Abstract
Cell mechanobiology studies have incorporated micro- and nanotechnology-based tools to understand the interaction between cells and their surrounding environment. These tools have helped to uncover findings that physical factors in the extracellular matrix can strongly affect important cell functions like proliferation, migration, differentiation, and survival. Here, we review the nanotechnologies that have been used for cellular adhesions and traction forces and the findings that have come at the molecular and protein level.
Keywords
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Abercrombie, M., Heaysman, J.E., Pegrum, S.M.: The locomotion of fibroblasts in culture. IV. Electron microscopy of the leading lamella. Exp. Cell Res. 67(2), 359–367 (1971)
Alberts, B.: Molecular Biology of the Cell, 4th ed. Garland Science, New York (2002)
Alenghat, F.J., Ingber, D.E.: Mechanotransduction: all signals point to cytoskeleton, matrix, and integrins. Sci STKE 2002(119), pe6 (2002)
Alexandrova, A.Y., Arnold, K., Schaub, S., Vasiliev, J.M., Meister, J.J., Bershadsky, A.D., Verkhovsky, A.B.: Comparative dynamics of retrograde actin flow and focal adhesions: formation of nascent adhesions triggers transition from fast to slow flow. PLoS One 3(9), e3234 (2008)
Arnold, M., Cavalcanti-Adam, E.A., Glass, R., Blummel, J., Eck, W., Kantlehner, M., Kessler, H., Spatz, J.P.: Activation of integrin function by nanopatterned adhesive interfaces. Chemphyschem 5(3), 383–388 (2004)
Arnold, M., Hirschfeld-Warneken, V.C., Lohmuller, T., Heil, P., Blummel, J., Cavalcanti-Adam, E.A., Lopez-Garcia, M., Walther, P., Kessler, H., Geiger, B., Spatz, J.P.: Induction of cell polarization and migration by a gradient of nanoscale variations in adhesive ligand spacing. Nano Lett 8(7), 2063–2069 (2008)
Bain, C.D., Whitesides, G.M.: Formation of 2-component surfaces by the spontaneous assembly of monolayers on gold from solutions containing mixtures of organic thiols. J. Am. Chem. Society 110(19), 6560–6561 (1988)
Balaban, N.Q., Schwarz, U.S., Riveline, D., Goichberg, P., Tzur, G., Sabanay, I., Mahalu, D., Safran, S., Bershadsky, A., Addadi, L., Geiger, B.: Force and focal adhesion assembly: a close relationship studied using elastic micropatterned substrates. Nat. Cell Biol. 3(5), 466–472 (2001)
Beningo, K.A., Dembo, M., Wang, Y.L.: Responses of fibroblasts to anchorage of dorsal extracellular matrix receptors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101(52), 18024–18029 (2004)
Bernardo, J.M., Smith, A.F.M.: Bayesian Theory. Wiley, Chichester (2000)
Brock, A., Chang, E., Ho, C.C., LeDuc, P., Jiang, X.Y., Whitesides, G.M., Ingber, D.E.: Geometric determinants of directional cell motility revealed using microcontact printing. Langmuir 19(5), 1611–1617 (2003)
Burton, K., Taylor, D.L.: Traction forces of cytokinesis measured with optically modified elastic substrata. Nature 385(6615), 450–454 (1997)
Burton, K., Park, J.H., Taylor, D.L.: Keratocytes generate traction forces in two phases. Mol. Biol. Cell 10(11), 3745–3769 (1999)
Carter, S.B.: Principles of cell motility: the direction of cell movement and cancer invasion. Nature 208(5016), 1183–1187 (1965)
Carter, S.B.: Haptotaxis and the mechanism of cell motility. Nature 213(5073), 256–260 (1967)
Cavalcanti-Adam, E.A., Volberg, T., Micoulet, A., Kessler, H., Geiger, B., Spatz, J.P.: Cell spreading and focal adhesion dynamics are regulated by spacing of integrin ligands. Biophys. J. 92(8):2964–2974 (2007)
Chen, C.S., Mrksich, M., Huang, S., Whitesides, G.M., Ingber, D.E.: Geometric control of cell life and death. Science 276(5317), 1425–1428 (1997)
Choi, C.K., Vicente-Manzanares, M., Zareno, J., Whitmore, L.A., Mogilner, A., Horwitz, A.R.: Actin and alpha-actinin orchestrate the assembly and maturation of nascent adhesions in a myosin II motor-independent manner. Nat. Cell Biol. 10(9), 1039–1050 (2008)
Choquet, D., Felsenfeld, D.P., Sheetz, M.P.: Extracellular matrix rigidity causes strengthening of integrin-cytoskeleton linkages. Cell 88(1), 39–48 (1997)
Chrzanowska-Wodnicka, M., Burridge, K.: Rho-stimulated contractility drives the formation of stress fibers and focal adhesions. J. Cell Biol. 133(6), 1403–1415 (1996)
Cukierman, E., Pankov, R., Stevens, D.R., Yamada, K.M.: Taking cell-matrix adhesions to the third dimension. Science 294(5547), 1708–1712 (2001)
Curtis, A.S.: The mechanism of adhesion of cells to glass. A study by interference reflection microscopy. J. Cell Biol. 20, 199–215 (1964)
Curtis, A.S., Forrester, J.V., McInnes, C., Lawrie, F.: Adhesion of cells to polystyrene surfaces. J. Cell Biol. 97(5 Pt 1), 1500–1506 (1983).
Dembo, M., Oliver, T., Ishihara, A., Jacobson, K.: Imaging the traction stresses exerted by locomoting cells with the elastic substratum method. Biophys. J. 70(4), 2008–2022 (1996)
Dembo, M., Wang, Y.L.: Stresses at the cell-to-substrate interface during locomotion of fibroblasts. Biophys. J. 76(4), 2307–2316 (1999)
Discher, D., Dong, C., Fredberg, J.J., Guilak, F., Ingber, D., Janmey, P., Kamm, R.D., Schmid-Schonbein, G.W., Weinbaum, S.: Biomechanics: cell research and applications for the next decade. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 37(5), 847–859 (2009)
Discher, D.E., Janmey, P., Wang, Y.L.: Tissue cells feel and respond to the stiffness of their substrate. Science 310(5751), 1139–1143 (2005)
du Roure, O., Saez, A., Buguin, A., Austin, R.H., Chavrier, P., Silberzan, P., Ladoux, B.: Force mapping in epithelial cell migration. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102(7), 2390–2395 (2005)
Engler, A., Bacakova, L., Newman, C., Hategan, A., Griffin, M., Discher, D.: Substrate compliance versus ligand density in cell on gel responses. Biophys. J. 86(1), 617–628 (2004)
Engler, A.J., Sen, S., Sweeney, H.L., Discher, D.E.: Matrix elasticity directs stem cell lineage specification. Cell 126(4), 677–689 (2006)
Engler, A.J., Carag-Krieger, C., Johnson, C.P., Raab, M., Tang, H.Y., Speicher, D.W., Sanger, J.W., Sanger, J.M., Discher, D.E.: Embryonic cardiomyocytes beat best on a matrix with heart-like elasticity: scar-like rigidity inhibits beating. J. Cell Sci. 121(Pt 22), 3794–3802 (2008)
Even-Ram, S., Yamada, K.M.: Cell migration in 3D matrix. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 17(5), 524–532 (2005)
Even-Ram, S., Doyle, A.D., Conti, M.A., Matsumoto, K., Adelstein, R.S., Yamada, K.M.: Myosin IIA regulates cell motility and actomyosin-microtubule crosstalk. Nat. Cell Biol. 9(3), 299–309 (2007)
Folkman, J., Moscona, A.: Role of cell shape in growth control. Nature 273(5661), 345–349 (1978)
Galbraith, C.G., Sheetz, M.P.: A micromachined device provides a new bend on fibroblast traction forces. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94(17), 9114–9118 (1997)
Galbraith, C.G., Sheetz, M.P.: Forces on adhesive contacts affect cell function. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 10(5), 566–571 (1998)
Galbraith, C.G., Yamada, K.M., Sheetz, M.P.: The relationship between force and focal complex development. J. Cell Biol. 159(4), 695–705 (2002)
Gaudet, C., Marganski, W.A., Kim, S., Brown, C.T., Gunderia, V., Dembo, M., Wong, J.Y.: Influence of type I collagen surface density on fibroblast spreading, motility, and contractility. Biophys. J. 85(5), 3329–3335 (2003)
Geiger, B., Bershadsky, A., Pankov, R., Yamada, K.M.: Transmembrane crosstalk between the extracellular matrix—cytoskeleton crosstalk. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2(11), 793–805 (2001)
Geiger, B., Spatz, J.P., Bershadsky, A.D.: Environmental sensing through focal adhesions. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 10(1), 21–33 (2009)
Ghibaudo, M., Saez, A., Trichet, L., Xayaphoummine, A., Browaeys, J., Silberzan, P., Buguin, A., Ladoux, B.: Traction forces and rigidity sensing regulate cell functions. Soft Matter 4(9), 1836–1843 (2008)
Goffin, J.M., Pittet, P., Csucs, G., Lussi, J.W., Meister, J.J., Hinz, B.: Focal adhesion size controls tension-dependent recruitment of alpha-smooth muscle actin to stress fibers. J. Cell Biol. 172(2), 259–268 (2006)
Grinnell, F.: Cellular adhesiveness and extracellular substrata. Int. Rev. Cytol. 53, 65–144 (1978)
Harris, A.: Behavior of cultured cells on substrata of variable adhesiveness. Exp. Cell Res. 77(1), 285–297 (1973)
Harris, A.K., Wild, P., Stopak, D.: Silicone rubber substrata: a new wrinkle in the study of cell locomotion. Science 208(4440), 177–179 (1980)
Helfman, D.M., Levy, E.T., Berthier, C., Shtutman, M., Riveline, D., Grosheva, I., Lachish-Zalait, A., Elbaum, M., Bershadsky, A.D.: Caldesmon inhibits nonmuscle cell contractility and interferes with the formation of focal adhesions. Mol. Biol. Cell 10(10), 3097–3112 (1999)
Hoover, D.K., Chan, E.W., Yousaf, M.N.: Asymmetric peptide nanoarray surfaces for studies of single cell polarization. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130(11), 3280–3281 (2008)
Hynes, R.O.: Integrins: versatility, modulation, and signaling in cell adhesion. Cell 69(1), 11–25 (1992)
Ingber, D.E.: Mechanobiology and diseases of mechanotransduction. Ann. Med. 35(8), 564–577 (2003)
Inoue, S., Iida, Y., Otani, Y., Hirano, Y., Tabata, Y.: Adhesion behavior of human adipo-stromal cells on self-assembled monolayers with different surface densities or gradients of RGD peptide. J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed. 20(4), 495–510 (2009)
Irvine, D.J., Mayes, A.M., Griffith, L.G.: Nanoscale clustering of RGD peptides at surfaces using Comb polymers. 1. Synthesis and characterization of Comb thin films. Biomacromolecules 2(1), 85–94 (2001)
Isenberg, B.C., Dimilla, P.A., Walker, M., Kim, S., Wong, J.Y.: Vascular smooth muscle cell durotaxis depends on substrate stiffness gradient strength. Biophys. J. 97(5), 1313–1322 (2009)
Jiang, X., Ferrigno, R., Mrksich, M., Whitesides, G.M.: Electrochemical desorption of self-assembled monolayers noninvasively releases patterned cells from geometrical confinements. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125(9), 2366–2367 (2003)
Jiang, X., Bruzewicz, D.A., Wong, A.P., Piel, M., Whitesides, G.M.: Directing cell migration with asymmetric micropatterns. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102(4), 975–978 (2005)
Kilian, K.A., Bugarija, B., Lahn, B.T., Mrksich, M.: Geometric cues for directing the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107(11), 4872–4877 (2010)
Koo, L.Y., Irvine, D.J., Mayes, A.M., Lauffenburger, D.A., Griffith, L.G.: Co-regulation of cell adhesion by nanoscale RGD organization and mechanical stimulus. J. Cell Sci. 115(Pt 7), 1423–1433 (2002)
Kumar, G., Ho, C.C., Co, C.C.: Guiding cell migration using one-way micropattern arrays. Adv. Mater. 19(8), 1084–1090 (2007)
Landau, L.D., Lifshits, E.M., Kosevich, A.d.M., Pitaevskii, L.P.: Theory of Elasticity, 3rd English ed. Pergamon Press, Oxford (1986)
Lee, G.M., Loeser, R.F.: Cell surface receptors transmit sufficient force to bend collagen fibrils. Exp. Cell Res. 248(1), 294–305 (1999)
Lee, J., Leonard, M., Oliver, T., Ishihara, A., Jacobson, K.: Traction forces generated by locomoting keratocytes. J. Cell Biol. 127(6 Pt 2), 1957–1964 (1994)
Lee, K.B., Park, S.J., Mirkin, C.A., Smith, J.C., Mrksich, M.: Protein nanoarrays generated by dip-pen nanolithography. Science 295(5560), 1702–1705 (2002)
Lele, T.P., Pendse, J., Kumar, S., Salanga, M., Karavitis, J., Ingber, D.E.: Mechanical forces alter zyxin unbinding kinetics within focal adhesions of living cells. J. Cell. Physiol. 207(1), 187–194 (2006)
Lemmon, C.A., Sniadecki, N.J., Ruiz, S.A., Tan, J.L., Romer, L.H., Chen, C.S.: Shear force at the cell–matrix interface: enhanced analysis for microfabricated post array detectors. Mech. Chem. Biosyst. 2(1), 1–16 (2005)
Levental, K.R., Yu, H., Kass, L., Lakins, J.N., Egeblad, M., Erler, J.T., Fong, S.F., Csiszar, K., Giaccia, A., Weninger, W., Yamauchi, M., Gasser, D.L., Weaver, V.M.: Matrix crosslinking forces tumor progression by enhancing integrin signaling. Cell 139(5), 891–906 (2009)
Liang, X.M., Han, S.J., Reems, J.A., Gao, D., Sniadecki, N.J.: Platelet retraction force measurements using flexible post force sensors. Lab Chip 10(8), 991–998 (2010)
Liedberg, B., Tengvall, P.: Molecular gradients of omega-substituted alkanethiols on gold—preparation and characterization. Langmuir 11(10), 3821–3827 (1995)
Liu, L., Ratner, B.D., Sage, E.H., Jiang, S.: Endothelial cell migration on surface-density gradients of fibronectin, VEGF, or both proteins. Langmuir 23(22), 11168–11173 (2007)
Liu, Z., Tan, J.L., Cohen, D.M., Yang, M.T., Sniadecki, N.J., Ruiz, S.A., Nelson, C.M., Chen, C.S.: Mechanical tugging force regulates the size of cell–cell junctions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107(22), 9944–9949 (2010)
Lo, C.M., Wang, H.B., Dembo, M., Wang, Y.L.: Cell movement is guided by the rigidity of the substrate. Biophys. J. 79(1), 144–152 (2000)
Mack, P.J., Kaazempur-Mofrad, M.R., Karcher, H., Lee, R.T., Kamm, R.D.: Force-induced focal adhesion translocation: effects of force amplitude and frequency. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 287(4), C954–C962 (2004)
Maheshwari, G., Brown, G., Lauffenburger, D.A., Wells, A., Griffith, L.G.: Cell adhesion and motility depend on nanoscale RGD clustering. J. Cell Sci. 113(Pt 10), 1677–1686 (2000)
Maskarinec, S.A., Franck, C., Tirrell, D.A., Ravichandran, G.: Quantifying cellular traction forces in three dimensions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106(52), 22108–22113 (2009)
McBeath, R., Pirone, D.M., Nelson, C.M., Bhadriraju, K., Chen, C.S.: Cell shape, cytoskeletal tension, and RhoA regulate stem cell lineage commitment. Dev. Cell 6(4), 483–495 (2004)
Meshel, A.S., Wei, Q., Adelstein, R.S., Sheetz, M.P.: Basic mechanism of three-dimensional collagen fibre transport by fibroblasts. Nat. Cell Biol. 7(2), 157–164 (2005)
Montell, D.J.: Morphogenetic cell movements: diversity from modular mechanical properties. Science 322(5907), 1502–1505 (2008)
Mrksich, M., Dike, L.E., Tien, J., Ingber, D.E., Whitesides, G.M.: Using microcontact printing to pattern the attachment of mammalian cells to self-assembled monolayers of alkanethiolates on transparent films of gold and silver. Exp. Cell Res. 235(2), 305–313 (1997)
Munevar, S., Wang, Y., Dembo, M.: Traction force microscopy of migrating normal and H-ras transformed 3T3 fibroblasts. Biophys. J. 80(4), 1744–1757 (2001)
Nelson, C.M., Jean, R.P., Tan, J.L., Liu, W.F., Sniadecki, N.J., Spector, A.A., Chen, C.S.: Emergent patterns of growth controlled by multicellular form and mechanics. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102(33), 11594–11599 (2005)
Paszek, M.J., Zahir, N., Johnson, K.R., Lakins, J.N., Rozenberg, G.I., Gefen, A., Reinhart-King, C.A., Margulies, S.S., Dembo, M., Boettiger, D., Hammer, D.A., Weaver, V.M.: Tensional homeostasis and the malignant phenotype. Cancer Cell 8(3), 241–254 (2005)
Pelham, R.J., Jr., Wang, Y.: Cell locomotion and focal adhesions are regulated by substrate flexibility. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94(25), 13661–13665 (1997)
Pellegrin, S., Mellor, H.: Actin stress fibres. J. Cell Sci. 120(Pt 20), 3491–3499 (2007)
Petty, R.T., Li, H.W., Maduram, J.H., Ismagilov, R., Mrksich, M.: Attachment of cells to islands presenting gradients of adhesion ligands. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 129(29), 8966–8967 (2007)
Prime, K.L., Whitesides, G.M.: Self-assembled organic monolayers: model systems for studying adsorption of proteins at surfaces. Science 252(5010), 1164–1167 (1991)
Rajagopalan, P., Marganski, W.A., Brown, X.Q., Wong, J.Y.: Direct comparison of the spread area, contractility, and migration of balb/c 3T3 fibroblasts adhered to fibronectin- and RGD-modified substrata. Biophys. J. 87(4), 2818–2827 (2004)
Reinhart-King, C.A., Dembo, M., Hammer, D.A.: The dynamics and mechanics of endothelial cell spreading. Biophys. J. 89(1), 676–689 (2005)
Riveline, D., Zamir, E., Balaban, N.Q., Schwarz, U.S., Ishizaki, T., Narumiya, S., Kam, Z., Geiger, B., Bershadsky, A.D.: Focal contacts as mechanosensors: externally applied local mechanical force induces growth of focal contacts by an mDia1-dependent and ROCK-independent mechanism. J. Cell Biol. 153(6), 1175–1186 (2001)
Ruiz, S.A., Chen, C.S.: Emergence of patterned stem cell differentiation within multicellular structures. Stem Cells 26(11), 2921–2927 (2008)
Saez, A., Buguin, A., Silberzan, P., Ladoux, B.: Is the mechanical activity of epithelial cells controlled by deformations or forces? Biophys. J. 89(6), L52–L54 (2005)
Selhuber-Unkel, C., Erdmann, T., Lopez-Garcia, M., Kessler, H., Schwarz, U.S., Spatz, J.P.: Cell adhesion strength is controlled by intermolecular spacing of adhesion receptors. Biophys. J. 98(4), 543–551 (2010)
Sheetz, M.P., Felsenfeld, D.P., Galbraith, C.G.: Cell migration: regulation of force on extracellular-matrix-integrin complexes. Trends Cell Biol. 8(2), 51–54 (1998)
Smith, J.T., Tomfohr, J.K., Wells, M.C., Beebe, T.P., Jr., Kepler, T.B., Reichert, W.M.: Measurement of cell migration on surface-bound fibronectin gradients. Langmuir 20(19), 8279–8286 (2004)
Smith, J.T., Elkin, J.T., Reichert, W.M.: Directed cell migration on fibronectin gradients: effect of gradient slope. Exp. Cell Res. 312(13), 2424–2432 (2006)
Sniadecki, N.J., Desai, R.A., Ruiz, S.A., Chen, C.S.: Nanotechnology for cell–substrate interactions. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 34(1), 59–74 (2006)
Sniadecki, N.J., Anguelouch, A., Yang, M.T., Lamb, C.M., Liu, Z., Kirschner, S.B., Liu, Y., Reich, D.H., Chen, C.S.: Magnetic microposts as an approach to apply forces to living cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104(37), 14553–14558 (2007)
Spatz, J.P., Mossmer, S., Hartmann, C., Moller, M., Herzog, T., Krieger, M., Boyen, H.G., Ziemann, P., Kabius, B.: Ordered deposition of inorganic clusters from micellar block copolymer films. Langmuir 16(2), 407–415 (2000)
Stopak, D., Wessells, N.K., Harris, A.K.: Morphogenetic rearrangement of injected collagen in developing chicken limb buds. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 82(9), 2804–2808 (1985)
Tan, J.L., Tien, J., Pirone, D.M., Gray, D.S., Bhadriraju, K., Chen, C.S.: Cells lying on a bed of microneedles: an approach to isolate mechanical force. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100(4), 1484–1489 (2003)
Tan, J.L., Liu, W., Nelson, C.M., Raghavan, S., Chen, C.S.: Simple approach to micropattern cells on common culture substrates by tuning substrate wettability. Tissue Eng. 10(5–6), 865–872 (2004)
Thery, M., Racine, V., Piel, M., Pepin, A., Dimitrov, A., Chen, Y., Sibarita, J.B., Bornens, M.: Anisotropy of cell adhesive microenvironment governs cell internal organization and orientation of polarity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103(52), 19771–19776 (2006)
Verschueren, H.: Interference reflection microscopy in cell biology: methodology and applications. J. Cell Sci. 75, 279–301 (1985)
Vicente-Manzanares, M., Zareno, J., Whitmore, L., Choi, C.K., Horwitz, A.F.: Regulation of protrusion, adhesion dynamics, and polarity by myosins IIA and IIB in migrating cells. J. Cell Biol. 176(5), 573–580 (2007)
Vicente-Manzanares, M., Ma, X., Adelstein, R.S., Horwitz, A.R.: Non-muscle myosin II takes centre stage in cell adhesion and migration. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 10(11), 778–790 (2009)
Wang, N., Butler, J.P., Ingber, D.E.: Mechanotransduction across the cell surface and through the cytoskeleton. Science 260(5111), 1124–1127 (1993)
Wang, Y.L., Pelham, R.J., Jr.: Preparation of a flexible, porous polyacrylamide substrate for mechanical studies of cultured cells. Methods Enzymol. 298, 489–496 (1998)
Whitesides, G.M., Ostuni, E., Takayama, S., Jiang, X.Y., Ingber, D.E.: Soft lithography in biology and biochemistry. Ann. Rev. Biomed. Eng. 3, 335–373 (2001)
Xia, Y., Whitesides, G.M.: Soft lithography. Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci. 28, 153–184 (1998)
Xiong, J.P., Stehle, T., Diefenbach, B., Zhang, R.G., Dunker, R., Scott, D.L., Joachimiak, A., Goodman, S.L., Arnaout, M.A.: Crystal structure of the extracellular segment of integrin alpha V beta 3. Science 294(5541), 339–345 (2001)
Yang, M.T., Sniadecki, N.J., Chen, C.S.: Geometric considerations of micro- to nanoscale elastomeric post arrays to study cellular traction forces. Adv. Mater. 19(20), 3119–3123 (2007)
Yousaf, M.N., Houseman, B.T., Mrksich, M.: Using electroactive substrates to pattern the attachment of two different cell populations. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98(11), 5992–5996 (2001)
Zaman, M.H., Trapani, L.M., Sieminski, A.L., Mackellar, D., Gong, H., Kamm, R.D., Wells, A., Lauffenburger, D.A., Matsudaira, P.: Migration of tumor cells in 3D matrices is governed by matrix stiffness along with cell–matrix adhesion and proteolysis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103(29), 10889–10894 (2006)
Zamir, E., Geiger, B.: Molecular complexity and dynamics of cell-matrix adhesions. J. Cell Sci. 114(Pt 20), 3583–3590 (2001)
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful for support in part from grants from the National Institutes of Health (HL097284) and the National Science Foundation’s CAREER Award.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2010 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Han, S.J., Sniadecki, N.J. (2010). Nanotechnology Usages for Cellular Adhesion and Traction Forces. In: Gefen, A. (eds) Cellular and Biomolecular Mechanics and Mechanobiology. Studies in Mechanobiology, Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials, vol 4. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/8415_2010_26
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/8415_2010_26
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-14217-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-14218-5
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)