Abstract
At the end of this chapter the reader will be able to:
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Distinguish between data and information in terms of the concept of a sign
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Describe the four layers of a sign
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Distinguish between syntax and semantics, and explain the relevance of this distinction to the concept of a database schema
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References
Sowa, J.F. (1984). Conceptual Structures: Information Processing in Mind and Machine. Reading, MA, Addison-Wesley.
Stamper, R.K. (1989). Information in Business and Administrative Systems. London, Batsford.
Tsitchizris, D.C. and F.H. Lochovsky (1982). Data Models. Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice-Hall.
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© 2004 Paul Beynon-Davies
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Beynon-Davies, P. (2004). Data and Information. In: Database Systems. Palgrave, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-00107-7_2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-00107-7_2
Publisher Name: Palgrave, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-4039-1601-3
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