Abstract
Extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) present a major clinical problem that has emerged in the past years. Most of the infections are hospital or community-acquired and involve patients with a compromised immune system. The infective agents belong to a large number of strains of different serotypes that do not cross react. The seriousness of the infection is due to the fact that most of the infecting bacteria are highly antibiotic resistant. Here, we discuss the bacterial factors responsible for pathogenesis and potential means to combat the infections.
Keywords
- Extraintestinal Pathogenic E. Coli (ExPEC)
- ExPEC Strains
- Avian Pathogenic E. Coli (APEC)
- Type Three Secretion System (TTSS)
- ColV Plasmid
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Adiri RS, Gophna U, Ron EZ (2003) Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) of Escherichia coli O78 strains. FEMS Microbiol Lett 222:199–203
Ansari MM, Renshaw HW, Gates NL (1978) Colibacillosis in neonatal lambs: onset of diarrheal disease and isolation and characterization of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli from enteric and septicemic forms of the disease. Am J Vet Res 39:11–14
Babai R, Blum-Oehler G, Stern BE, Hacker J, Ron EZ (1997) Virulence patterns from septicemic Escherichia coli O78 strains. FEMS Microbiol Lett 149:99–105
Babai R, Stern BE, Hacker J, Ron EZ (2000) New fimbrial gene cluster of S-fimbrial adhesin family. Infect Immun 68:5901–5907
Bauchart P, Germon P, Bree A, Oswald E, Hacker J, Dobrindt U (2010) Pathogenomic comparison of human extraintestinal and avian pathogenic Escherichia coli–search for factors involved in host specificity or zoonotic potential. Microb Pathog 49:105–115
Binns MM, Davies DL, Hardy KG (1979) Cloned fragments of the plasmid ColV, I-K94 specifying virulence and serum resistance. Nature 279:778–781
Binns MM, Mayden J, Levine RP (1982) Further characterization of complement resistance conferred on Escherichia coli by the plasmid genes traT of R100 and iss of ColV, I-K94. Infect Immun 35:654–659
Biran D and Ron EZ (2017) Unpublished results
Buckles EL, Wang X, Lane MC, Lockatell CV, Johnson DE, Rasko DA, Mobley HL, Donnenberg MS (2009) Role of the K2 capsule in Escherichia coli urinary tract infection and serum resistance. J Infect Dis 199:1689–1697
Buhler T, Hoschutzky H, Jann K (1991) Analysis of colonization factor antigen I, an adhesin of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli O78:H11: fimbrial morphology and location of the receptor-binding site. Infect Immun 59:3876–3882
Caboni M, Pedron T, Rossi O, Goulding D, Pickard D, Citiulo F, MacLennan CA, Dougan G, Thomson NR, Saul A et al (2015) An O antigen capsule modulates bacterial pathogenesis in Shigella sonnei. PLoS Pathog 11:e1004749
Cheney CP, Boedeker EC (1983) Adherence of an enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strain, serotype O78:H11, to purified human intestinal brush borders. Infect Immun 39:1280–1284
Cheng D, Zhu S, Su Z, Zuo W, Lu H (2012) Prevalence and isoforms of the pathogenicity island ETT2 among Escherichia coli isolates from colibacillosis in pigs and mastitis in cows. Curr Microbiol 64:43–49
Cordoni G, Woodward MJ, Wu H, Alanazi M, Wallis T, La Ragione RM (2016) Comparative genomics of European avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC). BMC Genom 17:960
Czirok E, Milch H, Madar J, Semjen G (1977) Characterization of Escherichia coli serogroups causing meningitis, sepsis and enteritis. I. Serological properties and animal pathogenicity of O18, O78 and O83 isolates. Acta Microbiol Acad Scientiarum Hung 24:115–126
De Rycke J, Oswald E (2001) Cytolethal distending toxin (CDT): a bacterial weapon to control host cell proliferation? FEMS Microbiol Lett 203:141–148
Dho-Moulin M, Fairbrother JM (1999) Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC). Vet Res 30:299–316
Dobrindt U, Blum-Oehler G, Hartsch T, Gottschalk G, Ron EZ, Funfstuck R, Hacker J (2001) S-Fimbria-encoding determinant sfa(I) is located on pathogenicity island III(536) of uropathogenic Escherichia coli strain 536. Infect Immun 69:4248–4256
Dozois CM, Clement S, Desautels C, Oswald E, Fairbrother JM (1997) Expression of P, S, and F1C adhesins by cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1-producing Escherichia coli from septicemic and diarrheic pigs. FEMS Microbiol Lett 152:307–312
Duff JP, Hunt BW (1989) Lambs die from porcine E coli. Vet Rec 125:404
Dziva F, Hauser H, Connor TR, van Diemen PM, Prescott G, Langridge GC, Eckert S, Chaudhuri RR, Ewers C, Mellata M et al (2013) Sequencing and functional annotation of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli serogroup O78 strains reveal the evolution of E. coli lineages pathogenic for poultry via distinct mechanisms. Infect Immun 81:838–849
Ejrnaes K (2011) Bacterial characteristics of importance for recurrent urinary tract infections caused by Escherichia coli. Dan Med Bull 58:B4187
Ena J, Arjona F, Martinez-Peinado C, Lopez-Perezagua Mdel M, Amador C (2006) Epidemiology of urinary tract infections caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli. Urology 68:1169–1174
Ewers C, Li G, Wilking H, Kiessling S, Alt K, Antao EM, Laturnus C, Diehl I, Glodde S, Homeier T et al (2007) Avian pathogenic, uropathogenic, and newborn meningitis-causing Escherichia coli: how closely related are they? Int J Med Microbiol: IJMM 297:163–176
Foxman B (2010) The epidemiology of urinary tract infection. Nat Rev. Urol 7:653–660
Foxman B (2014) Urinary tract infection syndromes: occurrence, recurrence, bacteriology, risk factors, and disease burden. Infect Dis Clin North Am 28:1–13
Goller CC, Seed PC (2010) Revisiting the Escherichia coli polysaccharide capsule as a virulence factor during urinary tract infection: contribution to intracellular biofilm development. Virulence 1:333–337
Gophna U, Oelschlaeger TA, Hacker J, Ron EZ (2001) Yersinia HPI in septicemic Escherichia coli strains isolated from diverse hosts. FEMS Microbiol Lett 196:57–60
Grozdanov L, Zahringer U, Blum-Oehler G, Brade L, Henne A, Knirel YA, Schombel U, Schulze J, Sonnenborn U, Gottschalk G et al (2002) A single nucleotide exchange in the wzy gene is responsible for the semirough O6 lipopolysaccharide phenotype and serum sensitivity of Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917. J Bacteriol 184:5912–5925
Hacker J, Schmidt G, Hughes C, Knapp S, Marget M, Goebel W (1985) Cloning and characterization of genes involved in production of mannose-resistant, neuraminidase-susceptible (X) fimbriae from a uropathogenic O6:K15:H31 Escherichia coli strain. Infect Immun 47:434–440
Hafez M, Hayes K, Goldrick M, Warhurst G, Grencis R, Roberts IS (2009) The K5 capsule of Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917 is important in mediating interactions with intestinal epithelial cells and chemokine induction. Infect Immun 77:2995–3003
Hammond SM (1992) Inhibitors of lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis impair the virulence potential of Escherichia coli. FEMS Microbiol Lett 100:293–297
Hartleib S, Prager R, Hedenstrom I, Lofdahl S, Tschape H (2003) Prevalence of the new, SPI1-like, pathogenicity island ETT2 among Escherichia coli. Int J Med Microbiol: IJMM 292:487–493
Holden NJ, Gally DL (2004) Switches, cross-talk and memory in Escherichia coli adherence. J Med Microbiol 53:585–593
Horne SM, Pfaff-McDonough SJ, Giddings CW, Nolan LK (2000) Cloning and sequencing of the iss gene from a virulent avian Escherichia coli. Avian Dis 44:179–184
Hu Y, Huang H, Cheng X, Shu X, White AP, Stavrinides J, Koster W, Zhu G, Zhao Z, Wang Y (2017) A global survey of bacterial type III secretion systems and their effectors. Environ Microbiol
Huja S, Oren Y, Biran D, Meyer S, Dobrindt U, Bernhard J, Becher D, Hecker M, Sorek R, Ron EZ (2014). Fur is the master regulator of the extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli response to serum. MBio 5
Huja S, Oren Y, Trost E, Brzuszkiewicz E, Biran D, Blom J, Goesmann A, Gottschalk G, Hacker J, Ron EZ et al (2015) Genomic avenue to avian colisepticemia. MBio 6
Ideses D, Gophna U, Paitan Y, Chaudhuri RR, Pallen MJ, Ron EZ (2005) A degenerate type III secretion system from septicemic Escherichia coli contributes to pathogenesis. J Bacteriol 187:8164–8171
Jacobsen SM, Stickler DJ, Mobley HL, Shirtliff ME (2008) Complicated catheter-associated urinary tract infections due to Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis. Clin Microbiol Rev 21:26–59
Johnson TJ, Wannemuehler YM, Nolan LK (2008) Evolution of the iss gene in Escherichia coli. Appl Environ Microbiol 74:2360–2369
Kalita A, Hu J, Torres AG (2014) Recent advances in adherence and invasion of pathogenic Escherichia coli. Curr Opin Infect Dis 27:459–464
Khan AS, Kniep B, Oelschlaeger TA, Van Die I, Korhonen T, Hacker J (2000) Receptor structure for F1C fimbriae of uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Infect Immun 68:3541–3547
Kim KJ, Elliott SJ, Di Cello F, Stins MF, Kim KS (2003) The K1 capsule modulates trafficking of E. coli-containing vacuoles and enhances intracellular bacterial survival in human brain microvascular endothelial cells. Cell Microbiol 5:245–252
Kjelstrup CK, Arnesen LP, Granquist EG, L’Abee-Lund TM (2013) Characterization of Escherichia coli O78 from an outbreak of septicemia in lambs in Norway. Vet Microbiol 166:276–280
Korhonen TK, Vaisanen V, Saxen H, Hultberg H, Svenson SB (1982) P-antigen-recognizing fimbriae from human uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains. Infect Immun 37:286–291
Krishnan S, Chang AC, Hodges J, Couraud PO, Romero IA, Weksler B, Nicholson BA, Nolan LK, Prasadarao NV (2015) Serotype O18 avian pathogenic and neonatal meningitis Escherichia coli strains employ similar pathogenic strategies for the onset of meningitis. Virulence 6:777–786
Kusecek B, Wloch H, Mercer A, Vaisanen V, Pluschke G, Korhonen T, Achtman M (1984) Lipopolysaccharide, capsule, and fimbriae as virulence factors among O1, O7, O16, O18, or O75 and K1, K5, or K100 Escherichia coli. Infect Immun 43:368–379
Lane MC, Mobley HL (2007) Role of P-fimbrial-mediated adherence in pyelonephritis and persistence of uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) in the mammalian kidney. Kidney Int 72:19–25
Lund B, Marklund BI, Stromberg N, Lindberg F, Karlsson KA, Normark S (1988) Uropathogenic Escherichia coli can express serologically identical pili of different receptor binding specificities. Mol Microbiol 2:255–263
Lynne AM, Skyberg JA, Logue CM, Nolan LK (2007) Detection of Iss and Bor on the surface of Escherichia coli. J Appl Microbiol 102:660–666
Maluta RP, Logue CM, Casas MR, Meng T, Guastalli EA, Rojas TC, Montelli AC, Sadatsune T, de Carvalho Ramos M, Nolan LK et al (2014) Overlapped sequence types (STs) and serogroups of avian pathogenic (APEC) and human extra-intestinal pathogenic (ExPEC) Escherichia coli isolated in Brazil. PLoS ONE 9:e105016
Manges AR (2016) Escherichia coli and urinary tract infections: the role of poultry-meat. Clin Microbiol Infect: the Official Publ Eur Soc Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 22:122–129
Mangiamele P, Nicholson B, Wannemuehler Y, Seemann T, Logue CM, Li G, Tivendale KA, Nolan LK (2013) Complete genome sequence of the avian pathogenic Escherichia coli strain APEC O78. Genome Announcements 1:e0002613
Marrs CF, Zhang L, Foxman B (2005) Escherichia coli mediated urinary tract infections: are there distinct uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) pathotypes? FEMS Microbiol Lett 252:183–190
Mellata M, Touchman JW, Curtiss R (2009) Full sequence and comparative analysis of the plasmid pAPEC-1 of avian pathogenic E. coli chi7122 (O78:K80:H9). PLoS ONE 4:e4232
Milch H, Czirok E, Madar J, Semjen G (1977) Characterization of Escherichia coli serogroups causing meningitis, sepsis and enteritis. II. Classification of Escherichia coli O78 strains by phage sensitivity, colicin type and antibiotic resistance. Acta Microbiol Acad Scientiarum Hung 24:127–137
Milch H, Nikolnikov S, Czirok E (1984) Escherichia coli Col V plasmids and their role in pathogenicity. Acta Microbiol Hung 31:117–125
Moch T, Hoschutzky H, Hacker J, Kroncke KD, Jann K (1987) Isolation and characterization of the alpha-sialyl-beta-2,3-galactosyl-specific adhesin from fimbriated Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84:3462–3466
Mokady D, Gophna U, Ron EZ (2005a) Extensive gene diversity in septicemic Escherichia coli strains. J Clin Microbiol 43:66–73
Mokady D, Gophna U, Ron EZ (2005b) Virulence factors of septicemic Escherichia coli strains. Int J Med Microbiol: IJMM 295:455–462
Nicholson BA, Wannemuehler YM, Logue CM, Li G, Nolan LK (2016) Complete Genome Sequence of the Avian-Pathogenic Escherichia coli Strain APEC O18. Genome Announcements 4
Nolan LK, Giddings CW, Horne SM, Doetkott C, Gibbs PS, Wooley RE, Foley SL (2002) Complement resistance, as determined by viable count and flow cytometric methods, and its association with the presence of iss and the virulence of avian Escherichia coli. Avian Dis 46:386–392
Nolan LK, Horne SM, Giddings CW, Foley SL, Johnson TJ, Lynne AM, Skyberg J (2003) Resistance to serum complement, iss, and virulence of avian Escherichia coli. Vet Res Commun 27:101–110
Otto A, Biran D, Sura T, Becher D, Ron EZ (2016) Proteomics of septicemic Escherichia coli. Proteomics. Clin Appl 10:1020–1024
Parkkinen J, Rogers GN, Korhonen T, Dahr W, Finne J (1986) Identification of the O-linked sialyloligosaccharides of glycophorin A as the erythrocyte receptors for S-fimbriated Escherichia coli. Infect Immun 54:37–42
Peres SY, Marches O, Daigle F, Nougayrede JP, Herault F, Tasca C, De Rycke J, Oswald E (1997) A new cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) from Escherichia coli producing CNF2 blocks HeLa cell division in G2/M phase. Mol Microbiol 24:1095–1107
Phan MD, Peters KM, Sarkar S, Lukowski SW, Allsopp LP, Gomes Moriel D, Achard ME, Totsika M, Marshall VM, Upton M et al (2013) The serum resistome of a globally disseminated multidrug resistant uropathogenic Escherichia coli clone. PLoS Genet 9:e1003834
Ren CP, Chaudhuri RR, Fivian A, Bailey CM, Antonio M, Barnes WM, Pallen MJ (2004) The ETT2 gene cluster, encoding a second type III secretion system from Escherichia coli, is present in the majority of strains but has undergone widespread mutational attrition. J Bacteriol 186:3547–3560
Rodriguez-Siek KE, Giddings CW, Doetkott C, Johnson TJ, Nolan LK (2005) Characterizing the APEC pathotype. Vet Res 36:241–256
Ron EZ (2006) Host specificity of septicemic Escherichia coli: human and avian pathogens. Curr Opin Microbiol 9:28–32
Ron EZ (2010) Distribution and evolution of virulence factors in septicemic Escherichia coli. Int J Med Microbiol: IJMM 300:367–370
Sarkar S, Ulett GC, Totsika M, Phan MD, Schembri MA (2014) Role of capsule and O antigen in the virulence of uropathogenic Escherichia coli. PLoS ONE 9:e94786
Shifrin Y, Peleg A, Ilan O, Nadler C, Kobi S, Baruch K, Yerushalmi G, Berdichevsky T, Altuvia S, Elgrably-Weiss M et al (2008) Transient shielding of intimin and the type III secretion system of enterohemorrhagic and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli by a group 4 capsule. J Bacteriol 190:5063–5074
Shulman A, Yair Y, Biran D, Sura T, Otto A, Gophna U, Becher D, Hecker M. Ron EZ (2018) The Escherichia coli type III secretion system 2 has a global effect on cell surface. mBio 01070–18
Sola-Gines M, Cameron-Veas K, Badiola I, Dolz R, Majo N, Dahbi G, Viso S, Mora A, Blanco J, Piedra-Carrasco N et al (2015) Diversity of multi-drug resistant avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) causing outbreaks of colibacillosis in broilers during 2012 in Spain. PLoS ONE 10:e0143191
Stromberg N, Marklund BI, Lund B, Ilver D, Hamers A, Gaastra W, Karlsson KA, Normark S (1990) Host-specificity of uropathogenic Escherichia coli depends on differences in binding specificity to Gal alpha 1-4Gal-containing isoreceptors. The EMBO J 9:2001–2010
Taieb F, Petit C, Nougayrede JP, Oswald E (2016) The enterobacterial genotoxins: Cytolethal distending toxin and colibactin. EcoSal Plus 7
Thomassin JL, Lee MJ, Brannon JR, Sheppard DC, Gruenheid S, Le Moual H (2013) Both group 4 capsule and lipopolysaccharide O-antigen contribute to enteropathogenic Escherichia coli resistance to human alpha-defensin 5. PLoS ONE 8:e82475
Tivendale KA, Logue CM, Kariyawasam S, Jordan D, Hussein A, Li G, Wannemuehler Y, Nolan LK (2010) Avian-pathogenic Escherichia coli strains are similar to neonatal meningitis E. coli strains and are able to cause meningitis in the rat model of human disease. Infect Immun 78:3412–3419
van Die I, Kramer C, Hacker J, Bergmans H, Jongen W, Hoekstra W (1991) Nucleotide sequence of the genes coding for minor fimbrial subunits of the F1C fimbriae of Escherichia coli. Res Microbiol 142:653–658
Wang S, Liu X, Xu X, Yang D, Wang D, Han X, Shi Y, Tian M, Ding C, Peng D et al (2016a) Escherichia coli type III secretion system 2 ATPase EivC Is Involved in the motility and virulence of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli. Front Microbiol 7:1387
Wang S, Liu X, Xu X, Zhao Y, Yang D, Han X, Tian M, Ding C, Peng D, Yu S (2016b) Escherichia coli type III secretion system 2 (ETT2) is widely distributed in avian pathogenic Escherichia coli isolates from Eastern China. Epidemiol Infect 144:2824–2830
Waters VL, Crosa JH (1991) Colicin V virulence plasmids. Microbiol Rev 55:437–450
Weinberg ED (2009) Iron availability and infection. Biochem Biophys Acta 1790:600–605
Whitfield C, Roberts IS (1999) Structure, assembly and regulation of expression of capsules in Escherichia coli. Mol Microbiol 31:1307–1319
Wijetunge DS, Gongati S, DebRoy C, Kim KS, Couraud PO, Romero IA, Weksler B, Kariyawasam S (2015a) Characterizing the pathotype of neonatal meningitis causing Escherichia coli (NMEC). BMC Microbiol 15:211
Wijetunge DS, Karunathilake KH, Chaudhari A, Katani R, Dudley EG, Kapur V, DebRoy C, Kariyawasam S (2014) Complete nucleotide sequence of pRS218, a large virulence plasmid, that augments pathogenic potential of meningitis-associated Escherichia coli strain RS218. BMC Microbiol 14:203
Wijetunge DS, Katani R, Kapur V, Kariyawasam S (2015b) Complete genome sequence of Escherichia coli strain RS218 (O18:H7:K1), associated with neonatal meningitis. Genome Announcements 3
Yerushalmi Z, Smorodinsky NI, Naveh MW, Ron EZ (1990) Adherence pili of avian strains of Escherichia coli O78. Infect Immun 58:1129–1131
Zhang L, Chaudhuri RR, Constantinidou C, Hobman JL, Patel MD, Jones AC, Sarti D, Roe AJ, Vlisidou I, Shaw RK et al (2004) Regulators encoded in the Escherichia coli type III secretion system 2 gene cluster influence expression of genes within the locus for enterocyte effacement in enterohemorrhagic E. coli O157:H7. Infect Immun 72:7282–7293
Zhang L, Foxman B (2003) Molecular epidemiology of Escherichia coli mediated urinary tract infections. Front Biosci: A J virtual Libr 8:e235–e244
Zhu Ge X, Jiang J, Pan Z, Hu L, Wang S, Wang H, Leung FC, Dai J, Fan H (2014) Comparative genomic analysis shows that avian pathogenic Escherichia coli isolate IMT5155 (O2:K1:H5; ST complex 95, ST140) shares close relationship with ST95 APEC O1:K1 and human ExPEC O18:K1 strains. PLoS ONE 9:e112048
Acknowledgements
This project was supported by a DIP grant from the German-Israeli Project Cooperation (RO 2612/1-1), by the EC Network of Excellence Euro-PathoGenomics (CEE LSHB-CT-2005-512061), by the ERA-NET Pathogenomics project COLIRISK, by the JPIAMR (Joint Programming Initiative on Antimicrobial Resistance), by the Infect Era EC ERA-NET and by the Israeli Ministry of Health.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Biran, D., Ron, E.Z. (2018). Extraintestinal Pathogenic Escherichia coli. In: Frankel, G., Ron, E. (eds) Escherichia coli, a Versatile Pathogen. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, vol 416. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/82_2018_108
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/82_2018_108
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-99663-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-99664-6
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)