Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Comorbidity of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorders: Current Status and Promising Directions

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
New Discoveries in the Behavioral Neuroscience of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Part of the book series: Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences ((CTBN,volume 57))

Abstract

High rates of co-occurring Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) suggest common causal pathways, which await elucidation. What is well-established, however, is the negative impact of comorbid ADHD and ASD on outcomes for everyday living, particularly in social interaction and communication and on broader psychopathology. Neurocognitive approaches suggest correlates of comorbidity are rooted in functional connectivity networks associated with executive control. There is support for familial origins, with molecular-genetic studies suggesting a causal role of pleiotropic genes. Further investigation is needed to elucidate fully how genetic risk for ADHD and ASD affects neurodevelopment and to identify structural and functional neural correlates and their behavioral sequelae. Identification of intermediate phenotypes is necessary to advance understanding, which requires studies that include the full spectrum of ASD and ADHD symptom severity, use longitudinal designs and multivariate methods to probe broad constructs, such as executive and social function, and consider other sources of heterogeneity, such as age, sex, and other psychopathology. Randomized efficacy trials targeting comorbid symptomatology are needed to mitigate negative developmental outcomes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

ADHD:

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

ADI-R:

Autism diagnostic interview

ASD:

Autism spectrum disorder

CD:

Conduct disorder

CNV:

Copy number variant

DCC:

Deleted in colorectal cancer

DZ:

Dizygotic (twins)

MD:

Major depression

MZ:

Monozygotic (twins)

ODD:

Oppositional defiant disorder

SCQ:

Social communication questionnaire

SRS:

Social responsiveness scale

References

  • Aman MG, McDougle CJ, Scahill L et al (2009) Medication and parent training in children with pervasive developmental disorders and serious behavior problems: results from a randomized clinical trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 48(12):1143–1154

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association (ed) (2013) Diagnostic and statistical manual, 5th edn. American Psychiatric Association

    Google Scholar 

  • Antshel KM, Russo N (2019) Autism spectrum disorders and ADHD: overlapping phenomenology, diagnostic issues, and treatment considerations. Curr Psychiatry Rep 21(5):34

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Antshel KM, Zhang-James Y, Wagner KE et al (2016) An update on the comorbidity of ADHD and ASD: a focus on clinical management. Expert Rev Neurother 16(3):279–293

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aoki Y, Yoncheva YN, Chen B et al (2017) Association of white matter structure with Autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. JAMA Psychiat 74(11):1120–1128

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arnold LE, Vitiello B, McDougle C et al (2003) Parent-defined target symptoms respond to risperidone in RUPP autism study: customer approach to clinical trials. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 42(12):1443–1450

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ashwood KL, Tye C, Azadi B et al (2015) Brief report: adaptive functioning in children with ASD, ADHD and ASD + ADHD. J Autism Dev Disord 45(7):2235–2242

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Avni E, Ben-Itzchak E, Zachor DA (2018) The presence of comorbid ADHD and anxiety symptoms in autism Spectrum disorder: clinical presentation and predictors. Front Psych 9:717

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bedford R, Gliga T, Hendry A et al (2019) Infant regulatory function acts as a protective factor for later traits of autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder but not callous unemotional traits. J Neurodev Disord 11(1):14

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Boedhoe PSW, van Rooij D, Hoogman M et al (2020) Subcortical brain volume, regional cortical thickness, and cortical surface area across disorders: findings from the ENIGMA ADHD, ASD, and OCD working groups. Am J Psychiatry 177(9):834–843

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Charman T, Baird G (2002) Practitioner review: diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder in 2- and 3-year-old children. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 43(3):289–305

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cherkasova M, Sulla EM, Dalena KL et al (2013) Developmental course of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and its predictors. J Can Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 22(1):47–54

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Constantino JN, Todd RD (2003) Autistic traits in the general population: a twin study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 60(5):524–530

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper M, Martin J, Langley K et al (2014) Autistic traits in children with ADHD index clinical and cognitive problems. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 23(1):23–34

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cordova M, Shada K, Demeter DV et al (2020) Heterogeneity of executive function revealed by a functional random forest approach across ADHD and ASD. Neuroimage Clin 26:102245

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Craig F, Margari F, Legrottaglie AR et al (2016) A review of executive function deficits in autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 12:1191–1202

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cross-Disorder Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (2019) Genomic relationships, novel loci, and pleiotropic mechanisms across eight psychiatric disorders. Cell 179(7):1469–1482 e1411

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Los RA, Kazdin AE (2005) Informant discrepancies in the assessment of childhood psychopathology: a critical review, theoretical framework, and recommendations for further study. Psychol Bull 131(4):483–509

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Di Martino A, Zuo XN, Kelly C et al (2013) Shared and distinct intrinsic functional network centrality in autism and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry 74(8):623–632

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Faraone SV, Perlis RH, Doyle AE et al (2005) Molecular genetics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry 57(11):1313–1323

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Farley MA, McMahon WM, Fombonne E et al (2009) Twenty-year outcome for individuals with autism and average or near-average cognitive abilities. Autism Res 2(2):109–118

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frazier TW, Shattuck PT, Narendorf SC et al (2011) Prevalence and correlates of psychotropic medication use in adolescents with an autism spectrum disorder with and without caregiver-reported attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 21(6):571–579

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Freitag CM (2007) The genetics of autistic disorders and its clinical relevance: a review of the literature. Mol Psychiatry 12(1):2–22

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gadow KD, DeVincent CJ, Pomeroy J (2006) ADHD symptom subtypes in children with pervasive developmental disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 36(2):271–283

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gargaro BA, May T, Tonge BJ et al (2014) Using the DBC-P hyperactivity index to screen for ADHD in young people with autism and ADHD: a pilot study. Res Autism Spectr Disord 8(9):1008–1015

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ghirardi L, Brikell I, Kuja-Halkola R et al (2018) The familial co-aggregation of ASD and ADHD: a register-based cohort study. Mol Psychiatry 23(2):257–262

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein S, Schwebach AJ (2004) The comorbidity of pervasive developmental disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: results of a retrospective chart review. J Autism Dev Disord 34(3):329–339

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Greaton HM, Fernandes C, Rujescu D et al (2012) Copy number variations in neurodevelopmental disorders. Prog Neurobiol 99(1):81–91

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Green JL, Rinehart N, Anderson V et al (2015) Autism spectrum disorder symptoms in children with ADHD: a community-based study. Res Dev Disabil 47:175–184

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Green JL, Rinehart N, Anderson V et al (2016a) Association between autism symptoms and family functioning in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a community-based study. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 25(12):1307–1318

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Green JL, Sciberras E, Anderson V et al (2016b) Association between autism symptoms and functioning in children with ADHD. Arch Dis Child 101(10):922–928

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grzadzinski R, Di Martino A, Brady E et al (2011) Examining autistic traits in children with ADHD: does the autism spectrum extend to ADHD? J Autism Dev Disord 41(9):1178–1191

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Grzadzinski R, Dick C, Lord C et al (2016) Parent-reported and clinician-observed autism spectrum disorder (ASD) symptoms in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): implications for practice under DSM-5. Mol Autism 7:7

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Harikumar A, Evans DW, Dougherty CC et al (2021) A review of the default mode network in autism spectrum disorders and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Brain Connect 11(4):253–263

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hartman CA, Geurts HM, Franke B et al (2016) Changing ASD-ADHD symptom co-occurrence across the lifespan with adolescence as crucial time window: illustrating the need to go beyond childhood. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 71:529–541

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hattori J, Ogino T, Abiru K et al (2006) Are pervasive developmental disorders and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder distinct disorders? Brain and Development 28(6):371–374

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holtmann M, Bolte S, Poustka F (2007) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in pervasive developmental disorders: association with autistic behavior domains and coexisting psychopathology. Psychopathology 40(3):172–177

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hong SJ, Vogelstein JT, Gozzi A et al (2020) Toward neurosubtypes in autism. Biol Psychiatry 88(1):111–128

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hull L, Petrides KV, Mandy W (2021) Cognitive predictors of self-reported camouflaging in autistic adolescents. Autism Res 14(3):523–532

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kanne SM, Gerber AJ, Quirmbach LM et al (2011) The role of adaptive behavior in autism spectrum disorders: implications for functional outcome. J Autism Dev Disord 41(8):1007–1018

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kentrou V, de Veld DM, Mataw KJ et al (2019) Delayed autism spectrum disorder recognition in children and adolescents previously diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Autism 23(4):1065–1072

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kenworthy L, Yerys BE, Anthony LG et al (2008) Understanding executive control in autism spectrum disorders in the lab and in the real world. Neuropsychol Rev 18(4):320–338

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kenworthy L, Anthony LG, Naiman DQ et al (2014) Randomized controlled effectiveness trial of executive function intervention for children on the autism spectrum. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 55(4):374–383

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krakowski AD, Cost KT, Anagnostou E et al (2020) Inattention and hyperactive/impulsive component scores do not differentiate between autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in a clinical sample. Mol Autism 11(1):28

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lai MC, Lombardo MV, Ruigrok AN et al (2017) Quantifying and exploring camouflaging in men and women with autism. Autism 21(6):690–702

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lawson RA, Papadakis AA, Higginson CI et al (2015) Everyday executive function impairments predict comorbid psychopathology in autism spectrum and attention deficit hyperactivity disorders. Neuropsychology 29(3):445–453

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee DO, Ousley OY (2006) Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in a clinic sample of children and adolescents with pervasive developmental disorders. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 16(6):737–746

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li X, Zhang K, He X et al (2021) Structural, functional, and molecular imaging of autism spectrum disorder. Neurosci Bull 37(7):1051–1071

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lukito S, Jones CRG, Pickles A et al (2017) Specificity of executive function and theory of mind performance in relation to attention-deficit/hyperactivity symptoms in autism spectrum disorders. Mol Autism 8:60

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lukito S, Norman L, Carlisi C et al (2020) Comparative meta-analyses of brain structural and functional abnormalities during cognitive control in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder. Psychol Med 50(6):894–919

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Luteijn EF, Serra M, Jackson S et al (2000) How unspecified are disorders of children with a pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified? A study of social problems in children with PDD-NOS and ADHD. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 9(3):168–179

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lynch CJ, Breeden AL, You X et al (2017) Executive dysfunction in autism spectrum disorder is associated with a failure to modulate frontoparietal-insular hub architecture. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging 2(6):537–545

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Martin J, Hamshere ML, O'Donovan MC et al (2014) Factor structure of autistic traits in children with ADHD. J Autism Dev Disord 44(1):204–215

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mikami AY, Miller M, Lerner MD (2019) Social functioning in youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder: transdiagnostic commonalities and differences. Clin Psychol Rev 68:54–70

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miodovnik A, Harstad E, Sideridis G et al (2015) Timing of the diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism Spectrum disorder. Pediatrics 136(4):e830–e837

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miyake A, Friedman NP, Emerson MJ et al (2000) The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex “Frontal Lobe” tasks: a latent variable analysis. Cogn Psychol 41(1):49–100

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mizuno Y, Kagitani-Shimono K, Jung M et al (2019) Structural brain abnormalities in children and adolescents with comorbid autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Transl Psychiatry 9(1):332

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mulligan A, Anney RJ, O'Regan M et al (2009) Autism symptoms in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a familial trait which correlates with conduct, oppositional defiant, language and motor disorders. J Autism Dev Disord 39(2):197–209

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nigg JT, Willcutt EG, Doyle AE et al (2005) Causal heterogeneity in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: do we need neuropsychologically impaired subtypes? Biol Psychiatry 57(11):1224–1230

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oswald DP, Sonenklar NA (2007) Medication use among children with autism spectrum disorders. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 17(3):348–355

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pennington BF, Ozonoff S (1996) Executive functions and developmental psychopathology. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 37(1):51–87

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pereira-Sanchez V, Castellanos FX (2021) Neuroimaging in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Curr Opin Psychiatry 34(2):105–111

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Reichow B, Volkmar FR, Bloch MH (2013) Systematic review and meta-analysis of pharmacological treatment of the symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children with pervasive developmental disorders. J Autism Dev Disord 43(10):2435–2441

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Reiersen AM, Constantino JN, Volk HE et al (2007) Autistic traits in a population-based ADHD twin sample. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 48(5):464–472

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reiersen AM, Constantino JN, Grimmer M et al (2008) Evidence for shared genetic influences on self-reported ADHD and autistic symptoms in young adult Australian twins. Twin Res Hum Genet 11(6):579–585

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson EB, Koenen KC, McCormick MC et al (2012) A multivariate twin study of autistic traits in 12-year-olds: testing the fractionable autism triad hypothesis. Behav Genet 42(2):245–255

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez MC, Wade TJ, Veldhuizen S et al (2019) Emotional and behavioral problems in 4- and 5-year old children with and without motor delays. Front Pediatr 7:474

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rommelse NN, Franke B, Geurts HM et al (2010) Shared heritability of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 19(3):281–295

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rommelse NN, Geurts HM, Franke B et al (2011) A review on cognitive and brain endophenotypes that may be common in autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and facilitate the search for pleiotropic genes. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 35(6):1363–1396

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ronald A, Simonoff E, Kuntsi J et al (2008) Evidence for overlapping genetic influences on autistic and ADHD behaviours in a community twin sample. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 49(5):535–542

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ronald A, Edelson LR, Asherson P et al (2010) Exploring the relationship between autistic-like traits and ADHD behaviors in early childhood: findings from a community twin study of 2-year-olds. J Abnorm Child Psychol 38(2):185–196

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sikora DM, Vora P, Coury DL et al (2012) Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms, adaptive functioning, and quality of life in children with autism spectrum disorder. Pediatrics 130(Suppl 2):S91–S97

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simmons GL, Hilton DC, Jarrett MA et al (2019) Considering equifinality in treatment planning for social impairment: divergent paths in neurodevelopmental disorders. Bull Menn Clin 83(3):278–300

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smoller JW, Andreassen OA, Edenberg HJ et al (2019) Psychiatric genetics and the structure of psychopathology. Mol Psychiatry 24(3):409–420

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sokolova E, Oerlemans AM, Rommelse NN et al (2017) A causal and mediation analysis of the comorbidity between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). J Autism Dev Disord 47(6):1595–1604

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sprenger L, Buhler E, Poustka L et al (2013) Impact of ADHD symptoms on autism spectrum disorder symptom severity. Res Dev Disabil 34(10):3545–3552

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • St Pourcain B, Mandy WP, Heron J et al (2011) Links between co-occurring social-communication and hyperactive-inattentive trait trajectories. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 50(9):892–902 e895

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Stein MA, Szumowski E, Blondis TA et al (1995) Adaptive skills dysfunction in ADD and ADHD children. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 36(4):663–670

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stephens K, O'Loughlin R, Green JL et al (2021) The association between autism symptoms and child functioning in a sample with ADHD recruited from the community. J Atten Disord 25(8):1129–1134

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taurines R, Schwenck C, Westerwald E et al (2012) ADHD and autism: differential diagnosis or overlapping traits? A selective review. Atten Defic Hyperact Disord 4(3):115–139

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas S, Sciberras E, Lycett K et al (2018) Physical functioning, emotional, and behavioral problems in children with ADHD and comorbid ASD: a cross-sectional study. J Atten Disord 22(10):1002–1007

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tureck K, Matson JL, Cervantes P et al (2015) Autism severity as a predictor of inattention and impulsivity in toddlers. Dev Neurorehabil 18(5):285–289

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Uddin LQ, Dajani DR, Voorhies W et al (2017) Progress and roadblocks in the search for brain-based biomarkers of autism and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Transl Psychiatry 7(8):e1218

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Vaidya CJ, You X, Mostofsky S et al (2020) Data-driven identification of subtypes of executive function across typical development, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and autism spectrum disorders. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 61(1):51–61

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Engeland H, Buitelaar J (2008) Autism spectrum disorders. In: Rutter M, Bishop D, Pine D et al (eds) Rutter’s child and adolescent psychiatry, 5th edn. Blackwell Publishing, pp 759–781

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Visser JC, Rommelse NN, Greven CU et al (2016) Autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in early childhood: a review of unique and shared characteristics and developmental antecedents. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 65:229–263

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Waye MMY, Cheng HY (2018) Genetics and epigenetics of autism: a review. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 72(4):228–244

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wood-Downie H, Wong B, Kovshoff H et al (2021) Sex/gender differences in camouflaging in children and adolescents with autism. J Autism Dev Disord 51(4):1353–1364

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization (2019) International classification of diseases for mortality and morbidity statistics

    Google Scholar 

  • Yerys BE, Wallace GL, Sokoloff JL et al (2009) Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms moderate cognition and behavior in children with autism spectrum disorders. Autism Res 2(6):322–333

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yerys BE, Bertollo JR, Kenworthy L et al (2019a) Brief report: pilot study of a novel interactive digital treatment to improve cognitive control in children with autism Spectrum disorder and co-occurring ADHD symptoms. J Autism Dev Disord 49(4):1727–1737

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yerys BE, Bertollo JR, Pandey J et al (2019b) Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms are associated with lower adaptive behavior skills in children with autism. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 58(5):525–533 e523

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yerys BE, Tunc B, Satterthwaite TD et al (2019c) Functional connectivity of frontoparietal and salience/ventral attention networks have independent associations with co-occurring attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in children with autism. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging 4(4):343–351

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshida Y, Uchiyama T (2004) The clinical necessity for assessing attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD) symptoms in children with high-functioning pervasive developmental disorder (PDD). Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 13(5):307–314

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshimasu K, Barbaresi WJ, Colligan RC et al (2012) Childhood ADHD is strongly associated with a broad range of psychiatric disorders during adolescence: a population-based birth cohort study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 53(10):1036–1043

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Young S, Hollingdale J, Absoud M et al (2020) Guidance for identification and treatment of individuals with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder based upon expert consensus. BMC Med 18(1):146

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zachor DA, Ben-Itzchak E (2019) From toddlerhood to adolescence: which characteristics among toddlers with autism spectrum disorder predict adolescent attention deficit/hyperactivity symptom severity? A long-term follow-up study. J Autism Dev Disord 49(8):3191–3202

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA

    Chandan J. Vaidya

  2. Children’s Research Institute, Children’s National Health System, Washington, DC, USA

    Chandan J. Vaidya

  3. Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

    Christoph Klein

  4. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

    Christoph Klein

  5. Psychiatry Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, University General Hospital “ATTIKON”, Athens, Greece

    Christoph Klein

Authors
  1. Chandan J. Vaidya
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Christoph Klein
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, UK

    S Clare Stanford

  2. School of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia

    Emma Sciberras

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Vaidya, C.J., Klein, C. (2022). Comorbidity of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorders: Current Status and Promising Directions. In: Stanford, S.C., Sciberras, E. (eds) New Discoveries in the Behavioral Neuroscience of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences, vol 57. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2022_334

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation