Abstract
This chapter focusses on the benefits and limitations of stimulant medications in the treatment of ADHD. We highlight the key similarities and differences between the different stimulants used to treat ADHD and briefly discuss mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics. We will discuss some of the political, ethical, and moral discussions about the use of stimulants including a consideration of the treatment of subsyndromal ADHD and the use of stimulants as cognitive enhancers. We review the comparative efficacy and effectiveness between stimulants and non-pharmacological treatments for ADHD, between stimulant classes and formulations and between stimulant and non-stimulant medications. We discuss the effects on core symptoms, common associated symptoms, cognition, and more distal outcomes including quality of life and functioning and issues related to tolerance, tolerability and adverse effects. Looking at the clinical implications of these findings, we discuss the importance of measurement-based care in the treatment of ADHD. Finally, we will look at the benefits and limitations of stimulants across several different populations and clinical subgroups.
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Abbreviations
- AACAP:
-
American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
- AAP:
-
American Academy of Pediatrics
- ADHD:
-
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
- D-DTODS:
-
Dundee Difficult Times of Day Scale
- DSM:
-
Diagnostic and statistical manual or psychiatric disorders
- EAGG:
-
European ADHD Guidelines Group
- EMA:
-
European Medicines Agency
- ICD:
-
International Classification of Diseases
- MTA:
-
Multimodal Treatment of ADHD Study
- NICE:
-
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
- NIH:
-
National Institutes of Health
- PATS:
-
Preschool ADHD Treatment Study
- PET:
-
Positron emission tomography
- RMP:
-
Risk management plan
- SMD:
-
Standardised mean difference
- SNAP:
-
Swanson Nolan and Pelham
- SUD:
-
Substance use disorder
- VMAT:
-
Vesicle membrane associated transporter
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Coghill, D. (2022). The Benefits and Limitations of Stimulants in Treating ADHD. In: Stanford, S.C., Sciberras, E. (eds) New Discoveries in the Behavioral Neuroscience of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences, vol 57. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2022_331
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