Skip to main content

Shadow Economy

  • Chapter

Abstract

Crime and shadow economic activities are a fact of life around the world, and almost all societies engage in trying to control these activities through education, punishment, or prosecution. Gathering statistics about who is active in the shadow economy activities, the frequency with which underground activities occur and the magnitude of these activities, is crucial for making effective and efficient decisions regarding allocating resources in this area. Obviously it is difficult to get accurate information about underground or shadow economy activities because individuals engaged in these activities wish to remain unidentified. Hence, estimation of shadow economy activities can be considered as a scientific passion for knowing the unknowable.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   429.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   549.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   549.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Adam, Markus, C. and Victor Ginsburgh (1985). “The effects of irregular markets on macroeconomic policy: some estimates for Belgium.” European Economic Review, 29(1): 15–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Allingham, Michael G. and Agnar Sandmo (1972). “Income tax evasion: a theoretical analysis.” Journal of Public Economics, 1(3–4): 323–338.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alm, James (1996). “Explaining tax compliance,” in Pozo, Susan (eds.) Exploring the Underground Economy. Kalamazoo, Michigan, pp. 103–127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andreoni, James, Erard, Brian and Jonathan Feinstein (1998). “Tax compliance.” Journal of Economic Literature, 36: 818–860.

    Google Scholar 

  • Asea, Patrick K. (1996). “The informal sector: baby or bath water?” Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy, 45: 163–171.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bardhan, Pranab (1997). “Corruption and development: a review of issues.” Journal of Economic Literature, 35: 1320–1346.

    Google Scholar 

  • Becker, Gary S. (1965), “A theory of the allocation of time.” The Economic Journal, 75(299): 493–517.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bhattacharyya, D.K. (1993). How Does the “Hidden Economy” Affect Consumers Expenditure? An Econometric Study of the U.K. (1960–1984). Berlin: International Institute of Public Finance (IIPF).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhattacharyya, D.K. (1999). “On the economic rationale of estimating the hidden economy.” The Economic Journal, 109(456): 348–359.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brehm, J.W. (1966). A Theory of Psychological Reactance. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brehm, J.W. (1972). Responses to Loss of Freedom. A Theory of Psychological Reactance. Morristown: General Learning Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cebula, Richard J. (1997). “An empirical analysis of the impact of government tax and auditing policies on the size of the underground economy: the case of the United States, 1993–94.” American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 56(2): 173–185.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cowell, Frank (1990). Cheating the Government. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Gijsel, Peter (1984). “Ökonomische Theorie des schwarzarbeitsangebots und der Mehrfachbeschäftigung,” in Gretschmann, Klaus, Heinze, Rolf G., Mettelsiefen, Bernd (Hrsg.) Schattenwirtschaft. Wirtschafts-und sozialwissenschaftliche Aspekte, internationale Erfahrungen. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Rubrecht, pp. 76–96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Enste, Dominik H. (1997). “Ökonomische Wirkungsanalyse der Einkommensteuerreform. Grundlegende Ziele, Wirkungen und Gegenfinanzierungsmöglichkeiten,” in Institut für Wohnungsrecht und Wohnungswirtschaft an der Universität zu Köln (Hrsg.) Ökonomische Wirkungsanalayse der Einkommensteuerreform. Köln. INWO 14, pp. 9–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feige, Edgar L. (ed.) (1989). The Underground Economies. Tax Evasion and Information Distortion. Cambridge, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feige, Edgar L. (1994). “The underground economy and the currency enigma.” Supplement to Public Finance/ Finances Publiques, 49: 119–136.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feinstein, Jonathan S. (1999). “Approaches for estimating noncompliance: examples from federal taxation in the United States.” The Economic Journal, 109(456): 360–369.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fichtenbaum, Ronald (1989), “The productivity slowdown and the underground economy.” Quarterly Journal of Business and Economies, 28(3): 78–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frey, Bruno S. (1989). “How large (or small) should the underground economy be?” in Feige, Edgar (ed.) The Underground Economies: Tax Evasion and Information Distortion. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 133–149.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frey, Bruno S. and Werner Pommerehne (1984). “The hidden economy: state and prospect for measurement.” Review of Income and Wealth, 30(1): 1–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, E., Johnson, S., Kaufmann, D., and Zoido-Lobaton, P. (1999). “Dodging the grabbing hand: the determinants of unofficial activity in 69 countries.” Discussion Paper, Washington, DC, World Bank.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giles, David, E.A. (1999a). “Measuring the hidden economy: implications for econometric modeling.” The Economic Journal, 109(456): 370–380.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giles, David, E.A. (1999b). “Modeling the hidden economy in the tax-gap in New Zealand.” Working Paper, Department of Economics, University of Victoria, Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill, Roderick and Muhammed Kabir (1996). “Tax rates, the tax mix, and the growth of the underground economy in Canada: what can we infer?.” Canadian Tax Journal/ Revue Fiscale Canadienne, 44(6): 1552–1583.

    Google Scholar 

  • Houston, John F. (1987). “Estimating the size and implications of the underground economy.” Working Paper 87-9, Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (N.J.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Jain, Arvind, K. (ed.) (1998). Economics of Corruption. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, Simon, Kaufmann, Daniel, and Andrei Shleifer (1997). “The unofficial economy in transition.” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Fall, Washington D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, Simon, Kaufmann, Daniel and Pablo Zoido-Lobatón (1998a). “Regulatory discretion and the unofficial economy.” The American Economic Review, 88(2): 387–392.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, Simon, Kaufmann, Daniel and Pablo Zoido-Lobatón (1998b). Corruption, Public Finances and the Unofficial Economy. Discussion Paper, The World Bank, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaufmann, Daniel and Jeffrey Sachs (1998). “Determinants of Corruption.” Harvard University (Unpublished manuscript).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirchgaessner, Gebhard (1983). “Size and development of the West German shadow economy, 1955–1980.” Zeitschrift für die gesamte Staatswissenschaft, 139(2): 197–214.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirchgaessner, Gebhard (1984). “Verfahren zur Erfassung des in der Schattenwirtschaft erarbeiteten Sozialprodukts.” Allgemeines Statistisches Archiv, 68(4): 378–405.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klovland, Jan (1984). “Tax evasion and the demand for currency in Norway and Sweden: is there a hidden relationship?” Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 86(4): 423–439.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lemieux, Thomas, Fortin, Bernard and Pierre Fréchette (1994). “The effect of taxes on labor supply in the underground economy.” The American Economic Review, 84(1): 231–254.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lippert, Owen and Michael Walker (eds.) (1997). The Underground Economy: Global Evidences of its Size and Impact. Vancouver, B.C.: The Frazer Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loayza, Norman V. (1996). “The economics of the informal sector: a simple model and some empirical evidence from Latin America.” Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy, 45: 129–162.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mauro, Paolo (1995). “Corruption and growth.” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 11093: 681–712.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mogensen, Gunnar V., Kvist, Hans K., Körmendi, Eszter, and Soren Pedersen (1995). The Shadow Economy in Denmark 1994: Measurement and Results. Study No. 3, Copenhagen, The Rockwool Foundation Research Unit.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neck, Reinhard, Hofreither, Markus and Friedrich Schneider (1989). “The consequences of progressive income taxation for the shadow economy: some theoretical considerations,” in Boes, Dieter and Felderer, Bernhard (eds.) The Political Economy of Progressive Taxation. Heidelberg: Springer Publishing Company, pp. 149–176.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pelzmann, Linde (1988). Wirtschaftspsychologie. Arbeitslosenforschung, Schattenwirtschaft, Steuerpsychologie. Wien, New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pommerehne, Werner W. and Friedrich Schneider (1985). “The decline of productivity growth and the rise of the shadow economy in the U.S.” Working Paper 85-9, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pommerehne, Werner, and Weck-Hannemann, Hannelore (1992). “Steuerhinterziehung: Einige romantische, realistische und nicht zuletzt empirische Befunde.” Zeitschrift für Wirtschafts-und Sozialwissenschaften, 112(3): 433–466.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quirk, Peter, J. (1996). “Macroeconomic implications of money laundering.” IMF Working Paper 96/66, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riebel, Volker (1983). Die Schwarzarbeit als Problem der Zeitallokation. Frankfurt am Main, Bern, New York: Lang Publishing Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riebel, Volker (1984). “Arbeitszeitverkürzung und Schwarzarbeit. Auswirkungen einer Verkürzung der Wochenarbeitszeit auf das individuelle Arbeitsangebot.” Zeitschrift für Wirtschafts-und Sozialwissenschaften, 104(5): 515–538.

    Google Scholar 

  • Romer, Paul (1994). “New goods, old theory, and the welfare costs of trade restrictions.” Journal of Development Economics, 43(1): 5–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rose-Ackermann, Susan (1978). Corruption: A study in Political Economy. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rose-Ackermann, Susan (1997). Corruption: A study in Political Economy. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rose-Ackermann, Susan (1997). Corruption and Development. Annual Bank Conference on Development Economics. Washington DC. The World Bank.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rose-Ackermann, Susan (1999). Corruption and Government: Causes, Consequences and Reforms. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmölders, Günter (1960). Das Irrationale in der öffentlichen Finanzwirtschaft. Probleme der Finanzpsychologie. Hamburg: Rowohlt-Publishing Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmölders, Günter (1975). Einführung in die Geld-und Finanzpsychologie. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, Friedrich (1986). “Estimating the size of the Danish shadow economy using the currency demand approach: an attempt.” The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 88(4): 643–668.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, Friedrich (1994a). “Measuring the size and development of the shadow economy. Can the causes be found and the obstacles be overcome?” in Brandstaetter, Hermann, and Güth, Werner (eds.) Essays on Economic Psychology. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Publishing Company, pp. 193–212.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, Friedrich (1994b). “Can the shadow economy be reduced through major tax reforms? An empirical investigation for Austria.” Supplement to Public Finance/ Finances Publiques, 49: 137–152.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, Friedrich (1997). “The shadow economies of western Europe.” Journal of the Institute of Economic Affairs, 17(3): 42–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, Friedrich (1998a). “Further empirical results of the size of the shadow economy of 17 OECD countries over time.” Paper to be presented at the 54 Congress of the IIPF Cordowa, Argentina, and discussion paper, Department of Economics, University of Linz, Linz, Austria.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, Friedrich (1998b). Stellt das Anwachsen der Schwarzarbeit eine wirtschaftspolitische Herausforderung dar? Einige Gedanken aus volkswirtschaftlicher Sicht. Linz, Mitteilungen des Instituts für angewandte Wirtschaftsforschung (IAW), I/98, S. 4–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, Friedrich (2001a). “Die Schattenwirtschaft — Tatbestand, Ursachen, Auswirkungen,” in Anton Rauscher (ed.) Die Arbeitswelt im Wandel. Mönchengladbacher Gespräche, Band 21, Köln, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, Friedrich (2001b). Arbeit im Schatten: Einige theoretische und empirische Überlegungen über die Schattenwirtschaft, Perspektiven der Wirtschaftspolitik, Blackwell Publishers, Band 2,Heft 4, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, Friedrich (2001c). “what do we know about the shadow economy?” Evidence from 21 OECD countries.” World Economics, 2(4).

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, Friedrich, and Dominik Enste (2000). “Shadow economies: size, causes, and consequences.” Journal of Economic Literature, 38(1): 114–177.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, Friedrich, Markus F. Hofreither, and Reinhard Neck (1989). “The consequences of a changing shadow economy for the official economy: some empirical results for Austria,” in Boes, Dieter and Bernhard Felderer (eds.) The Political Economy of Progressive Taxation. Heidelberg: Springer Publishing Company, pp. 181–211.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shleifer, Andrei, and Robert W. Vishny (1993). “Corruption.” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 108(4): 559–617.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, Philip (1994). “Assessing the size of the underground economy: the Canadian statistical perspectives.” Canadian Economic Observer, Catalogue No. 11-010, 3.16-33, at 3.18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spiro, Peter S. (1993). “Evidence of a post-GST increase in the underground economy.” Canadian Tax Journal/ Revue Fiscale Canadienne, 41(2): 247–258.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanzi, Vito (1994). “Corruption, governmental activities, and markets.” IMF Working Paper 99, pp. 1–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanzi, Vito (1998). “Corruption around the world: causes, consequences, scope, and cures.” IMF Working Paper 63, pp. 1–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanzi, Vito (1999). “Uses and abuses of estimates of the underground economy.” The Economic Journal, 109(456): 338–340.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, Jim J. (1992). “Informal economic activity.” LSE, Handbooks in Economics. London: Harvester Wheatsheaf.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, Jim J. (1999). “Quantifying the Black economy: ‘measurement without theory’ yet again?” The Economic Journal, 109(456): 381–389.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trockel, Jochen (1987). “Die Schattenwirtschaft in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland.” Eine ökonomische Analyze am Beispiel der Bauwirtschaft. Bergisch-Gladbach, Köln, Eul.

    Google Scholar 

  • Werner, Christian (1990). Die Beschäftigungswirkungen der Schattenwirtschaft. Pfaffenweiler, Centaurus.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zilberfarb, Ben-Zion (1986). “Estimates of the underground economy in the United States, 1930–80.” Staff Papers (International Monetary Fund), 33(4): 790–798.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2004 Kluwer Academic Publishers

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Schneider, F. (2004). Shadow Economy. In: Rowley, C.K., Schneider, F. (eds) The Encyclopedia of Public Choice. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-306-47828-4_24

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-306-47828-4_24

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-7923-8607-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-306-47828-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics