl JR, Simpson JL, eds. Obstetrics: normal and problem pregnancies, 3rd rev. ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1996; 1283–7.
Kennedy CTC, Kyle P. Skin disease. In: James DK, Steer PJ, Weiner CP, Gonik B, eds. High risk pregnancy: management options, 2nd rev. ed. London: Saunders, 2000; 919–23.
Samuels P. Neurologic disorders. In: Ling FW, Duff P, eds. Obstetrics and gynecology: principles for practice, 1st ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2000; 191–9.
Patterson RM. Seizure disorders in pregnancy. Med Clin North Am 1989; 73: 661–6.
Jones KL, Lacros RV, Johnson KA, Adams J. Pattern of malformations in children of women treated with carbamazepine. N Engl J Med 1989; 320: 1661–6.
Carhuapona JR, Tomlinson MW, Levine SR. Neurological diseases. In: James DK, Steer PJ, Weiner CP, Gonik B, eds. High risk pregnancy: management options, 2nd rev. ed. London: Saunders, 2000; 803–8.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2003 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Arevalo, J.A., Nesbitt, T.S. (2003). Medical Problems During Pregnancy. In: Taylor, R.B., David, A.K., Fields, S.A., Phillips, D.M., Scherger, J.E. (eds) Family Medicine. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-21744-4_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-21744-4_12
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-5209-0
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-21744-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive