Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Fragrances in the Environment: Properties, Applications, and Emissions

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Fragrances in the Environment

Part of the book series: The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry ((volume 128))

Abstract

Olfactory stimuli are processed in the human brain in a complex integrative system with other senses, and intimately wired to cortical areas related to the formation of memories, emotions, survival instincts, and language. These findings support the notion that the sense of smell imprints emotional value to objects and events, triggers memories and feelings which affect our moods and judgement, with repercussions on our behaviour and interpersonal relationships. This might explain our fascination with fragrances and pleasant scented materials, a trait that we seem to share with our ancestors and whose social and cultural significance changed over the centuries. Currently, it represents a multi-billion-dollar industry with application in numerous consumer products. With such production rates worldwide, fragrances naturally become a concern for their potential hazardous effects on humans and the environment. First only from natural origin and now predominantly synthetic materials, this wide array of chemicals has several uses according to their physicochemical properties but can impact all environmental compartments and life forms. This chapter gives a comprehensive overview about the types, classification, properties, production rates and main uses of fragrance compounds, as well as the main emission sources to the environment, potential toxicity, and regulatory actions currently in place to prevent hazardous incidences.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Sarafoleanu C, Mella C, Georgescu M, Perederco C (2009) The importance of the olfactory sense in the human behavior and evolution. J Med Life 2(2):196–198

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Huber B, Larsen T, Spengler RN, Bolvin N (2022) How to use modern science to reconstruct ancient scents. Nat Hum Behav 6:611–614

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Rowe DJ (2004) Introduction. In: Rowe DJ (ed) Chemistry and technology of flavors and fragrances. Blackwell Publishing, Bodmin, pp 1–11

    Google Scholar 

  4. Pybus DH (2006) The history of aroma chemistry and perfume. In: Pybus D, Sell C (eds) The chemistry of fragrances: from perfumer to consumer2nd edn. Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, pp 3–23

    Google Scholar 

  5. Burger P, Plainfossé H, Brochet X, Chemat F, Fernandez X (2019) Extraction of natural fragrance ingredients: history overview and future trends. Chem Biodivers 16:e1900424

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Belgiorno MR (2016) The perfume of Cyprus: from Pyrgos to François Coty the route of a millenary charm. Ermes edizioni scientifiche, Ariccia

    Google Scholar 

  7. Levey M (1954) Perfumery in ancient Babylonia. J Chem Educ 31(7):373–375

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Brun JP (2000) The production of perfumes in antiquity: the cases of Delos and Paestum. A J Archaeol 104(2):277–308

    Google Scholar 

  9. King AH (2017) Scent from the garden of paradise: musk and the medieval Islamic world. Brill, Leiden

    Google Scholar 

  10. David ORP (2017) Artificial Nitromusks, stories of chemists and businessmen. Eur J Org Chem 2017(1):4–13

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Nicolaï P (2008) A smelling trip into the past: the influence of synthetic materials on the history of perfumery. Chem Biodivers 5(6):1134–1146

    Google Scholar 

  12. David ORP (2020) A chemical history of polycyclic Musks. Chem A Eur J 26(34):7537–7555

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. IFRA (2022) The International Fragrance Association website. https://ifrafragrance.org/home. Accessed 20 July 2022

  14. Sharma A, Kumar R, Aier I, Semwal R, Tyagi P, Varadwaj P (2019) Sense of smell: structural, functional, mechanistic advancements and challenges in human olfactory research. Curr Neuropharmacol 17(9):891–911

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Sell C (2006) Chemoreception. In: Pybus D, Sell C (eds) The chemistry of fragrances: from perfumer to consumer2nd edn. Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, pp 229–253

    Google Scholar 

  16. Spence C (2022) The scent of attraction and the smell of success: crossmodal influences on person perception. Cogn Res Princ Implic 6:46

    Google Scholar 

  17. Mintel Group (2014) Fragrance in cosmetics – the smell of success. Presentation at In-Cosmetics, Hamburg. http://www.in-cosmetics.com. Accessed 9 May 2022

  18. Surburg H, Panten J (2006) Common fragrance and flavor materials: preparation, properties and uses.5th edn. WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co., KGaA, Weinheim

    Google Scholar 

  19. Herman S (2017) Chapter 18 – fragrance. In: Sakamoto K, Lochhead H, Maibach H, Yamashita Y (eds) Cosmetic science and technology: theoretical principles and applications1st edn. Elsevier, pp 267–283

    Google Scholar 

  20. Ohloff G, Winter B, Fehr C (1994) Chapter 9. Chemical classification and structure – odour relationships. In: Müller PM, Lamparsky D (eds) Perfumes: art, science and technology. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 287–330

    Google Scholar 

  21. Bickers DR, Calow P, Greim HA, Hanifin JM, Rogers AE, Saurat JH, Sipes IG, Smith RL, Tagami H (2003) The safety assessment of fragrance materials. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 37(2):218–273

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Date MS, O’Brien D, Botelho DJ, Schultz TW, Liebler DC, Penning TM, Salvito DT (2020) Clustering a chemical inventory for safety assessment of fragrance ingredients: identifying read-across Analogs to address data gaps. Chem Res Toxicol 33(7):1709–1718

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. The Fragrance Conservatory (2022) The Fragrance Conservatory website, Fragrance Creators Association. https://fragranceconservatory.com/. Accessed 6 July 2022

  24. Sommer C (2004) The role of musk and musk compounds in the fragrance industry. In: Rimkus GG (ed) Series anthropogenic compounds. The handbook of environmental chemistry, vol 3X. Springer, Berlin, pp 1–16

    Google Scholar 

  25. Sell CS, Jenner K (2006) The search for new fragrance ingredients. In: Pybus D, Sell C (eds) The chemistry of fragrances: from perfumer to consumer2nd edn. Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, pp 254–293

    Google Scholar 

  26. Verzele M, Maes G, Vuye A, Godefroot M, van Alboom M, Vervisch J, Sandra P (1981) Chromatographic investigation of Jasmin absolutes. J Chromatogr A 205(2):367–386

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Daniau V (2021) Follow the scent – the science behind the fragrance in products. In: Barton S, Eastham A, Isom A, McLaverty D, Soong YL (eds) Discovering cosmetic science1st edn. The Royal Society of Chemistry, London, pp 424–487

    Google Scholar 

  28. IFRA (2020) Fragrance Ingredient Glossary, The International Fragrance Association, April 2020 edition. Available at https://ifrafragrance.org/priorities/ingredients/glossary. Accessed 20 July 2022

  29. Edwards M (2022) Fragrances of the World. https://www.fragrancesoftheworld.com. Accessed 30 Aug 2022

  30. Thiboud M (1994) Chapter 8. Empirical classification of odours. In: Müller PM, Lamparsky D (eds) Perfumes: art, science and technology. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 253–286

    Google Scholar 

  31. Rowe DJ (2004) Aroma chemicals I: C, H, O compounds. In: Rowe DJ (ed) Chemistry and technology of flavors and fragrances. Blackwell Publishing, Bodmin, pp 56–84

    Google Scholar 

  32. Lapczynski A, Bhatia SP, Letizia CS, Api AM (2008) Fragrance material review on dl-citronellol. Food Chem Toxicol 46:S103–S109

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Api AM, Belsito D, Bhatia SP, Botelho D, Browne D, Bruze M, Burton A, Buschmann J, Calow P, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Fryer AD, Joshi K, Kromidas L, La Cava S, Lalko JF, Lapczynski A, Liebler DC, Miyachi Y, O'Brien D, Parakhia R, Patel A, Penning TM, Politano VT, Ritacco G, Romine J, Salvito D, Schultz TW, Shen J, Sipes IG, Thakkar Y, Tokura Y, Tsang S, Wahler J, Wall B, Wilcox DK (2017) RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, terpineol, CAS registry number 8000-41-7. Food Chem Toxicol 110:S392–S402

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Bruze M, Burton GA, Buschmann J, Cancellieri MA, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Fryer AD, Jones L, Joshi K, Kumar M, Lapczynski A, Lavelle M, Lee I, Liebler DC, Moustakas H, Na M, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Sadekar N, Schultz TW, Selechnik D, Siddiqi F, Sipes IG, Sullivan G, Thakkar Y, Tokura Y (2022) Update to RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, linalool, CAS registry number 78-70-6. Food Chem Toxicol 159:112687

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Bruze M, Burton GA, Buschmann J, Cancellieri MA, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Fryer AD, Jones L, Joshi K, Kumar M, Lapczynski A, Lavelle M, Lee I, Liebler DC, Moustakas H, Na M, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Sadekar N, Schultz TW, Selechnik D, Siddiqi F, Sipes IG, Sullivan G, Thakkar Y, Tokura Y (2022) Update to RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, borneol, CAS registry number 507-70-0. Food Chem Toxicol 163:113025

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Bruze M, Burton GA, Buschmann J, Cancellieri MA, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Fryer AD, Jones L, Joshi K, Kumar M, Lapczynski A, Lavelle M, Lee I, Liebler DC, Moustakas H, Na M, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Sadekar N, Schultz TW, Selechnik D, Siddiqi F, Sipes IG, Sullivan G, Thakkar Y, Tokura Y (2022) RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, cedrol, CAS registry number 77-53-2. Food Chem Toxicol 163:112998

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Bruze M, Burton GA, Cancellieri MA, Chon H, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Fryer AD, Jones L, Joshi K, Kumar M, Lapczynski A, Lavelle M, Lee I, Liebler DC, Moustakas H, Na M, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Sadekar N, Schultz TW, Selechnik D, Siddiqi F, Sipes IG, Sullivan G, Thakkar Y, Tokura Y (2022) RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, geraniol, CAS registry number 106-24-1. Food Chem Toxicol 167:113341

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Api AM, Belsito D, Biserta S, Botelho D, Bruze M, Burton Jr GA, Buschmann J, Cancellieri MA, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Fryer AD, Gadhia S, Jones L, Joshi K, Lapczynski A, Lavelle M, Liebler DC, Na M, O’Brien D, Patel A, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Rodriguez-Ropero F, Romine J, Sadekar N, Salvito D, Schultz TW, Siddiqi F, Sipes IG, Sullivan G, Thakkar Y, Tokura Y, Tsang S (2020) RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, citral, CAS registry number 5392-40-5. Food Chem Toxicol 141:111339

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Api AM, Belsito D, Biserta S, Botelho D, Bruze M, Burton Jr GA, Buschmann J, Cancellieri MA, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Fryer AD, Gadhia S, Jones L, Joshi K, Lapczynski A, Lavelle M, Liebler DC, Na M, O’Brien D, Patel A, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Rodriguez-Ropero F, Romine J, Sadekar N, Salvito D, Schultz TW, Siddiqi F, Sipes IG, Sullivan G, Thakkar Y, Tokura Y, Tsang S (2021) RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, citronellal, CAS registry number 106-23-0. Food Chem Toxicol 149:111991

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Dorsky J (1994) Chapter 14. The chemistry of synthetic raw materials production. In: Müller PM, Lamparsky D (eds) Perfumes: art, science and technology. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 399–420

    Google Scholar 

  41. Fráter G, Bajgrowicz JA, Kraft P (1998) Fragrance chemistry. Tetrahedron 54:7633–7703

    Google Scholar 

  42. Serra S (2015) Chapter 7 – recent developments in the synthesis of the flavors and fragrances of terpenoid origin. In: Rahman A (ed) Studies in natural products chemistry, vol 46. Elsevier, pp 201–226

    Google Scholar 

  43. Braga A, Guerreiro C, Belo I (2018) Generation of flavors and fragrances through biotransformation and de novo synthesis. Food Bioproc Tech 11:2217–2228

    Google Scholar 

  44. Gupta S, Gupta C, Garg AP, Prakash D (2015) A biotechnological approach to microbial based perfumes and flavours. J Microbiol Exp 2(1):11–18

    Google Scholar 

  45. Givaudan (2022) Shaping tomorrow’s signature fragrances with science. https://www.givaudan.com/fragrance-beauty/ingredients/fragrance-molecules. Accessed 22 Oct 2022

  46. Ahuja K, Baya S (2021) Fragrance ingredients market – summary. Global Market Insights (GMI). https://www.gminsights.com/industry-analysis/fragrance-ingredients-market. Accessed 26 Oct 2022

  47. Expert Market Research (EMR) (2022) North America flavours and fragrances market outlook. https://www.expertmarketresearch.com/reports/north-america-flavours-and-fragrances-market. Accessed 26 Oct 2022

  48. Research and Markets (2022) A global overview of the flavours and fragrances market – executive summary. https://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/5658621. Accessed 26 Oct 2022

  49. Stepanyuk A, Kirschning A (2019) Synthetic terpenoids in the world of fragrances: Iso E Super® is the showcase. Beilstein J Org Chem 15:2590–2602

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  50. RIFM (2022) Research Institute for Fragrance Materials website. https://rifm.org/about-rifm/. Accessed 20 July 2022

  51. European Communities (2008) European Union risk assessment report – 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethylcyclopenta-γ-2-benzopyran – final approved version. The Netherlands. https://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/947def3b-bbbf-473b-bc19-3bda7a8da910. Accessed 20 July 2022

  52. Api AM, Belsito D, Biserta S, Botelho D, Bruze M, Burton GA, Buschmann J, Cancellieri MA, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Fryer AD, Gadhia S, Jones L, Joshi K, Lapczynski A, Lavelle M, Liebler DC, Na M, O'Brien D, Patel A, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Rodriguez-Ropero F, Romine J, Sadekar N, Salvito D, Schultz TW, Siddiqi F, Sipes IG, Sullivan G, Thakkar Y, Tokura Y, Tsang S (2020) RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, 2-ethoxy-4-methylphenol, CAS registry number 2563-07-7. Food Chem Toxicol 144:111657

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Browne D, Bruze M, Burton GA, Buschmann J, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Francis M, Fryer AD, Joshi K, La Cava S, Lapczynski A, Liebler DC, O'Brien D, Parakhia R, Patel A, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Salvito D, Schultz TW, Sipes IG, Thakkar Y, Theophilus EH, Tiethof AK, Tokura Y, Tsang S, Wahler J (2017) RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, 3,7-dimethyl-2,6-nonadienenitrile, CAS registry number 61792-11-8. Food Chem Toxicol 110:S552–S560

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Browne D, Bruze M, Burton GA, Buschmann J, Calow P, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Fryer AD, Joshi K, La Cava S, Lapczynski A, Liebler DC, O'Brien D, Parakhia R, Patel A, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Salvito D, Schultz TW, Sipes IG, Thakkar Y, Tsang S, Wahler J (2017) RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, 5-Acetyl-3-isopropyl-1,1,2,6-tetramethylindane, CAS registry number 68140-48-7. Food Chem Toxicol 110:S198–S209

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Api AM, Belsito D, Biserta S, Botelho D, Bruze M, Burton GA, Buschmann J, Cancellieri MA, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Fryer AD, Gadhia S, Jones L, Joshi K, Kumar M, Lapczynski A, Lavelle M, Lee I, Liebler DC, Moustakas H, Na M, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Sadekar N, Schultz TW, Selechnik D, Siddiqi F, Sipes IG, Sullivan G, Thakkar Y, Tokura Y (2021) RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, 6,7-dihydro-1,1,2,3,3-pentamethyl-4(5H)-indanone. CAS registry number 33704-61-9. Food Chem Toxicol 149:11929

    Google Scholar 

  56. Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Bruze M, Burton GA, Buschmann J, Calow P, Dagli ML, Dekant W, Fryer AD, La Cava S, Lapczynski A, Liebler DC, O'Brien D, Parakhia R, Patel A, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Salvito D, Schultz TW, Shen J, Sipes IG, Wahler J (2017) RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, 6-acetyl-1,1,2,4,4,7-hexamethyltetraline, CAS registry number 21145-77-7. Food Chem Toxicol 110:S95–S103

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Api AM, Belsito D, Biserta S, Botelho D, Bruze M, Burton GA, Buschmann J, Cancellieri MA, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Fryer AD, Gadhia S, Jones L, Joshi K, Lapczynski A, Lavelle M, Liebler DC, Na M, O'Brien D, Patel A, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Rodriguez-Ropero F, Romine J, Sadekar N, Salvito D, Schultz TW, Siddiqi F, Sipes IG, Sullivan G, Thakkar Y, Tokura Y, Tsang S (2019) RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, benzaldehyde, CAS registry number 100-52-7. Food Chem Toxicol 134:110878

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Api AM, Belmonte F, Belsito D, Biserta S, Botelho D, Bruze M, Burton GA, Buschmann J, Cancellieri MA, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Fryer AD, Gadhia S, Jones L, Joshi K, Lapczynski A, Lavelle M, Liebler DC, Na M, O'Brien D, Patel A, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Rodriguez-Ropero F, Romine J, Sadekar N, Salvito D, Schultz TW, Sipes IG, Sullivan G, Thakkar Y, Tokura Y, Tsang S (2020) RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, benzyl benzoate, CAS registry number 120-51-4. Food Chem Toxicol 144:111500

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Lapczynski A, McGinty D, Jones L, Bhatia S, Letizia CS, Api AM (2007) Fragrance material review on benzyl salicylate. Food Chem Toxicol 45:S362–S380

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Api AM, Belmonte F, Belsito D, Biserta S, Botelho D, Bruze M, Burton GA, Buschmann J, Cancellieri MA, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Fryer AD, Gadhia S, Jones L, Joshi K, Lapczynski A, Lavelle M, Liebler DC, Na M, O'Brien D, Patel A, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Rodriguez-Ropero F, Romine J, Sadekar N, Salvito D, Schultz TW, Sipes IG, Sullivan G, Thakkar Y, Tokura Y, Tsang S (2019) RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, cinnamaldehyde, CAS registry number 104-55-2. Food Chem Toxicol 134:110710

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Bruze M, Burton GA, Buschmann J, Cancellieri MA, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Fryer AD, Jones L, Joshi K, Kumar M, Lapczynski A, Lavelle M, Lee I, Liebler DC, Moustakas H, Na M, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Sadekar N, Schultz TW, Selechnik D, Siddiqi F, Sipes IG, Sullivan G, Thakkar Y, Tokura Y (2022) RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, cis-jasmone, CAS registry number 488-10-8. Food Chem Toxicol 159:112685

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Bruze M, Burton GA, Buschmann J, Cancellieri MA, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Fryer AD, Jones L, Joshi K, Kumar M, Lapczynski A, Lavelle M, Lee I, Liebler DC, Moustakas H, Na M, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Sadekar N, Schultz TW, Selechnik D, Siddiqi F, Sipes IG, Sullivan G, Thakkar Y, Tokura Y (2022) RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, citronellyl acetate, CAS registry number 150-84-5. Food Chem Toxicol 159:112710

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Api AM, Belsito D, Biserta S, Botelho D, Bruze M, Burton GA, Buschmann J, Cancellieri MA, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Fryer AD, Gadhia S, Jones L, Joshi K, Lapczynski A, Lavelle M, Liebler DC, Na M, O'Brien D, Patel A, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Rodriguez-Ropero F, Romine J, Sadekar N, Salvito D, Schultz TW, Siddiqi F, Sipes IG, Sullivan G, Thakkar Y, Tokura Y, Tsang S (2020) RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, decanoic acid, CAS registry number 334-48-5. Food Chem Toxicol 144:111465

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Bruze M, Burton GA, Cancellieri MA, Chon H, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Fryer AD, Jones L, Joshi K, Kumar M, Lapczynski A, Lavelle M, Lee I, Liebler DC, Moustakas H, Na M, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Sadekar N, Schultz TW, Selechnik D, Siddiqi F, Sipes IG, Sullivan G, Thakkar Y, Tokura Y (2022) RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, ethyl acetate, CAS registry number 141-78-6. Food Chem Toxicol 167:113363

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Bruze M, Burton GA, Cancellieri MA, Chon H, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Fryer AD, Jones L, Joshi K, Kumar M, Lapczynski A, Lavelle M, Lee I, Liebler DC, Moustakas H, Na M, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Sadekar N, Schultz TW, Selechnik D, Siddiqi F, Sipes IG, Sullivan G, Thakkar Y, Tokura Y (2022) Update to RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, ethylene brassylate, CAS registry number 105-95-3. Food Chem Toxicol 169:113459

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Bruze M, Burton GA, Buschmann J, Cancellieri MA, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Fryer AD, Jones L, Joshi K, Kumar M, Lapczynski A, Lavelle M, Lee I, Liebler DC, Moustakas H, Na M, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Sadekar N, Schultz TW, Selechnik D, Siddiqi F, Sipes IG, Sullivan G, Thakkar Y, Tokura Y (2022) Update to RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, eugenol, CAS registry number 97-53-0. Food Chem Toxicol 163:113027

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Api AM, Belsito D, Biserta S, Botelho D, Bruze M, Burton GA, Buschmann J, Cancellieri MA, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Fryer AD, Gadhia S, Jones L, Joshi K, Lapczynski A, Lavelle M, Liebler DC, Na M, O'Brien D, Patel A, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Rodriguez-Ropero F, Romine J, Sadekar N, Salvito D, Schultz TW, Siddiqi F, Sipes IG, Sullivan G, Thakkar Y, Tokura Y, Tsang S (2020) RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, hexanoic acid, CAS registry number 142-62-1. Food Chem Toxicol 138:111263

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Lapczynski A, Jones L, McGinty D, Bhatia S, Letizia CS, Api AM (2007) Fragrance material review on hexyl salicylate. Food Chem Toxicol 45:S410–S417

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Browne D, Bruze M, Burton GA, Buschmann J, Calow P, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Fryer AD, Joshi K, La Cava S, Lapczynski A, Liebler DC, O’Brien D, Parakhia R, Patel A, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Salvito D, Schultz TW, Sipes IG, Thakkar Y, Tsang S, Wahler J (2017) RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, isoamyl acetate, CAS registry number 123-92-2. Food Chem Toxicol 110:S123–S132

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Browne D, Bruze M, Burton GA, Buschmann J, Calow P, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Fryer AD, Joshi K, La Cava S, Lapczynski A, Liebler DC, O'Brien D, Parakhia R, Patel A, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Salvito D, Schultz TW, Sipes IG, Thakkar Y, Tsang S, Wahler J (2017) RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, isoamyl octanoate, CAS registry number 2035-99-6. Food Chem Toxicol 110:S39–S48

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Bruze M, Burton GA, Buschmann J, Cancellieri MA, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Fryer AD, Jones L, Joshi K, Kumar M, Lapczynski A, Lavelle M, Lee I, Liebler DC, Moustakas H, Na M, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Sadekar N, Schultz TW, Selechnik D, Siddiqi F, Sipes IG, Sullivan G, Thakkar Y, Tokura Y (2022) RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, l-carvone, CAS registry number 6485-40-1. Food Chem Toxicol 163:112975

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Bruze M, Burton GA, Buschmann J, Cancellieri MA, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Fryer AD, Jones L, Joshi K, Kumar M, Lapczynski A, Lavelle M, Lee I, Liebler DC, Moustakas H, Na M, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Sadekar N, Schultz TW, Selechnik D, Siddiqi F, Sipes IG, Sullivan G, Thakkar Y, Tokura Y (2022) RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, dl-limonene (racemic), CAS registry number 138-86-3. Food Chem Toxicol 161:112764

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Api AM, Belsito D, Bhatia S, Bruze M, Calow P, Dagli ML, Dekant W, Fryer AD, Kromidas L, La Cava S, Lalko JF, Lapczynski A, Liebler DC, Miyachi Y, Politano VT, Ritacco G, Salvito D, Shen J, Schultz TW, Sipes IG, Wall B, Wilcox DK (2015) RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, linalyl acetate, CAS registry number 115-95-7. Food Chem Toxicol 82:S39–S48

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Bruze M, Burton GA, Cancellieri MA, Chon H, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Fryer AD, Jones L, Joshi K, Kumar M, Lapczynski A, Lavelle M, Lee I, Liebler DC, Moustakas H, Na M, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Sadekar N, Schultz TW, Selechnik D, Siddiqi F, Sipes IG, Sullivan G, Thakkar Y, Tokura Y (2022) RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, menthol, CAS registry number 89-78-1. Food Chem Toxicol 163:112927

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Bhatia SP, Wellington GA, Cocchiara J, Lalko J, Letizia CS, Api AM (2007) Fragrance material review on methyl cinnamate. Food Chem Toxicol 45:S113–S119

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Api AM, Belsito D, Bhatia S, Botelho D, Browne D, Bruze M, Burton GA, Buschmann J, Calow P, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Fryer AD, Joshi K, Kromidas L, La Cava S, Lalko JF, Lapczynski A, Liebler DC, O'Brien D, Parakhia R, Patel A, Penning TM, Politano VT, Ritacco G, Romine J, Salvito D, Schultz TW, Shen J, Sipes IG, Thakkar Y, Tsang S, Wahler J, Wall B, Wilcox DK (2017) RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, methyl jasmonate, CAS registry number 1211-29-6. Food Chem Toxicol 110:S104–S113

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Api AM, Belmonte F, Belsito D, Biserta S, Botelho D, Bruze M, Burton GA, Buschmann J, Cancellieri MA, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Fryer AD, Gadhia S, Jones L, Joshi K, Lapczynski A, Lavelle M, Liebler DC, Na M, O'Brien D, Patel A, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Rodriguez-Ropero F, Romine J, Sadekar N, Salvito D, Schultz TW, Sipes IG, Sullivan G, Thakkar Y, Tokura Y, Tsang S (2020) RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, myrcene, CAS registry number 123-35-3. Food Chem Toxicol 144:111631

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Api AM, Belsito D, Biserta S, Botelho D, Bruze M, Burton GA, Buschmann J, Cancellieri MA, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Fryer AD, Gadhia S, Jones L, Joshi K, Lapczynski A, Lavelle M, Liebler DC, Na M, O'Brien D, Patel A, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Rodriguez-Ropero F, Romine J, Sadekar N, Salvito D, Schultz TW, Siddiqi F, Sipes IG, Sullivan G, Thakkar Y, Tokura Y, Tsang S (2020) RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, phenylacetaldehyde, CAS registry number 122-78-1. Food Chem Toxicol 144:111658

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Bruze M, Burton GA, Cancellieri MA, Chon H, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Fryer AD, Jones L, Joshi K, Kumar M, Lapczynski A, Lavelle M, Lee I, Liebler DC, Moustakas H, Na M, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Sadekar N, Schultz TW, Selechnik D, Siddiqi F, Sipes IG, Sullivan G, Thakkar Y, Tokura Y (2022) RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, phenylacetic acid, CAS registry number 103-82-2. Food Chem Toxicol 167:113240

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Api AM, Belsito D, Biserta S, Botelho D, Bruze M, Burton GA, Buschmann J, Cancellieri MA, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Fryer AD, Gadhia S, Jones L, Joshi K, Lapczynski A, Lavelle M, Liebler DC, Na M, O'Brien D, Patel A, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Rodriguez-Ropero F, Romine J, Sadekar N, Salvito D, Schultz TW, Siddiqi F, Sipes IG, Sullivan G, Thakkar Y, Tokura Y, Tsang S (2020) RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, p-t-butyl-α-methylhydrocinnamic aldehyde, CAS registry number 80-54-6. Food Chem Toxicol 141:111430

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Api AM, Belsito D, Biserta S, Botelho D, Bruze M, Burton GA, Buschmann J, Cancellieri MA, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Fryer AD, Gadhia S, Jones L, Joshi K, Kumar M, Lapczynski A, Lavelle M, Lee I, Liebler DC, Moustakas H, Na M, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Sadekar N, Schultz TW, Selechnik D, Siddiqi F, Sipes IG, Sullivan G, Thakkar Y, Tokura Y (2021) RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, pulegone, CAS registry number 89-82-7. Food Chem Toxicol 149:112092

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Bruze M, Burton GA, Buschmann J, Cancellieri MA, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Fryer AD, Jones L, Joshi K, Kumar M, Lapczynski A, Lavelle M, Lee I, Liebler DC, Moustakas H, Na M, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Sadekar N, Schultz TW, Selechnik D, Siddiqi F, Sipes IG, Sullivan G, Thakkar Y, Tokura Y (2022) RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, α-cyclohexylidene benzeneacetonitrile, CAS registry number 10461-98-0. Food Chem Toxicol 159:112708

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Api AM, Belsito D, Bhatia S, Bruze M, Calow P, Dagli ML, Dekant W, Fryer AD, Kromidas L, La Cava S, Lalko JF, Lapczynski A, Liebler DC, Miyachi Y, Politano VT, Ritacco G, Salvito D, Schultz TW, Shen J, Sipes IG, Wall B, Wilcox DK (2016) RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, α-ionone, CAS registry number 127-41-3. Food Chem Toxicol 97:S1–S10

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Bruze M, Burton GA, Buschmann J, Cancellieri MA, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Fryer AD, Jones L, Joshi K, Kumar M, Lapczynski A, Lavelle M, Lee I, Liebler DC, Moustakas H, Na M, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Sadekar N, Schultz TW, Selechnik D, Siddiqi F, Sipes IG, Sullivan G, Thakkar Y, Tokura Y (2022) RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, α-pinene, CAS registry number 80-56-8. Food Chem Toxicol 159:112702

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Bruze M, Burton GA, Buschmann J, Cancellieri MA, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Fryer AD, Jones L, Joshi K, Kumar M, Lapczynski A, Lavelle M, Lee I, Liebler DC, Moustakas H, Na M, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Sadekar N, Schultz TW, Selechnik D, Siddiqi F, Sipes IG, Sullivan G, Thakkar Y, Tokura Y (2021) RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, δ-decalactone, CAS registry number 705-86-2. Food Chem Toxicol 153:112142

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Safford B, Api AM, Barratt C, Comiskey D, Daly EJ, Ellis G, McNamara C, O’Mahony C, Robison S, Smith B, Thomas R, Tozer S (2015) Use of an aggregate exposure model to estimate consumer exposure to fragrance ingredients in personal care and cosmetic products. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 72:673–682

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Srinivasulu M, Chandra MS, Gooty JM, Madhavi A (2022) Chapter 8 – personal care products – fragrances, cosmetics, and sunscreens – in the environment. In: Hashmi MZ, Wang S, Ahmed Z (eds) Advances in pollution research, environmental micropollutants. Elsevier, pp 131–149

    Google Scholar 

  88. Homem V, Llompart M, Vila M, Ribeiro ARL, Garcia-Jares C, Ratola N, Celeiro M (2022) Gone with the flow – assessment of personal care products in Portuguese rivers. Chemosphere 293:133552

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. IFRA (2022) The complete IFRA standards up to and including the 50th amendment. Available at https://ifrafragrance.org/docs/default-source/ifra-code-of-practice-and-standards/ifra-standards%2D%2D-50th-amendment/standards-compiled.pdf?sfvrsn=87deb890_4. Accessed 24 Oct 2022

  90. European Commission (2006) Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 December 2006 concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH), establishing a European Chemicals Agency, amending Directive 1999/45/EC and repealing Council Regulation (EEC) No 793/93 and Commission Regulation (EC) No 1488/94 as well as Council Directive 76/769/EEC and Commission Directives 91/155/EEC, 93/67/EEC, 93/105/EC and 2000/21/EC. OJ L 396:1–849

    Google Scholar 

  91. European Commission (2009) Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 November 2009 on cosmetic products. OJ L 342:59–209

    Google Scholar 

  92. European Commission (2021) Revision of the cosmetic products regulation (EC No 1223/2009) following the EU chemicals strategy for sustainability. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELLAR:3b63422e-2c4c-11ec-bd8e-01aa75ed71a1. Accessed 25 Oct 2022

  93. Bridges B (2002) Fragrance: emerging health and environmental concerns. Flavour Fragr J 17:361–371

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. FDA (2022) FDA authority over cosmetics: how cosmetics are not FDA-approved, but are FDA-regulated. https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/cosmetics-laws-regulations/fda-authority-over-cosmetics-how-cosmetics-are-not-fda-approved-are-fda-regulated. Accessed 25 Oct 2022

  95. FDA (2022) Cosmetics labelling regulations. https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/cosmetics-labeling/cosmetics-labeling-regulations. Accessed 25 Oct 2022

  96. Herman SJ (2004) Applications II: fragrance. In: Rowe DJ (ed) Chemistry and technology of flavors and fragrances. Blackwell Publishing, Bodmin, pp 305–329

    Google Scholar 

  97. Chisvert A, López-Nogueroles M, Salvador A (2019) Perfumes. In: Worsfold P, Poole C, Townshend A, Miró M (eds) Encyclopedia of analytical science3rd edn. Academic Press, pp 158–163

    Google Scholar 

  98. Steinemann A (2021) The fragranced products phenomenon: air quality and health, science and policy. Air Qual Atmos Health 14:235–243

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Pastor-Nieto MA, Gatica-Ortega ME (2021) Ubiquity, hazardous effects, and risk assessment of fragrances in consumer products. Curr Treat Options Allergy 8:21–41

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  100. Perinelli DR, Palmieri GF, Cespi M, Bonacucina G (2020) Encapsulation of flavours and fragrances into polymeric capsules and cyclodextrins inclusion complexes: an update. Molecules 25:5878

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  101. Godinho RB, Santos MC, Poppi RJ (2016) Determination of fragrance content in perfume by Raman spectroscopy and multivariate calibration. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 157:158–163

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Steinemann A (2017) Ten questions concerning air fresheners and indoor built environments. Build Environ 111:279–284

    Google Scholar 

  103. Uhde E, Schulz N (2015) Impact of room fragrance products on indoor air quality. Atmos Environ 106:492–502

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Lin TC, Krishnaswamy G, Chi DS (2008) Incense smoke: clinical, structural and molecular effects on airway disease. Clin Mol Allergy 6:3

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  105. Mamusa M, Resta C, Sofroniou C, Baglioni P (2021) Encapsulation of volatile compounds in liquid media: fragrances, flavors, and essential oils in commercial formulations. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 298:102544

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Herz RS, Larsson M, Trujillo R, Casola CC, Ahmed FK, Lipe S, Brashear ME (2022) A three-factor benefits framework for understanding consumer preference for scented household products: psychological interactions and implications for future development. Cogn Res: Princ Implic 7:28

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. FDA (2022) Fragrances in cosmetics. https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/cosmetic-ingredients/fragrances-cosmetics. Accessed 26 Oct 2022

  108. Grand View Research (2020) Fragrance fixatives market – long-lasting scent, long-lasting demand. https://www.grandviewresearch.com/blog/fragrance-fixatives-market-size-outlook. Accessed 28 Oct 2022

  109. Wei M, Pan X, Rong L, Dong A, He Y, Song X, Li J (2020) Polymer carriers for controlled fragrance release. Mater Res Express 7:082001

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Klaschka U, Kolossa-Gehring M (2007) Fragrances in the environment: pleasant odours for nature? Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 14:44–52

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Patel S (2017) Fragrance compounds: the wolves in sheep’s clothings. Med Hypotheses 102:106–111

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Cai Y, Lin J, Gimeno S, Begnaud F, Nowack B (2022) Country-specific environmental risks of fragrance encapsulates used in laundry care products. Environ Toxicol Chem 41(4):905–916

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Khalid M, Abdollahi M (2021) Environmental distribution of personal care products and their effects on human health. Iran J Pharm Res 20(1):216–253

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  114. Vallecillos L, Borrul F, Pocurull E (2015) Recent approaches for the determination of synthetic musk fragrances in environmental samples. Trends Anal Chem 72:80–92

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Homem V, Silva JA, Ratola N, Santos L, Alves A (2015) Long lasting perfume – a review of synthetic musks in WWTPs. J Environ Manage 149:168–192

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Vecchiato M, Cremonese S, Gregoris E, Barbaro E, Gambaroo A, Barbante C (2016) Fragrance as new contaminants in the Venice lagoon. Sci Total Environ 566–567:1362–1367

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Vecchiato M, Gregoris E, Barbaro E, Barbante C, Piazza R, Gambaro A (2017) Fragrances in the seawater of Terra Nova Bay, Antarctica. Sci Total Environ 593–594:375–379

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Vecchiato M, Turetta C, Patti B, Barbante C, Piazza R, Bonato T, Gambaro A (2018) Distribution of fragrances and PAHs in the surface seawater of the Sicily Channel, Central Mediterranean. Sci Total Environ 634:983–989

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Vecchiato M, Barbaro E, Spolaor A, Burgay F, Barbante C, Piazza R, Gambaro A (2018) Fragrances and PAHs in snow and seawater of Ny-Ålesund (Svalbard): local and long-range contamination. Environ Pollut 242(B):1740–1747

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Vecchiato M, Gambaro A, Kehrwald NM, Ginot P, Kutuzov S, Mikhalenko V, Barbante C (2020) The great acceleration of fragrances and PAHs archived in an ice core from Elbrus. Caucasus Sci Rep 10:10661

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Salvito DT, Senna RJ, Federle T (2009) A framework for prioritizing fragrance materials for aquatic risk assessment. Environ Toxicol Chem 21:1301–1308

    Google Scholar 

  122. Ravichandran J, Karthikeyan AS, Jost J, Samal A (2022) An atlas of fragrance chemicals in children’s products. Sci Total Environ 818:151682

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Pinkas A, Gonçalves CL, Aschner M (2017) Neurotoxicity of fragrance compounds: a review. Environ Res 158:342–349

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This work was financially supported by: (1) LA/P/0045/2020 (AliCE) and UIDB/00511/2020 – UIDP/00511/2020 (LEPABE) funded by national funds through FCT/MCTES (PIDDAC); (2) Project ‘HealthyWaters – Identification, Elimination, Social Awareness and Education of Water Chemical and Biological Micropollutants with Health and Environmental Implications’, with reference NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000069, supported by Norte Portugal Regional Operational Programme (NORTE 2020), under the PORTUGAL 2020 Partnership Agreement, through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF); (3) Project ‘S4Hort_Soil&Food’ – Sustainable practices for Soil health & horticultural products quality improvement in the Entre Douro e Minho Region, with reference NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000074, supported by Norte Portugal Regional Operational Programme (NORTE 2020), under the PORTUGAL 2020 Partnership Agreement, through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF); (4) PhD grant (ref 2020.09041.BD, Filipe Rocha), financed by FCT with funds from the State Budget, and by the European Social Fund (ESF) within the framework of PORTUGAL 2020, namely through NORTE 2020; (5) Vera Homem thanks national funds through FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, I.P., under the Scientific Employment Stimulus – Individual Call – CEECIND/00676/2017.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. LEPABE – Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

    Filipe Rocha, Nuno Ratola & Vera Homem

  2. ALiCE – Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

    Filipe Rocha, Nuno Ratola & Vera Homem

Authors
  1. Filipe Rocha
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Nuno Ratola
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Vera Homem
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Vera Homem .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

    Nuno Ratola

  2. LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

    Vera Homem

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Rocha, F., Ratola, N., Homem, V. (2023). Fragrances in the Environment: Properties, Applications, and Emissions. In: Ratola, N., Homem, V. (eds) Fragrances in the Environment. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, vol 128. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/698_2023_983

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation