Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Chlamydial Infections

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Bacterial Infections of Humans

  • 2897 Accesses

There are several quite different disease patterns that result from human infection with chlamydial organisms. Infection with Chlamydia trachomatis may result in trachoma, a variety of other syndromes that accompany ocular or genital infection, or lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV). Chlamydia psittaci has one human disease manifestation—psittacosis. Chlamydia pneumoniae causes respiratory disease and infection has been associated with coronary artery disease.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 259.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Thygeson, P., Trachoma virus: historical background and review of isolates, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 98:6–13 (1962).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Halberstaedter, L. and von Prowazek, S., Uber Zelleinschlusse parasitarer Natur beim Trachom, Arb. Kaiser. Gesund. 26:44–47 (1907).

    Google Scholar 

  3. Lindner, K., Zur Trachomforschung, Z. Augenheilkd. 22:547–549 (1909).

    Google Scholar 

  4. Nicolle, C., Cuenod, A. and Blaisot, L., Étude experimentalle du trachome, Arch. Inst. Pasteur. Tunis. 3:185–188 (1911).

    Google Scholar 

  5. Julianelle, L. A., The Etiology of Trachoma, The Commonwealth Fund, New York, 1938.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Bedson, S. P., The psittacosis–lymphogranuloma group of viruses, Br. Med. Bull. 9:226–227 (1953).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Rake, G., Shaffer, M. F. and Thygeson, P., Relationship of agents of trachoma and inclusion conjunctivitis to those of lymphogranuloma–psittacosis group, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 99:545–547 (1942).

    Google Scholar 

  8. Thygeson, P. and Stone Jr, W., The epidemiology of inclusion conjunctivitis, Arch. Ophthal. 27:91–122 (1942).

    Google Scholar 

  9. T’ang F, F., Chang H, L., Huang Y, T., et al., Trachoma virus in chick embryo, Zhonghua. Yi. Xue. Za. Zhi. 43:81–86 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  10. Collier, L. H. and Sowa, J., Isolation of trachoma virus in embryonate eggs, Lancet 1(7028):993–996 (1958).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Jones, B. R., Collier, L. H. and Smith, C. H., Isolation of virus from inclusion blennorrhoea, Lancet 1:902 (1959).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Gordon, F. B., Harper, I. A., Quan, A. L., et al., Detection of Chlamydia (Bedsonia) in certain infections of man. I. Laboratory procedures: comparison of yolk sac and cell culture for detection and isolation, J. Infect. Dis. 120(4):451–462 (1969).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Wang, S. P., Kuo, C. C. and Grayston, J. T., A simplified method for immunological typing of trachoma-inclusion conjunctivitis-lymphogranuloma venereum organisms, Infect. Immun. 7(3):356–360 (1973).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Wang, S. P., Grayston, J. T., Alexander, E. R., et al., Simplified microimmunofluorescence test with trachoma-lymphogranuloma venereum (Chlamydia trachomatis) antigens for use as a screening test for antibody, J. Clin. Microbiol. 1(3):250–255 (1975).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Jüergensen, T., Handbuch der Speziellen Pathologie und Therapie. Handbuch der Krankheiten des Respirations-Aparates, Vogel, Leipzig, 1874.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Hunter, J., A Treatise on the Venereal Disease. J. Webster, Philadelphia, 1818.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Bedson, S. P., The use of the complement-fixation reaction in the diagnosis of human psittacosis, Lancet 2:1277–1280 (1935).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Moulder, J. W., Comparative biology of intracellular parasitism, Microbiol. Rev. 49(3):298–337 (1985).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Stephens, R. S., Chlamydia: Intracellular Biology, Pathogenesis, and Immunity, ASM Press, Washington, D.C., 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Grayston, J. T., Kuo, C. C., Wang, S. P., et al., A new Chlamydia psittaci strain, TWAR, isolated in acute respiratory tact infections, N. Engl. J. Med. 315(3):161–168 (1986).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Saikku, P., Leinonen, M., Mattila, K., et al., Serological evidence of an association of a novel Chlamydia, TWAR, with chronic coronary heart disease and acute myocardial infarction, Lancet 2(8618):983–986 (1988).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance, 2004, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA, September 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Gerbase, A. C., Rowley, J. T., Heymann, D. H., et al., Global prevalence and incidence estimates of selected curable STDs, Sex. Transm. Dis. 74(Suppl 1):S12–S16 (1998).

    Google Scholar 

  24. Washington, A. E., Johnson, R. E., Sanders, L. L., et al., Incidence of Chlamydia trachomatis infections in the United States using reported Neisseria gonorrhoeae as a surrogate, in: Chlamydial Infections: Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on Human Chlamydial Infections (D. Oriel, G. Ridgway, J. Schachter, et al., eds.) pp 487–490, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Cates, W. Jr., Estimates of the incidence and prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases in the United States. (American Social Health Association Panel), Sex. Transm. Dis. 26(4 Suppl):S2–S7 (1999).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Lymphogranuloma venereum among men who have sex with men—Netherlands, 2003–2004, MMWR. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 53(42):985–988 (2004).

    Google Scholar 

  27. World Health Organization, Guide to Trachoma Control, World Health Organization, Geneva, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Yoneda, C., Dawson, C. R., Daghfous, T., et al., Cytology as a guide to the presence of chlamydial inclusions in Giemsa-stained conjunctival smears in severe endemic trachoma, Br. J. Ophthalmol. 59(3):116–124 (1975).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Stamm, W. E., Diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis genitourinary infections, Ann. Intern. Med. 108(5):710–717 (1988).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Schachter, J., NAATs to diagnose Chlamydia trachomatis genital infection: a promise still unfulfilled, Expert. Rev. Mol. Diagn. 1(2):137–144 (2001).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Ripa, K. T. and Mårdh, P. A., Cultivation of Chlamydia trachomatis in cycloheximide-treated McCoy cells, J. Clin. Microbiol. 6(4):328–331 (1977).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Cles, L. D. and Stamm, W. E., Use of HL cells for improved isolation and passage of Chlamydia pneumoniae, J. Clin. Microbiol. 28(5):938–940 (1990).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Hyman, C. L., Roblin, P. M., Gaydos, C. A., et al., Prevalence of asymptomatic nasopharyngeal carriage of Chlamydia pneumoniae in subjectively healthy adults: assessment by polymerase chain reaction-enzyme immunoassay and culture, Clin. Infect. Dis. 20(5):1174–1178 (1995).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Clarke, L. M., Sierra, M. F., Daidone, B. J., et al., Comparison of the Syva MicroTrak enzyme immunoassay and Gen-Probe PACE 2 with cell culture for diagnosis of cervical Chlamydia trachomatis infection in a high-prevalence female population, J. Clin. Microbiol. 31(4):968–971 (1993).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Bobo, L., Coutlee, F., Yolken, R. H., et al., Diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis cervical infection by detection of amplified DNA with an enzyme immunoassay, J. Clin. Microbiol. 28(9):1968–1973 (1990).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Schachter, J., Stamm, W. E., Quinn, T. C., et al., Ligase chain reaction to detect Chlamydia trachomatis infection of the cerix, J. Clin. Microbiol. 32(10):2540–2543 (1994).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Chernesky, M. A., Lee, H., Schachter, J., et al., Diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis urethral infection in symptomatic and asymptomatic men by testing first-void urine in a ligase chain reaction assay, J. Infect. Dis. 170(5):1308–1311 (1994).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Jaschek, G., Gaydos, C. A., Welsh, L. E., et al., Direct detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in urine specimens from symptomatic and asymptomatic men by using a rapid polymerase chain reaction assay, J. Clin. Microbiol. 31(5):1209–1212 (1993).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Lee, H. H., Chernesky, M. A., Schachter, J., et al., Diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis genitourinary infection in women by ligase chain reaction assay of urine, Lancet 345(8944):213–216 (1995).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Schachter, J., Chlamydiae, in: Manual of Clinical Laboratory Immunology, 4th ed. (N. R. Rose, E. Conway de Macario, J. L. Fahey, et al., eds.), pp 661–666, American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C., 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Schachter, J., Smith, D. E., Dawson, C. R., et al., Lymphogranuloma venereum. I. Comparison of the Frei test, complement fixation test, and isolation of the agent, J. Infect. Dis. 120(3):372–375 (1969).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Alexander, E. R., Wang, S. P. and Grayston, J. T., Further classification of TRIC agents from ocular trachoma and other sources by the mouse toxicity prevention test, Am. J. Ophthalmol. 63(5):S1469–S1478 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  43. Moulder, J. W., The relation of the psittacosis group (Chlamydiae) to bacteria and viruses, Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 20:107–130 (1966).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Alexander, E. R., Chlamydia: The organism and neonatal infection. Hosp. Pract. 14:63–69 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  45. Campbell, L. A., Kuo, C. C. and Grayston, J. T., Characterization of the new Chlamydia agent, TWAR, as a unique organism by restriction endonuclease analysis and DNA-DNA hybridization, J. Clin. Microbiol. 25(10):1911–1916 (1987).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Jones, B. R., The prevention of blindness from trachoma, Trans. Ophthalmol. Soc. U. K. 95(1):16–33 (1975).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Schachter, J. and Dawson, C. R., Human Chlamydial Infections, PSG Publishing Company, Inc., Littleton, MA, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Dawson, C. R., Hanna, L. and Jawetz, E., Controlled treatment trials of trachoma in American Indian children, Lancet 2(7523):961–964 (1967).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. West, S. K., Congdon, N., Katala, S., et al., Facial cleanliness and risk of trachoma in families, Arch. Ophthal. 109(6):855–857 (1991).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Nichols, R. L., Bobb, A. A., Haddad, N. A., et al., Immunofluorescent studies of the microbiologic epidemiology of trachoma in Saudi Arabia, Am. J. Ophthalmol. 63(5):S1372–S1408 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  51. Mertz, K. J., McQuillan, G. M., Levine, W. C., et al., A pilot study of the prevalence of chlamydial infection in a national household survey, Sex. Transm. Dis. 25(5):225–228 (1998).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Chlamydia trachomatis infections. Policy guidelines for prevention and control, MMWR. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 34(Suppl 3):53S–74S (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  53. Schachter, J., Stoner, E. and Moncada, J., Screening for chlamydial infections in women attending family planning clinics, West J. Med. 138(3):375–379 (1983).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Mårdh, P. A., An overview of infectious agents of salpingitis, their biology, and recent advances in methods of detection, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 138(7 Pt 2):933–951 (1980).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Wiesenfeld, H. C., Hillier, S. L., Krohn, M. A., et al., Lower genital tract infection and endometritis: insight into subclinical pelvic inflammatory disease, Obstet. Gynecol. 100(3):456–463 (2002).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Wager, G. P., Martin, D. H., Koutsky, L., et al., Puerperal infectious morbidity: relationship to route of delivery and to antepartum Chlamydia trachomatis infection, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 138(7 Pt 2):1028–1033 (1980).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Holmes, K. K., Handsfield, H. H., Wang, S. P., et al., Etiology of nongonococcal urethritis, N. Engl. J. Med. 292(23):1199–1205 (1975).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines 2002, MMWR. Recomm. Rep. 51(RR-6):1–78 (2002).

    Google Scholar 

  59. Keat, A. C., Thomas, B. J., Taylor-Robinson, D., et al., Evidence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in sexually acquired reactive arthritis, Ann. Rheum. Dis. 39(5):431–437 (1980).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Kousa, M., Saikku, P., Richmond, S., et al., Frequent association of chlamydial infection with Reiter’s syndrome, Sex. Transm. Dis. 5(2):57–61 (1978).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Schachter, J., Grossman, M., Sweet, R. L., et al., Prospective study of perinatal transmission of Chlamydia trachomatis, JAMA 255(24):3374–3377 (1986).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Summary of notifiable diseases, United States, 1993, MMWR. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 42 (53):i–73 (1994).

    Google Scholar 

  63. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Summary of notifiable diseases—United States, 2004, MMWR. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 53(53):1–79 (2006).

    Google Scholar 

  64. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Psittacosis surveillance, 1975–1984, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Grayston, J. T., Chlamydia pneumoniae, strain TWAR pneumonia, Annu. Rev. Med. 43:317–323 (1992).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Kleemola, M., Saikku, P., Visakorpi, R., et al., Epidemics of pneumonia caused by TWAR, a new Chlamydia organism, in military trainees in Finland, J. Infect. Dis. 157(2):230–236 (1988).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Malaty, R., Zaki, S., Said, M. E., et al., Extraocular infections in children in areas with endemic trachoma, J. Infect. Dis. 143(6):853 (1981).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Emerson, P. M., Lindsay, S. W., Alexander, N., et al., Role of flies and provision of latrines in trachoma control: cluster-randomised controlled trial, Lancet 363(9415):1093–1098 (2004).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Meyer, K. F., The host spectrum of psittacosis-lymphogranuloma venereum (PL) agents, Am. J. Ophthalmol. 63(5):S1225–S1246 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  70. Bobo, L. D., Novak, N., Munoz, B., et al., Severe disease in children with trachoma is associated with persistent Chlamydia trachomatis infection, J. Infect. Dis. 176(6):1524–1530 (1997).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. West, S. K., Munoz, B., Mkocha, H., et al., Infection with Chlamydia trachomatis after mass treatment of a trachoma hyperendemic community in Tanzania: a longitudinal study, Lancet 366(9493):1296–1300 (2005).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Taylor, H. R., Johnson, S. L., Schachter, J., et al., Pathogenesis of trachoma: the stimulus for inflammation, J. Immunol. 138(9):3023–3027 (1987).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Patton, D. L., Kuo, C. C., Wang, S. P., et al., Distal tubal obstruction induced by repeated Chlamydia trachomatis salpingeal infections in pig-tailed macaques, J. Infect. Dis. 155(6):1292–1299 (1987).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Mordhorst, C. H., Wang, S. P. and Grayston, J. T., Childhood trachoma in a nonendemic area. Danish trachoma patients and their close contacts, 1963–1973, JAMA 239(17):1765–1771 (1978).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Dawson, C. R., Jones, B. R. and Darougar, S., Blinding and non-blinding trachoma: assessment of intensity of upper tarsal inflammatory disease and disabling lesions, Bull. World Health Organ. 52(3):279–282 (1975).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Brunham, R. C., Paavonen, J., Stevens, C. E., et al., Mucopurulent cervicitis—the ignored counterpart in women of urethritis in men, N. Engl. J. Med. 311(1):1–6 (1984).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Jones, R. B., Mammel, J. B., Shepard, M. K., et al., Recovery of Chlamydia trachomatis from the endometrium of women at risk for chlamydial infection, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 155(1):35–39 (1986).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Westrom, L., Joesoef, R., Reynolds, G., et al., Pelvic inflammatory disease and fertility. A cohort study of 1,844 women with laparoscopically verified disease and 657 control women with normal laparoscopic results, Sex. Transm. Dis. 19(4):185–192 (1992).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Stamm, W. E., Wagner, K. F., Amsel, R., et al., Causes of the acute urethral syndrome in women, N. Engl. J. Med. 303(8):409–415 (1980).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Keat, A., Thomas, B., Dixey, J., et al., Chlamydia trachomatis and reactive arthritis: the missing link, Lancet 1(8524):72–74 (1987).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Schachter, J. and Grossman, M., Chlamydial infections, Annu. Rev. Med. 32:45–61 (1981).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Beem, M. O. and Saxon, E. M., Respiratory-tract colonization and a distinctive pneumonia syndrome in infants infected with Chlamydia trachomatis, N. Engl. J. Med. 296(6):306–310 (1977).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Taylor-Robinson, D., Mycoplasma genitalium—an up-date, Int. J. STD. AIDS. 13(3):145–151 (2002).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Schachter, J., Grossman, M. and Azimi, P. H., Serology of Chlamydia trachomatis in infants, J. Infect. Dis. 146(4):530–535 (1982).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Spaargaren, J., Fennema, H. S., Morre, S. A., et al., New lymphogranuloma venereum Chlamydia trachomatis variant, Amsterdam, Emerg. Infect. Dis. 11(7):1090–1092 (2005).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Schachter, J. and Moncada, J., Lymphogranuloma venereum: how to turn an endemic disease into an outbreak of a new disease? Start looking, Sex. Transm. Dis. 32(6):331–332 (2005).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Spaargaren, J., Schachter, J., Moncada, J., et al., Slow epidemic of lymphogranuloma venereum L2b strain, Emerg. Infect. Dis. 11(11):1787–1788 (2005).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Hahn, D. L., Dodge, R. W. and Golubjatnikov, R., Association of Chlamydia pneumoniae (strain TWAR) infection with wheezing, asthmatic bronchitis, and adult-onset asthma, JAMA 266(2):225–230 (1991).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Grayston, J. T., Kronmal, R. A., Jackson, L. A., et al., Azithromycin for the secondary prevention of coronary events, N. Engl. J. Med. 352(16):1637–1645 (2005).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Hammerschlag, M. R., Apfalter, P., Boman, J., et al., The role of Chlamydia pneumoniae in multiple sclerosis: real or fictitious?, J. Infect. Dis. 192 (7):author (2005).

    Google Scholar 

  91. Boman, J. and Hammerschlag, M. R., Chlamydia pneumoniae and atherosclerosis: critical assessment of diagnostic methods and relevance to treatment studies, Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 15(1):1–20 (2002).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Chernesky, M., Smieja, M., Schachter, J., et al., Comparison of an industry-derived LCx Chlamydia pneumoniae PCR research kit to in-house assays performed in five laboratories, J. Clin. Microbiol. 40(7):2357–2362 (2002).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Schachter, J., West, S. K., Mabey, D., et al., Azithromycin in control of trachoma, Lancet 354(9179):630–635 (1999).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Schachter, J., Sweet, R. L., Grossman, M., et al., Experience with the routine use of erythromycin for chlamydial infections in pregnancy, N. Engl. J. Med. 314(5):276–279 (1986).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Chlamydia Research Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, 94110, San Francisco, California, USA

    Julius Schachter

  2. Seattle–King County Department of Public Health, 98104, Seattle, Washington, USA (Deceased)

    E. Russell Alexander

Authors
  1. Julius Schachter
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. E. Russell Alexander
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Clifton Road NE., 1518, Atlanta, 30322, U.S.A.

    Philip S. Brachman

  2. College of Medicine, Office of Faculty Affairs, Drexel University, Race Street 1505, Philadelphia, 19102, U.S.A.

    Elias Abrutyn

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2009 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Schachter, J., Alexander, E.R. (2009). Chlamydial Infections. In: Brachman, P., Abrutyn, E. (eds) Bacterial Infections of Humans. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09843-2_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09843-2_11

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-387-09842-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-387-09843-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation