Skip to main content

Mindfulness and Anxiety Disorders: Developing a Wise Relationship with the Inner Experience of Fear

  • Chapter
Clinical Handbook of Mindfulness

Perhaps no condition better illustrates the intimate relationship between brain and behavior – mind and body – as the inner experience of fear. In this chapter, we present an integrative scientific view of anxiety and clinical anxiety disorders, with an emphasis on awareness and acceptance as a foundation for mind/body health. Whereas anxiety-related psychopathology is characterized by a desire to avoid the inner experience of fear, we postulate that practicing mindfulness can promote a wise and accepting relationship with one's internal cognitive, emotional, and physical experience, even during times of intense fear or worry.

… the term mental disorder unfortunately implies a distinction between “mental” disorders and “physical” disorders that is a reductionistic anachronism of mind/body dualism. A compelling literature documents that there is much “physical” in mental disorders and much “mental” in physical disorders.

– American Psychiatric Association (DSM-IV-TR, 2000)

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Ader, R. (Ed.). (2007). Psychoneuroimmunology (4th ed.), Vol. 1. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-IV, 4th ed., text revision). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2005). Let's talk facts about anxiety disorders. Available at http://www.HealthyMinds.org

  • Baer, R. A. (2003). Mindfulness training as a clinical intervention: A conceptual and empirical review. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10, 125–143.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baer, R. A., Fischer, S., & Huss, D. B. (2006b). Mindfulness and acceptance in the treatment of disordered eating. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 23, 281–300.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006a). Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness. Assessment, 13, 27–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barlow, D. H. (Ed.). (2002). Anxiety and its disorders: The nature and treatment of anxiety and panic (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Begley, S. (2007). Train your mind, change your brain: How a new science reveals our extraordinary potential to transform ourselves. New York: Ballantine.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benson, H., & Klipper, M. Z. (1975). The relaxation response. New York: HarperCollins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bishop, S. D. (2002). What do we really know about mindfulness-based stress reduction? Psychosomatic Medicine, 64, 71–83.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bishop, S. R., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N. D., Carmody, J., et al. (2004). Mindfulness: A proposed operational definition. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11, 230–241.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Borkovec, T. D. (2002). Life in the future versus life in the present. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 9, 76–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Borkovec, T. D., Ray, W. J., & Stöber, J. (1998). Worry: A cognitive phenomenon intimately lined to affective, physiological, and interpersonal behavioral processes. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 22, 561–576.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brantley, J. (2003). Calming your anxious mind: How mindfulness and compassion can free you from anxiety, fear, and panic. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brantley, J. (2005). Mindfulness-based stress reduction. In S. M. Orsillo, & L. Roemer (Eds.), Acceptance and mindfulness-based approaches to anxiety (pp. 131–145). New York: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Brosschot, J. F., Gerin, W., & Thayer, J. F. (2006). The perseverative cognition hypothesis: A review of worry, prolonged stress-related physiological activation, and health. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 60, 113–124.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brosschot, J. F., Pieper, S., & Thayer, J. F. (2005). Expanding stress theory: Prolonged activation and perseverative cognition. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 30, 1043–1049.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cahn, B. R., & Polich, J. (2006). Meditation states and traits: EEG, ERP, and neuroimaging studies. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 180–211.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Craske, M. G., & Hazlett-Stevens, H. (2002). Facilitating symptom reduction and behavior chance in GAD: The issue of control. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 9, 69–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Creswell, J. D., Way, B. M., Eisenberger, N. I., & Lieberman, M. D. (2007). Neural correlates of dispositional mindfulness during affect labeling. Psychosomatic Medicine, 69, 560–565.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dahl, J., Wilson, K. G., Luciano, C., & Hayes, S. C. (2005). Acceptance and commitment therapy for chronic pain. Reno, NV: Context Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, R. J., Kabat-Zinn, J., Schumacher, J., Rosenkranz, M., Muller, D., Santorelli, S. F., et al. (2003). Alterations in brain and immune function produced by mindfulness meditation. Psychosomatic Medicine, 65, 564–570.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ditto, B., Eclache, M., & Goldman, N. (2006). Short-term autonomic and cardiovascular effects of mindfulness body scan meditation. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 32, 227–234.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eifert, G. H., & Forsyth, J. P. (2005). Acceptance and commitment therapy for anxiety disorders. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feldman, G. (2007). Cognitive and behavioral therapies for depression: Overview, new directions, and practical recommendations for dissemination. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 30, 39–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feldman, G., Hayes, A., Kumar, S., Greeson, J., & Laurenceau, J.-P. (2007). Mindfulness and emotion regulation: The development and initial validation of the Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale-Revised (CAMS-R). Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 29, 177–190.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feldman, G. C., Hayes, A. M., & Greeson, J. M. (2006, November). Reductions in stagnant deliberation during mindfulness training: A pilot study [Abstract]. Proceedings of the 40th Annual Convention of the Association for Cognitive and Behavioral Therapies, Chicago, IL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Finucane, A., & Mercer, S. W. (2006). An exploratory mixed methods study of the acceptability and effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for patients with active depression and anxiety in primary care. BMC Psychiatry, 6, 14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garland, E.L. (2007). The meaning of mindfulness: A second-order cybernetics of stress, metacognition, and coping. Complementary Health Practice Review, 12, 15–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Germer, C. K. (2005). Anxiety disorders: Befriending Fear. In C. K. Germer, R. D. Siegel, & P. R. Fulton (Eds.), Mindfulness and psychotherapy (pp. 152–172). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, J. (1976). The experience of insight: A natural unfolding. Santa Cruz, CA: Unity Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goleman, D. (1980). A map for inner space. In R. N. Walsh & F. Vaughan (Eds.), Beyond ego (pp. 141–150). Los Angeles: J.P. Tarcher.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greeson, J. M., Rosenzweig, S., Vogel, W. H., & Brainard, G. C. (2001). Mindfulness meditation and stress physiology in medical students [Abstract]. Psychosomatic Medicine, 63, 158.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grossman, P., Niemann, L., Schmidt, S., & Walach, H. (2004). Mindfulness-based reduction and health benefits: A meta-analysis. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 57, 35–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hahn, T. N. (1976). The miracle of mindfulness: An introduction to the practice of meditation. Boston: Beacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, S. C. (2005). Acceptance and commitment therapy, relational frame theory, and the third wave of behavioral and cognitive therapies. Behavior Therapy, 35, 639–665.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jain, S., Shapiro, S. L., Swanick, S., Roesch, S. C., Mills, P. J., Bell, I. et al. (2007). A randomized controlled trial of mindfulness meditation versus relaxation training: effects on distress, positive states of mind, rumination, and distraction. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 33, 11–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jha, A. P., Krompinger, J., & Baime, M. J. (2007). Mindfulness training modifies subsystems of attention. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 7, 109–119.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kabat-Zinn, J. (1990). Full catastrophe living: using the wisdom of your body and mind to face stress, pain, and illness. New York: Delacorte.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kabat-Zinn, J. (1994). Wherever you go, there you are: Mindfulness meditation in everyday life. New York: Hyperion.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kabat-Zinn, J. (2003). Mindfulness-based interventions in context: Past, present, and future. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10, 144–156.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kabat-Zinn, J. (2005). Coming to our senses: Healing ourselves and the world through mindfulness. New York: Hyperion.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kristeller, J. L., Baer, R. A., & Quillian-Wolever, R. (2006). Mindfulness-based approaches to eating disorders. In R. A. Baer (Ed.), Mindfulness-based treatment approaches (pp. 75–91). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Lau, M. A., & McMain, S. F. (2005). Integrating mindfulness meditation with cognitive and behavioural therapies: The challenge of combining acceptance- and change-based strategies. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 50, 863–869.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lazar, S. W. (2005). Mindfulness research. In C. K. Germer, R. D. Siegel, & P. R. Fulton (Eds.), Mindfulness and psychotherapy (pp. 220–238). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lepine, J. P. (2002). The epidemiology of anxiety disorders: Prevalence and societal costs. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 63 suppl 14, 4–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Linehan, M. M. (1993). Cognitive behavioral therapy for borderline personality disorder. New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lynn, S. J., Das, L. S., Hallquist, M. N., & Williams, J. C. (2006). Mindfulness, acceptance, and hypnosis: Cognitive and clinical perspectives. International Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 54, 143–166.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McEwen, B. S. (1998). Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators. New England Journal of Medicine, 338, 171–179.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Narrow, W. E., Rae, D. S., Robins, L. N., & Regier, D. A. (2002). Revised prevalence based estimates of mental disorders in the United States: Using a clinical significance criterion to reconcile 2 surveys’ estimates. Archives of General Psychiatry, 59, 115–123.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Orsillo, S. M., & Roemer, L. A. (Eds.). (2005). Acceptance and mindfulness-based approaches to anxiety: Conceptualization and treatment. New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Orsillo, S. M., Roemer, L., & Holowka, D. W. (2005). Acceptance-based behavioral therapies for anxiety. In: S.M. Orsillo & L. Roemer (Eds.), Acceptance and mindfulness-based approaches to anxiety (pp. 3–35). New York: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Otto, M. W., Smits, J. A. J., & Reese, H. E. (2005). Combined psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy for mood and anxiety disorders in adults: Review and analysis. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 12, 72–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ramel, W., Goldin, P. R., Carmona, P. E., & McQuaid, J. R. (2004). The effects of mindfulness meditation on cognitive processes and affect in patients with past depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 28, 433–455.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roemer, L., & Orsillo, S. M. (2002). Expanding our conceptualization of and treatment for generalized anxiety disorder: Integrating mindfulness/acceptance-based approaches with existing cognitive-behavioral models. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 9, 54–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roemer, L., Salters-Pedneault, K., & Orsillo, S. M. (2006). Incorporating mindfulness- and acceptance-based strategies in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. In R. A. Baer (Ed.), Mindfulness-based treatment approaches (pp. 51–74). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Salzberg, S., & Goldstein, J. (2001). Insight meditation. Boulder, CO: Sounds True.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneiderman, N., & McCabe, P. M. (1989). Psychophysiologic strategies in laboratory research. In N. Schneiderman, S. M. Weiss, & P. G. Kaufmann (Eds.), Handbook of research methods in cardiovascular behavioral medicine. New York, Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Segal, Z. V., Williams, J. M., & Teasdale, J. D. (2002). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression: A new approach to preventing depressive relapse. New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Selye, H. (1976). The stress of life (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, S. L., Carlson, L. E., Astin, J. A., & Freedman, B. (2006). Mechanisms of mindfulness. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62, 373–386.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, S. L., Schwartz, G. E. R., & Santerre, C. (2002). Meditation and positive psychology. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of Positive Psychology (pp. 632–645), New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, S. L., & Schwartz, G. E. R. (2000). Intentional systemic mindfulness: An integrative model for self-regulation and health. Advanced in Mind/body Medicine, 16, 128–134.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheehan, D. W., & Harnett Sheehan, K. (2007). Current approaches to the pharmacologic treatment of anxiety disorders. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 40, 98–109.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shigaki, C. L., Glass, B., & Schopp, L. H. (2006). Mindfulness-based stress reduction in medical settings. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 13, 209–216.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Siegel, D. J. (2007). The mindful brain: Reflection and Attunement in the Cultivation of well-being. New York: W.W. Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, J. E., Richardson, J., Hoffman, C., & Pilkington, K. (2005). Mindfulness-based stress reduction as a supportive therapy in cancer care: A systematic review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 52, 315–327.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Teasdale, J. D., Moore, R. G., Hayhurst, H., Pope, M., Williams, S., & Segal, Z. V. (2002). Metacognitive awareness and prevention of relapse in depression: Empirical evidence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70, 275–287.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thayer, J. F., & Brosschot, J. F. (2005). Psychosomatics and psychopathology: Looking up and down from the brain. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 30, 1050–1058.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wallace, B. A. (2006). Contemplative science: Where Buddhism and neuroscience converge. New York: Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walsh, R., & Shapiro, S. L. (2006). The meeting of meditative disciplines and Western psychology: A mutually enriching dialogue. American Psychologist, 61, 227–239.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wells, A. (2002). GAD, metacognition, and mindfulness: An information processing analysis. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 9, 95–100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2009 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Greeson, J., Brantley, J. (2009). Mindfulness and Anxiety Disorders: Developing a Wise Relationship with the Inner Experience of Fear. In: Didonna, F. (eds) Clinical Handbook of Mindfulness. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09593-6_11

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics