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Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans in the Great Lakes

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Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Great Lakes

Part of the book series: The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry ((HEC5,volume 5N))

Abstract

The history of “dioxin”, PCDD/F, contamination in the Great Lakes is reviewed. Occurrence, geographical distribution, and temporal trends in air, water, sediments, fish, seabirds, snapping turtles, and humans are presented, and eco/human toxicological implications reviewed. Patterns and concentrations in sediment indicate that atmospheric input dominated in Lake Superior, lower Lake Michigan, and Lake Erie. Inputs from the Saginaw River to Lake Huron and Fox River to upper Lake Michigan added some PCDD/F loading to these lakes above atmospheric deposition. Lake Ontario was heavily impacted by input of PCDD/Fs, particularly 2378-TeCDD, from the Niagara River. Sediment core and biomonitoring data revealed that PCDD/F contamination peaked in most lakes in the late 1960s to early 1970s, followed by rapid, order of magnitude declines in the mid- to late 1970s. The downward trend stalled in some lakes in the 1980s, but seems to have continued after the late 1990s, probably in response to various remediation efforts and reductions in PCDD/F emissions to the atmosphere. During the height of contamination, effects attributed in whole or in part to PCDD/F contamination included reproductive failure in lake trout and herring gulls in Lake Ontario. AHR-mediated sublethal effects may still be occurring in seabirds and fish, but much of this is thought to be due to dioxin-like PCBs rather than PCDD/Fs.

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Abbreviations

AHR:

Aryl hydrocarbon receptor

AHR-congeners:

PCDD/Fs with chlorine at the 2,3,7,8-positions, PCBs with chlorine at the 3,3′4,4′-positions, not more than one chlorine at 2,2′,6,6′-positions

BMF:

Biomagnification factor

BSAF:

Biota-sediment bioaccumulation factor

Congener:

Any member of a compound class, e.g., PCDDs, PCDFs or PCBs

EROD:

Ethoxyresorufin-o-deethylase

Homolog:

Group of isomers with the same carbon skeleton and number of chlorines, e.g., TeCDDs

H4IIE:

Rat hepatoma cell line

PCBs:

Polychlorinated biphenyls

PCDD:

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin

PCDF:

Polychlorinated dibenzofuran

PCDD/F:

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and -furan

TeCDD (F):

Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (-furan)

PnCDD (F):

Pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (-furan)

HxCDD (F):

Hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (-furan)

HpCDD (F):

Heptachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (-furan)

OCDD (F):

Octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (-furan)

2378-TeCDD (and similar):

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (commas are left out of all formulae for brevity)

SPMD:

Semi-permeable membrane device

∑-:

Total concentration of congeners in the group

2,4,5-T:

2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid

TEQ:

2,3,7,8-TeCDD toxic equivalent concentration

TEF:

2,3,7,8-TeCDD toxic equivalent factor (relative toxicity/potency to 2,3,7,8-TeCDD)

WHO:

World Health Organization

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Acknowledgments

The author would like to thank Chip Weseloh and the Canadian Wildlife Service for providing both old and new unpublished data on PCDD/F concentrations in herring gull eggs. Mark Cohen is thanked for reviewing the sections of the manuscript on air and generously providing figures on air deposition. Ryan Forsberg is thanked for his efforts in creating the reference data base. Carleton University is thanked for its financial support.

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  1. Centre for Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, ON K1S 5B6, Ottawa, Canada

    Ross J. Norstrom

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Ronald A. Hites

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Norstrom, R.J. Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans in the Great Lakes. In: Hites, R.A. (eds) Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Great Lakes. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, vol 5N. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg . https://doi.org/10.1007/698_5_040

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