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Redox and Wall-Restructuring

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The Expanding Cell

Part of the book series: Plant Cell Monographs ((CELLMONO,volume 6))

Abstract

Diverse mechanisms contribute to primary cell wall re-structuring, causing wall loosening and tightening (increasing and decreasing extensibility, respectively). Wall loosening can occur by enzymic hydrolysis and possibly also elimination-degradation of polysaccharides; by enzymic transglycosylation of xyloglucan; by expansin-mediated rupture of hemicellulose–cellulose tethers; and by non-protein-mediated scission of polysaccharides through hydroxyl radical attack. Tightening can occur by enzymic de-esterification of pectin enabling Ca2+-bridge formation; and by peroxidase-catalysed coupling of phenol–polysaccharide complexes and of tyrosine-containing glycoproteins. Several loosening and tightening mechanisms involve redox reactions; low-molecular-weight oxidants and anti-oxidants in the apoplast can therefore control wall extensibility. Apoplastic ascorbate is unusual in potentially being either an anti-oxidant or a pro-oxidant (the latter via Fenton reaction-mediated production of hydroxyl radicals). Many wall-localised reactions are known only from model experiments in vitro: an important future challenge is to explore the relative contributions of postulated reactions in the walls of living plant cells. To this end, a clear distinction is required between enzyme activity (assayed in vitro) and enzyme action (occurring in vivo).

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Acknowledgments

We are very grateful to Drs R.A.M. Vreeburg, A. Encina and A. Kärkönen for valuable discussions and preliminary data. We thank the BBSRC for financial support of our work.

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  1. The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Daniel Rutherford Building, The King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, EH9 3JH, Edinburgh, UK

    Shona E. Lindsay & Stephen C. Fry

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Correspondence to Stephen C. Fry .

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Jean-Pierre Verbelen Kris Vissenberg

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Lindsay, S.E., Fry, S.C. (2006). Redox and Wall-Restructuring. In: Verbelen, JP., Vissenberg, K. (eds) The Expanding Cell. Plant Cell Monographs, vol 6. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg . https://doi.org/10.1007/7089_2006_075

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