Abstract
After both sterile and infectious insults, damage is inflicted on tissues leading to accidental or programmed cell death. In addition, events of programmed cell death also take place under homeostatic conditions, such as in embryo development or in the turnover of hematopoietic cells. Mammalian tissues are seeded with myeloid immune cells, which harbor a plethora of receptors that allow the detection of cell death, modulating immune responses. The myeloid C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) are one of the most prominent families of receptors involved in tailoring immunity after sensing dead cells. In this chapter, we will cover a diversity of signals arising from different forms of cell death and how they are recognized by myeloid CLRs. We will also explore how myeloid cells develop their sentinel function, exploring how some of these CLRs identify cell death and the type of responses triggered thereof. In particular, we will focus on DNGR-1 (CLEC9A), Mincle (CLEC4E), CLL-1 (CLEC12A), LOX-1 (OLR1), CD301 (CLEC10A) and DEC-205 (LY75) as paradigmatic death-sensing CLRs expressed by myeloid cells. The molecular processes triggered after cell death recognition by myeloid CLRs contribute to the regulation of immune responses in pathologies associated with tissue damage, such as infection, autoimmunity and cancer. A better understanding of these processes may help to improve the current approaches for therapeutic intervention.
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Abbreviations
- ATP:
-
Adenosine Triphosphate
- CAR-T:
-
Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell
- CLEC:
-
C-Type LECtin
- CLR:
-
C-Type Lectin Receptor
- DC:
-
Dendritic Cell
- IFN:
-
Interferon
- IRF:
-
Interferon Response Factor
- ITAM:
-
Immunoreceptor Tyrosine-based Activating Motif
- ITIM:
-
Immunoreceptor Tyrosine-based Inhibitory Motif
- LDL:
-
Low-Density Lipoprotein
- LPS:
-
Lipopolysaccharide
- PRR:
-
Pattern Recognition Receptor
- ROS:
-
Reactive Oxygen Species
- SHP-1/-2:
-
Src-Homology 2 domain-containing Phosphatase-1/-2
- SYK:
-
Spleen Tyrosine Kinase
- TLR:
-
Toll-Like Receptor
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Acknowledgements
We thank all members of the David Sancho laboratory at CNIC for scientific discussions. Carlos Del Fresno is supported by AECC Foundation (INVES192DELF). Francisco Javier Cueto is the recipient of a Ph.D. “La Caixa” fellowship (LCF/BQ/ES14/10320011). Work in the DS laboratory is funded by the CNIC; by the European Research Council (ERC-2016-Consolidator Grant 725091); by the European Commission (635122-PROCROP H2020); by Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación e Universidades (MICINN), Agencia Estatal de Investigación and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) (SAF2016-79040-R); by Comunidad de Madrid (B2017/BMD-3733 Immunothercan-CM); by FIS-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER (RD16/0015/0018-REEM); by Acteria Foundation; by Atresmedia (Constantes y Vitales prize) and by Fundació La Marató de TV3 (201723). The CNIC is supported by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), the MICINN and the Pro-CNIC Foundation and is a Severo Ochoa Center of Excellence (SEV-2015-0505).
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Del Fresno, C., Cueto, F.J., Sancho, D. (2019). Sensing Tissue Damage by Myeloid C-Type Lectin Receptors. In: Yamasaki, S. (eds) C-Type Lectins in Immune Homeostasis. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, vol 429. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/82_2019_194
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