Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Bibliografia
Adsett DB, Fitz CR, Hill A (1985) Hypoxic-ischaemic cerebral injury in the term newborn: correlation of CT findings with neurological outcome. Dev Med Child Neurol 27(2):155–60
Arzoumanian Y, Mirmiran M, Barnes PD et al (2003) Diffusion tensor brain imaging findings at term-equivalent age may predict neurologic abnormalities in low birth weight preterm infants. Am J Neuroradiol 24(8):1646–1653
Ashwal S, Russman BS, Blasco PA et al (2004) Practice parameter: diagnostic assessment of the child with cerebral palsy. Neurology 62:851–863
Barkovich AJ, Baranski K, Vigneron D et al (1999) Proton MR spectroscopy for the evaluation of brain injury in asphyxiated, term neonates. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 20(8):1399–1405
Barkovich AJ, Westmark KD, Bedi HS et al (2001) Proton spectroscopy and diffusion imaging on the first day of life after perinatal asphyxia: preliminary report. Am J Neuroradiol 22(9):1786–1794
Bax MCO (1964) Terminology and classification of cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 6:295–307
Biagioni E, Bartalena L, Boldrini A et al (2000) Electroencephalography in infants with periventricular leukomalacia: prognostic features at preterm and term age. J Child Neurol 15(1):1–6
Bianchi MC, Tosetti M, Siciliano G et al (2000) La spettroscopia protonica nello studio delle malattie metaboliche in età pediatrica. Rivista di Neuroradiologia 13:45–50
Blair E, Stanley FJ (1988) Intrapartum asphyxia: a rare cause of cerebral palsy. J Pediatr 112(4):515–519
Bouza H, Rutherford M, Acolet D et al (1994) Evolution of early hemiplegic signs in full-term infants with unilateral brain lesions in the neonatal period: a prospective study. Neuropediatrics 25(4):201–207
Canapicchi R, Battini R, Bianchi MC et al (2000) La Spettroscopia Protonica a risonanza magnetica nella patologia neurologica dell’ età evolutiva. Giorn Neuropsich Età Evol 20:301–324
Cappellini M, Rapisardi G, Cioni ML, Fonda C (2002) Acute hypoxic encephalopathy in the full-term newborn: correlation between Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and neurological evaluation at short and long term. Radiol Med (Torino) 104(4):332–340
Cioni G, Bartalena L, Biagioni E et al (1992) Neuroimaging and functional outcome of neonatal leukomalacia. Behav Brain Res 31 49(1):7–19
Cioni G, Prechtl HF, Ferrari F et al (1997a) Which better predicts later outcome in full-term infants: quality of general movements or neurological examination? Early Hum Dev 24 50(1):71–85
Cioni G, Fazzi B, Coluccini M et al (1997b) Cerebral visual impairment in preterm infants with periventricular leukomalacia. Pediatr Neurol 17(4):331–338
Cioni G, Di Paco MC, Bertuccelli B et al (1997c) MRI findings and sensorimotor development in infants with bilateral spastic cerebral palsy. Brain Dev 19(4):245–253
Cioni G, Sales B, Paolicelli PB et al (1999) MRI and clinical characteristics of children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy. Neuropediatrics 30:249–255
Cioni G, Bos AF, Einspieler C et al (2000a) Early neurological signs in preterm infants with unilateral intraparenchymal echodensity. Neuropediatrics. 31(5):240–251
Cioni G, Bertuccelli B, Boldrini A et al (2000b) Correlation between visual function, neurodevelopmental outcome, and magnetic resonance imaging findings in infants with periventricular leukomalacia. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal 2(2):F134–140
Cioni G, Montanaro D, Tosetti M et al (2001) Reorganization of the sensorimotor cortex after early focal brain lesion: a functional MRI study in monozygotic twins. Neuroreport 12(7):1335–1340
Cioni G, Biagi L, Burr D et al (2003) Functional imaging in hemiplegia. European Journal of Paediatric Neurology 7:341
Cooke RW (1994) Survival and cerebral morbidity in preterm infants. Lancet 343(8912):1578
Cowan F, Rutherford M, Groenendaal F et al (2003) Origin and timing of brain lesions in term infants with neonatal encephalopathy. Lancet 361(9359):736–742
Danielsen ER, Ross B (1999) Magnetic resonance spectroscopy diagnosis of neurological diseases. Marcel, Dekker Inc., New York, USA
de Reuck JL (1984) Cerebral angioarchitecture and perinatal brain lesions in premature and full-term infants. Acta Neurol Scand 70(6):391–395
de Vries LS, Regev R, Pennock JM et al (1988a) Ultrasound evolution and later outcome of infants with periventricular densities. Early Hum Dev 16(2–3):225–233
de Vries LS, Wigglesworth JS, Regev R, Dubowitz LM (1988b) Evolution of periventricular leukomalacia during the neonatal period and infancy: correlation of imaging and postmortem findings. Early Hum Dev 17(2–3):205–219
de Vries LS, Eken P, Dubowitz LM (1992) The spectrum of leukomalacia using cranial ultrasound. Behav Brain Res 49(1):1–6
de Vries LS, Groenendaal F, Eken P et al (1997) Infarcts in the vascular distribution of the middle cerebral artery in preterm and fullterm infants. Neuropediatrics 28(2):88–96
de Vries LS, Groenendaal F, van Haastert IC et al (1999) Asymmetrical myelination of the posterior limb of the internal capsule in infants with periventricular haemorrhagic infarction: an early predictor of hemiplegia. Neuropediatrics 30(6):314–319
Di Paco MC, Cioni G, Canapicchi R (1993) Correlati funzionali dei dati in risonanza magnetica. In: Ferrari A, Cioni G (eds) Paralisi cerebrali infantili: storia naturale e orientamenti riabilitativi, Pisa, Edizioni del Cerro, pp 117–129
Di Salle F, Di Pietro F, Hacker H et al (2001) RM Funzionale. Da: “Compendio di Risonanza Magnetica cranio e rachide” G. Dal Pozzo Ed. UTET Diagnostica per Immagini
du Plessis AJ (1998) Posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus and brain injury in the preterm infant: dilemmas in diagnosis and management. Semin Pediatr Neurol 5(3):161–79
Dubowitz LM, Levene MI, Morante A et al (1981) Neurologic signs in neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage: a correlation with real-time ultrasound. J Pediatr 99(1):127–133
Duggan PL, Edwards AD (2001) Placental infiammation and brain injury in preterm infants. Dev Med Child Neurol Suppl 86:16–17
Eken P, de Vries LS, van Nieuwenhuizen O et al (1996) Early predictors of cerebral visual impairment in infants with cystic leukomalacia. Neuropediatrics 27(1):16–25
Ferrari F, Cioni G, Einspieler C et al (2002) Cramped-synchronized general movements in preterm infants as an early marker for cerebral palsy. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 156(5):460–467
Gould SJ, Howard S, Hope PL, Reynolds EO (1987) Periventricular intraparenchymal cerebral haemorrhage in preterm infants: the role of venous infarction. J Pathol 151(3):197–202
Govaert P, Matthys E, Zecic A et al (2000) Perinatal cortical infarction within middle cerebral artery trunks. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 82(1):F59–63
Greisen G (1997) Cerebral blood flow and energy metabolism in the newborn. Clin Perinatol 24(3):531–546
Guzzetta F, Shackelford GD, Volpe S et al (1986) Periventricular intraparenchymal echodensities in the premature newborn: critical determinant of neurologic outcome. Pediatrics 78(6):995–1006
Guzzetta A, Mercuri E, Rapisardi G et al (2003) General movements detect early signs of hemiplegia in term infants with neonatal cerebral infarction. Neuropediatrics 34(2):61–66
Hagberg H (1992) Hypoxic-ischemic damage in the neonatal brain: excitatory amino acids. Dev Pharmacol Ther 18(3–4):139–44
Hagberg B, Hagberg G, Beckung E, Uvebrant P (2001) Changing panorama of cerebral palsy in Sweden. VIII. Prevalence and origin in the birth year period 1991–94. Acta Paediatr 90(3):271–277
Han TR, Bang MS, Lim JY et al (2002) Factors of cerebral palsy in preterm infants. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 81(4):297–303
Harum KH, Hoon AH Jr, Casella JF (1999) Factor-V Leiden: a risk factor for cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 41(11):781–785
Hope PL, Gould SJ, Howard S et al (1988) Precision of ultrasound diagnosis of pathologically verified lesions in the brains of very preterm infants. Dev Med Child Neurol 30(4):457–471
Krageloh-Mann I (2004) Imaging of early brain injury and cortical plasticity. Experimental Neurology (in press)
Johnson AJ, Lee BCP, Lin W (1999) Echoplanar diffusion-weighted imaging in neonates and infants with suspected hypoxic-ischemic injury: correlation with patient outcome. AJR 172:219–226
Levene MI, Chervenak FA, Whittle M (2001) Fetal and neonatal neurology and neurosurgery. 3rd Edition, Churchill Livingstone
Maalouf EF, Duggan PJ, Counsell SJ et al (2001) Comparison of findings on cranial ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging in preterm infants. Pediatrics 107:719–727
McDonald JW, Johnston MV (1990) Physiological and pathophysiological roles of excitatory amino acids during central nervous system development. Brain Res Rev 15(1):41–70
Mercuri E, Rutherford M, Cowan F (1999) Early prognostic indicators of outcome in infants with neonatal cerebral infarction: a clinical, electroencephalogram, and magnetic resonance imaging study. Pediatrics 103(1):39–46
Mercuri E, Ricci D, Cowan FM et al (2000) Head growth in infants with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: correlation with neonatal magnetic resonance imaging. Pediatrics 106(2 Pt 1):235–243
Mercuri E, Cowan F, Gupte G et al (2001) Prothrombotic disorders and abnormal neurodevelopmental outcome in infants with neonatal cerebral infarction. Pediatrics 107(6):1400–1404
Miller SP, Vigneron DB, Henry RG et al (2002) Serial quantitative diffusion tensor MRI of the premature brain: development in newborns with and without injury. J Magn Reson Imaging 16(6):621–632
Montanaro D, Tosetti M, Abbruzzese A et al (2001) Diffusione con RM. Da: “Compendio di Risonanza Magnetica cranio e rachide” G. Dal Pozzo Ed. UTET Diagnostica per Immagini
Morrone MC, Tosetti M, Montanaro D et al (2000) A cortical area that responds specifically to optic flow, revealed by fMRI. Nature Neuroscience 3(12):1322–1328
Mukherjee P, Miller JH, Shimony JS et al (2002) Diffusion-tensor MR imaging of gray and white matter development during normal human brain maturation. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 23(9):1445–1456
Nelson KB, Ellenberg JH (1986) Antecedents of cerebral palsy. Multivariate analysis of risk. New Engl J Med 10; 315(2):81–86
Prechtl HFR, Ferrari F, Cioni G (1993) Predictive value of general movements in asphyxiated fullterm infants. Early Hum Dev 15 35(2):91–120
Prechtl HF, Einspieler C, Cioni G et al (1997) An early marker for neurological deficits after perinatal brain lesions. Lancet 10 349(9062):1361–1363
Pryds O, Greisen G, Lou H, Friis-Hansen B (1990) Vasoparalysis associated with brain damage in asphyxiated term infants. J Pediatr 117(1 Pt 1):119–125
Randò T, Ricci D, Mercuri E et al (2000) Periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges (PLEDs) as early indicator of stroke in full-term newborns. Neuropediatrics 31(4):202–205
Robertson NJ, Cox IJ, Cowan FM et al (2002) Brain alkaline intracellular pH after neonatal encephalopathy. Ann Neurol 52(6):732–742
Roland EH, Hill A (1995) Clinical aspects of perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Semin Pediatr Neurol 2(1):57–71
Roland EH, Hill A (1997) Intraventricular hemorrhage and posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus. Current and potential future interventions. Clin Perinatol 24(3):589–605
Rutherford MA, Pennock JM, Schwieso JE et al (1995) Hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy: early magnetic resonance imaging findings and their evolution. Neuropediatrics 26(4):183–191
Rutherford MA, Pennock JM, Counsell SJ et al (1998) Abnormal magnetic resonance signal in the internal capsule predicts poor neurodevelopmental outcome in infants with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Pediatrics 102(2 Pt 1):323–328
Rutherford MA ( 2002) MRI of the neonatal brain. 1th Edition, UK: WB Saunders
Sarnat HB, Sarnat MS (1976) Neonatal encephalopathy following fetal distress. A clinical and electroencephalographic study. Arch Neurol 33:696–705
Shalak L, Perlman JM (2002) Hemorrhagic-ischemic cerebral injury in the preterm infant: current concepts. Clin Perinatol 29(4):745–763
Sheth RD (1998) Trends in incidence and severity of intraventricular hemorrhage. J Child Neurol 13(6):261–264
Staudt M, Niemann G, Grodd W et al (2000) The pyramidal tract in congenital hemiparesis: relationship between morphology and function in periventricular lesions. Neuropediatrics 31(5):257–264
Staudt M, Grodd W, Gerloff C et al (2002) Two types of ipsilateral reorganization in congenital hemiparesis: a TMS and fMRI study. Brain 125 (Pt 10):2222–2237
Staudt M, Pavlova M, Bohm S et al (2003) Pyramidal tract damage correlates with motor dysfunction in bilateral periventricular leukomalacia (PVL). Neuropediatrics Aug 34(4):182–188
Stockard-Pope JE, Wemer SS, Bickford RG (1992) Atlas of neonatal electroencephalography, 2nd ed. New York: Raven Press
Takashima S, Tanaka K (1978) Development of cerebrovascular architecture and its relationship to periventricular leukomalacia. Arch Neurol 35(1):11–16
Thornberg E, Thiringer K, Odeback A, Milsom I (1995) Birth asphyxia: incidence, clinical course and outcome in a Swedish population. Acta Paediatr 84(8):927–932
Vermeulen GM, Bruinse HW, de Vries LS (2001) Perinatal risk factors for adverse neurodevelopmental outcome after spontaneous preterm birth. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 99(2):207–212
Volpe JJ (1997) Brain injury in the premature infant. Neuropathology, clinical aspects, pathogenesis, and prevention. Clin Perinatol 24(3):567–587
Volpe JJ (1998) Brain injury in the premature infant: overview of clinical aspects, neuropathology, and pathogenesis. Semin Pediatr Neurol 5(3):135–151
Volpe JJ (2001) Neurology of the Newborn. 4th Ed, USA: WB Saunders
Wu YW, Colford M (2000) Chorioamnionitis as a risk factor for cerebral palsy: A meta-analysis. JAMA 284:1417–1424
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2005 Springer-Verlag Italia
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Guzzetta, A., Battini, R., Mercuri, E., Cioni, G. (2005). Diagnosi di lesione. In: Le forme spastiche della paralisi cerebrale infantile. Springer, Milano. https://doi.org/10.1007/88-470-0364-4_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/88-470-0364-4_3
Publisher Name: Springer, Milano
Print ISBN: 978-88-470-0307-1
Online ISBN: 978-88-470-0364-4
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)