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GABA, Glycine, and Glutamate Co-Release at Developing Inhibitory Synapses

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Co-Existence and Co-Release of Classical Neurotransmitters

Abstract

Neurobiologists have long classified synaptic phenotype by a single neurotransmitter released at that synapse. Research over the past two decades has made it clear, however, that the classification of neurons and synapses as purely GABAergic, or even as purely inhibitory or excitatory, is no longer valid. In this chapter we review evidence showing that inhibitory synapses co-release multiple inhibitory neurotransmitters, and that some classical inhibitory synapses also release excitatory neurotransmitters. As multiple transmitter release is particularly prevalent at immature synapses, we pay special attention to developmental plasticity in considering possible mechanisms and functions for release of these seemingly antagonistic neurotransmitters.

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Abbreviations

ACh:

acetylcholine

AMPAR:

amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor

ATP:

adenosine triphosphate

CN:

cochlear nucleus

GABA:

gamma-aminobutyric acid

GABAAR:

GABA (A) receptor

GABABR:

GABA (B) receptor

GAD:

glutamic acid decarboxylase

GlyR:

glycine receptor

GLYT2:

glycine transporter 2

IPSC:

inhibitory postsynaptic current

LSO:

lateral superior olive

mIPSC:

miniature inhibitory postsynaptic current

MNTB:

medial nucleus of the trapezoid body

mPSC:

miniature postsynaptic current

MSO:

medial superior olive

NMDAR:

N-methyl D-aspartic acid receptor

Pn :

postnatal day n

SPN:

superior paraolivary nucleus

VGAT:

vesicular GABA transporter

VGLUT2:

vesicular glutamate transporter 2

VGLUT3:

vesicular glutamate transporter 3

VIAAT:

vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada

    Deda C. Gillespie

  2. Department of Otolaryngology and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA

    Karl Kandler

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  1. Deda C. Gillespie
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  2. Karl Kandler
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Correspondence to Deda C. Gillespie .

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  1. Centro de Investigación y de, Estudios Avanzados, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico, 07000, Mexico

    Rafael Gutierrez

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Gillespie, D.C., Kandler, K. (2009). GABA, Glycine, and Glutamate Co-Release at Developing Inhibitory Synapses. In: Gutierrez, R. (eds) Co-Existence and Co-Release of Classical Neurotransmitters. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09622-3_5

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