Abstract
Lightwave communication systems carry information that is encoded onto the intensity, phase, or polarization of light from one point to another along an optical path. When designing such systems, many mechanisms that degrade the transfer of information must be taken into account. Until the late 1990s, the main causes of signal degradation in transmission were fiber nonlinearity and amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) from optical amplifiers. More recently, however, a third type of system degradation, involving the unwanted beating of the signal with a number of weak interferers, has become increasingly important. With reference to Fig. 15.1(a), such interferers can result from imperfect extinction of the drop-signal in optical cross-connects and add-drop multiplexers, which are both key elements for flexible and transparent optical network architectures [1,2]. Also, single-Rayleigh backscattering in bidirectional transmission systems [3, 4] can lead to unwanted interferers at the receiver. Although these two examples involve interferers that are independent of the main signal, the important class of multiple-path interference (MPI) involves interferers that are delayed replicas of the main signal. In the case of MPI, additional (unwanted) optical paths, with losses orders of magnitude greater than the main path, lead to interfering signals at the receiver, and can have a significant impact on system performance. With reference to Figs. 15.1 (b) and 15.1(c), MPI is encountered for
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discrete reflections within or surrounding optical amplifiers [5],
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double-Rayleigh scattering in the transmission span [8], or
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unwanted transverse mode mixing in higher-order mode dispersion compensators[9].
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Bromage, J., Winzer, P.J., Essiambre, RJ. (2004). Multiple Path Interference and Its Impact on System Design. In: Islam, M.N. (eds) Raman Amplifiers for Telecommunications 2. Springer Series in Optical Sciences, vol 90/2. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-21585-3_6
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