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Molecular Microbiology of Heavy Metals pp 189–219Cite as

Acquisition of Iron by Bacteria

Part of the Microbiology Monographs book series (MICROMONO,volume 6)

Abstract

Bacteria have evolved multiple mechanisms to cope with the extreme iron limitations in their natural environments. Fe3+ forms insoluble hydroxy aquo complexes. The free Fe3+ concentration lies orders of magnitude below the concentration required for microbial growth (0.1 μM). Bacteria synthesize and secrete low-molecular-weight compounds, called siderophores, which bind Fe3+ with very high affinity and specificity, and host organisms of bacteria bind Fe3+ to proteins that serve as iron sources for bacteria. Energy-coupled transport systems bring Fe3+, Fe3+-siderophores, and heme across the outer membrane, the periplasm, and the cytoplasmic membrane into the bacterial cytoplasm. There, iron is released from the carrier molecules and incorporated mostly into heme and iron-sulfur proteins. Intracellular iron metabolism is poorly understood. The transport systems and the biosynthesis of the siderophores are regulated by proteins, usually by Fur in Gram-negative bacteria, and DtxR and IdeR in Gram-positive bacteria. These proteins act as transcriptional repressors when loaded with Fe2+. Additional regulatory devices control siderophore biosynthesis and transport. The Fec-type of regulation is of particular interest because it involves a novel mechanism in which the ferric siderophore binds to the outer membrane transport protein and from there induces transcription of the transport and biosynthesis genes in the cytoplasm. Another recently detected device is the regulation of genes positively regulated by Fur via RhyB, a small regulatory RNA. RhyB facilitates degradation of positively regulated mRNAs, which does not occur when Fe2+-Fur represses RhyB synthesis.

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  1. Mikrobiologie/Membranphysiologie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076, Tübingen, Germany

    Volkmar Braun & Klaus Hantke

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  1. Volkmar Braun
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Braun, V., Hantke, K. (2007). Acquisition of Iron by Bacteria. In: Nies, D.H., Silver, S. (eds) Molecular Microbiology of Heavy Metals. Microbiology Monographs, vol 6. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/7171_2006_078

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