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Retroviruses and Insights into Cancer pp 191–218Cite as

Cancers Induced by Piscine Retroviruses

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Abstract

Retroviruses have been detected in the majority of vertebrate species analyzed to date. In fish, thirteen proliferative diseases have been associated with the presence of retroviruses. The etiologic relationship of retroviruses with these diseases is primarily based on tumor-associated retrovirus-like particles, the presence of reverse transcriptase activity in neoplastic tissues, and the ability to transmit disease with tumor extracts. Increased epizootics of cancers in fish, particularly in farm-reared or hatchery facilities, have prompted the awareness and further study of the suspected retroviruses. Many proliferative diseases in fish develop and regress seasonally and provide unique models for the study of cancer development and regression. The complete proviral sequences of six fish retroviruses have revealed unique genome organizations and expression patterns. Two simple retroviruses have been identified: an exogenous virus from Atlantic salmon swim-bladder tumors and an endogenous retrovirus in the zebrafish genome. A complex retrovirus was isolated from a cultured snakehead-fish cell-line, although an association with disease has not been shown. Three complex retroviruses isolated from walleye skin-proliferative diseases display a similar genomic structure and encode three novel accessory proteins that contribute to oncogenesis and tumor regression. The accessory proteins from walleye dermal-sarcoma virus (WDSV) function in the regulation of host and viral-gene expression by altering cell-signaling pathways and induction of apoptosis. A new retroviral genus, Epsilonretroviruses, has been established based on the distinctive sequence and structure of the walleye viruses. Phylogenetic analyses show a high degree of heterogeneity within the piscine retroviruses.

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Acknowledgments

The authors thank Greg Wooster and Rodman Getchell for providing materials, and Volker Vogt for rabbit antisera specific for WDSV proteins. This research was supported in part by USDA grants 99-35204-7485 and 02-35204-12777 to J.W.C.; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration award NA86RG0056 to the Research Foundation of State University of New York for a New York Sea Grant to P.R.B.; National Institutes of Health National Research Service Award F32CA88572 to J.R.; American Cancer Society grant RPG-00313-01-MBC to S.L.Q., and National Institutes of Health grant CA095056 to S.L.Q.

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  1. Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA

    Sandra L. Quackenbush

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  1. Sandra L. Quackenbush
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  2. James W. Casey
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  3. Paul R. Bowser
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  4. Joel Rovnak
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Correspondence to Sandra L. Quackenbush .

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  1. , Section of Molecular Genetics and Microb, University of Texas, Austin, One University Station, Austin, 78712-0162, Texas, USA

    Jaquelin Dudley

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Quackenbush, S.L., Casey, J.W., Bowser, P.R., Rovnak, J. (2010). Cancers Induced by Piscine Retroviruses. In: Dudley, J. (eds) Retroviruses and Insights into Cancer. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09581-3_7

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