Skip to main content

Endosonographic Anatomy of the Normal Anal Canal

  • Chapter
Benign Anorectal Diseases
  • 931 Accesses

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Uz A, Elhan A, Ersoy M, Tekdemir I (2004) Internal anal sphincter: an anatomic study. Clin Anat 17:17–20

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Lunniss PJ, Phillips RKS (1992) Anatomy and function of the anal longitudinal muscle. Br J Surg 79:882–884

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Bartram CI (2003) Ultrasound. In: Bartram CI, DeLancy JOL. Imaging Pelvic Floor Disorders. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

    Google Scholar 

  4. Williams AB, Bartram CI, Halligan S et al (2002) Endosonographic anatomy of the normal anal canal compared with endocoil magnetic resonance imaging. Dis Colon Rectum 45:176–183

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Shafik A (1976) A new concept of the anatomy of the anal sphincter mechanism and the physiology of defecation III. The longitudinal anal muscle: anatomy and role in sphincter mechanism. Invest Urol 13:271–277

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Konerding MA, Dzemali O, Gaumann A et al (1999) Correlation of endoanal sonography with cross-sectional anatomy of the anal sphincter. Gastrointest Endosc 50:804–810

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Shafik A (1975) A new concept of the anatomy of the anal sphincter mechanism and the physiology of defecation. The external anal sphincter: a triple-loop system. Invest Urol 12:412–419

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Thakar R, Sultan A (2004) Anal endosonography and its role in assessing the incontinent patient. Best Pract Res Clinic Obstet Gynaec 18:157–173

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Santoro GA, Di Falco G (2004) Basic anatomy. In: Santoro GA, Di Falco G. Atlas of endoanal and endorectal ultrasonography. Springer Italy, Milan

    Google Scholar 

  10. Stoker J (2003) The anatomy of the pelvic floor and sphincters. In: Bartram CI, DeLancy JOL. Imaging Pelvic Floor Disorders. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

    Google Scholar 

  11. Woodman PJ, Graney DO (2002) Anatomy and physiology of the female perineal body with relevance to obstetrical injury and repair. Clin Anat 15:321–334

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Bartram CI, Frudinger A (1997) Handbook of anal endosonography. Wrightson Biomedical, Petersfield

    Google Scholar 

  13. Burnett SJD, Bartram CI (1991) Endosonographic variations in the normal internal anal sphincter. Int J Colorectal Dis 6:2

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Vaizey CJ, Kamm MA, Bartram CI (1997) Primary degeneration of the internal anal sphincter as a cause of passive faecal incontinence. Lancet 349:612–615

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Williams AB, Bartram CI, Halligan S et al (2001) Multiplanar anal endosonography — normal anal canal anatomy. Colorectal Disease 3:169–174

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Sultan AH, Kamm MA, Talbot IC et al (1994) Anal endosonography for identifying external sphincter defects confirmed histologically. Br J Surg 81:463–465

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Frudinger A, Halligan S, Bartram CI et al (2002) Female anal sphincter: age-related differences in asymptomatic volunteers with high-frequency endoanal US. Radiology 224:417–423

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Beets-Tan RGH, Morren GL, Beets GL et al (2001) Measurement of anal sphincter muscles: endoanal US, endoanal MR imaging, or phased-array MR imaging? A study with healthy volunteers. Radiology 220:81–89

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Stoker J, Halligan S, Bartram CI (2001) Pelvic floor imaging. Radiology 218:621–641

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Fritsch H, Brenner E, Lienemann A, Ludwikowski B (2002) Anal sphincter complex: reinterpreted morphology and its clinical relevance. Dis Colon Rectum 45:188–194

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Williams AB, Cheetham MJ, Bartram CI et al (2000) Gender differences in the longitudinal pressure profile of the anal canal related to anatomical structure as demonstrated on three-dimensional anal endosonography. Br J Surg 87:1674–1679

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Gold DM, Bartram CI, Halligan S et al (1999) Three-dimensional endoanal sonography in assessing anal canal injury. Br J Surg 86:365–370

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Bollard RC, Gardiner A, Lindow S et al (2002) Normal female anal sphincter: difficulties in interpretation explained. Dis Colon Rectum 45:171–175

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Zetterstrom JP, Mellgren A, Madoff RD et al (1998) Perineal body measurement improves evaluation of anterior sphincter lesions during endoanal ultrasonography. Dis Colon Rectum 41:705–713

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Oberwalder M, Thaler K, Baig MK et al (2004) Anal ultrasound and endosonographic measurement of perineal body thickness. A new evaluation for fecal incontinence in females. Surg Endosc 18:650–654

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Nielsen MB, Hauge C, Rasmussen OO et al (1992) Anal sphincter size measured by endosonography in healthy volunteers. Effect of age, sex and parity. Acta Radiol 33:453–456

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Enck P, Heyer T, Gantke B et al (1997) How reproducible are measures of the anal sphincter muscle diameter by endoanal ultrasound? Am J Gastroenterol 92:293–296

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Gold DM, Halligan S, Kmiot WA, Bartram CI (1999) Intraobserver and interobserver agreement in anal endosonography. Br J Surg 86:371–375

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Williams AB, Bartram CI, Modhwadia D et al (2001) Endocoil magnetic resonance imaging quantification of external sphincter atrophy. Br J Surg 88:853–859

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Williams AB, Malouf AJ, Bartram CI et al (2001) Assessment of external anal sphincter morphology in idiopathic fecal incontinence with endocoil magnetic resonance imaging. Dig Dis Sci 46:1466–1471

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Hussain SM, Stoker J, Zwamborn AW et al (1996) Endoanal MR imaging of the anal sphincter complex: correlation with cross-sectional anatomy and histology. J Anat 189:677–682

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Rociu E, Stoker J, Eijkemans MJC, Lameris JS (2000) Normal anal sphincter anatomy and age-and sexrelated variations at high-spatial-resolution endoanal MR imaging. Radiology 217:395–401

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Morren GL, Beets-Tan GH, van Engelshoven MA (2001) Anatomy of the anal canal and perianal structures as defined by phase-array magnetic resonance imaging. Br J Surg 88:1506–1512

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. DeSouza NM, Puni R, Zbar A et al (1996) MR imaging of the anal sphincter in multiparous women using an enoanal coil: correlation with in vitro anatomy and appearances in fecal incontinence. Am J Roentgenol 167:1465–1471

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Stoker J, Rociu E, Zwamborn AW et al (1999) Endoluminal MR imaging of the rectum and anus: technique, applications and pitfalls. Radiographics 19:383–398

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Sentovich SM, Wong WD, Blatchford GJ (1998) Accuracy and reliability of transanal ultrasound for anterior anal sphincter injury. Dis Colon Rectum 41:1000–1014

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Kumar A, Scholefield JH (2000) Endosonography of the anal canal and rectum. World J Surg 24:208–215

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Hussain SM, Stoker J, Schutte HE, Lameris JS (1996) Imaging of the anorectal region. Europ J Radiol 22:116–122

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Sultan AH, Kamm MA, Hudson CN et al (1993) Analsphincter disruption during vaginal delivery. N Engl J Med 329:1905–1911

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Zetterstrom JP, Mellgren A, Jensen LL et al (1999) Effect of delivery on anal sphincter morphology and function. Dis Colon Rectum 42:1253–1260

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Burnett SJ, Spence-Jones C, Speakman CT et al (1991) Unsuspected sphincter damage following childbirth revealed by anal endosonography. Br J Radiol 64:225–227

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Tjandra JJ, Milsom JW, Stolfi VM et al (1992) Endoluminal ultrasound defines anatomy of the anal canal and pelvic floor. Dis Colon Rectum 35:465–470

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Nielsen MB, Rasmussen OO, Pedersen JF, Christiansen J (1993) Anal endosonographic findings in patients with obstructed defecation. Acta Radiol 34:35–38

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Williams AB, Bartram CI, Halligan S et al (2001) Multiplanar anal endosonography-normal anal canal anatomy. Colorectal Dis 3:169–174

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. West RL, Felt-Bersma RJF, Hansen BE et al (2005) Volume measurement of the anal sphincter complex in healthy controls and fecal-incontinent patients with a three-dimensional reconstruction of endoanal ultrasonography images. Dis Colon Rectum 48:540–548

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2006 Springer-Verlag Italia

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Santoro, G.A., Di Falco, G. (2006). Endosonographic Anatomy of the Normal Anal Canal. In: Benign Anorectal Diseases. Springer, Milano. https://doi.org/10.1007/88-470-0507-8_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/88-470-0507-8_5

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Milano

  • Print ISBN: 978-88-470-0336-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-88-470-0507-5

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics