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Sources, Occurrence and Fate of Halogenated Heterocyclic Pharmaceuticals in the Environment

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Halogenated Heterocycles

Part of the book series: Topics in Heterocyclic Chemistry ((TOPICS,volume 27))

Abstract

After pharmaceuticals are excreted from target organisms, they enter the environment, where they can be diluted, dissociated, biologically or abiotically degraded or sorbed/accumulated in various environmental compartments, depending on their physicochemical properties. This chapter will review the existing literature on three model halogenated heterocyclic pharmaceuticals belonging to different pharmaceutical classes as environmental contaminants. Their occurrence and fate in the environment will be discussed and conclusions will be drawn regarding their common structure and fate.

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Abbreviations

5–FU:

5-Fluoroacil

AOP:

Advanced oxidation processes

BCF:

Bioconcentration factor

CIP:

Ciprofloxacin

DOC:

Dissolved organic carbon

DZ:

Diazepam

HHPh:

Halogenated heterocyclic pharmaceuticals

K d :

Distribution coefficient

k H :

Henry’s coefficient

K oc :

Organic carbon partition coefficient

K ow :

Octanol-water partition coefficient

LOD:

Limit of detection

˙OH:

Hydroxyl radicals

PBT profiler:

Persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic profiles estimated for organic chemicals

pK a :

Dissociation constant

WW:

Wastewater

WWTP:

Wastewater treatment plants

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Acknowledgments

The research leading to these results has received funding from the Slovenian Research Agency under Research Programme P1-0143 – “Cycling of nutrients and contaminants in the environment, mass balances and modelling of environmental processes and risk analysis” and from the European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013) under grant agreement n. 265264: “CytoThreat”: “Fate and effects of cytostatic pharmaceuticals in the environment and the identification of biomarkers for improved risk assessment on environmental exposure”.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia

    Ester Heath & Tina Kosjek

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  1. Ester Heath
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  2. Tina Kosjek
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Correspondence to Ester Heath .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. , Department of Physical and Organic Chemi, "Jozef Stefan" Institute, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia

    Jernej Iskra

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Heath, E., Kosjek, T. (2011). Sources, Occurrence and Fate of Halogenated Heterocyclic Pharmaceuticals in the Environment. In: Iskra, J. (eds) Halogenated Heterocycles. Topics in Heterocyclic Chemistry, vol 27. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/7081_2011_59

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