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The Role of Floods on Pathogen Dispersion

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Nature-Based Solutions for Flood Mitigation

Part of the book series: The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry ((HEC,volume 107))

Abstract

Floods precipitate many infectious disease epidemics in humans and animals. These incidences are more prevalent in developing countries where about 80% of illnesses and deaths in humans are water related. This chapter identifies three categories of flood-borne infections based on how floods influence their occurrence patterns. The first category includes acute infections such as cholera and leptospirosis, caused by bacteria that are carried mechanically by water and are often ingested with water or food. These infections thrive in areas with high human population densities with poor sanitation. In these settings, floods enhance transmission of infectious agents between hosts. The second category is vector-borne infections such as malaria, Rift Valley fever, and schistosomiasis. They are transmitted by vectors that breed in inundated areas. Their epidemics often follow flood events by weeks or months depending on the duration of their development cycles. The last category is skin and eye infections that occur following direct contact with contaminated water. All these diseases can be controlled more effectively if the standard surveillance and control measures are integrated with nature-based solutions (NBS) for flood management. Examples the NBS that can be used include re-forestation, tree planting especially along streams, and development of green infrastructure in cities to enhance water retention, infiltration, and replenishment of groundwater.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya

    Bernard Bett, Dan Tumusiime, Johanna Lindahl, Kristina Roesel & Grace Delia

  2. Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industries and Fisheries, Entebbe, Uganda

    Dan Tumusiime

  3. Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

    Johanna Lindahl

  4. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden

    Johanna Lindahl

  5. Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, London, UK

    Grace Delia

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  1. Bernard Bett
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  5. Grace Delia
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Correspondence to Bernard Bett .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physical Geography and Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden

    Carla S. S. Ferreira

  2. Department of Sustainable Development, Environmental Science and Engineering (SEED), KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden

    Zahra Kalantari

  3. School of Spatial Planning, Fachgebiet BBV, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany

    Thomas Hartmann

  4. Environmental Management Center, Mykolas Romeris University, Vilnius, Lithuania

    Paulo Pereira

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Bett, B., Tumusiime, D., Lindahl, J., Roesel, K., Delia, G. (2021). The Role of Floods on Pathogen Dispersion. In: Ferreira, C.S.S., Kalantari, Z., Hartmann, T., Pereira, P. (eds) Nature-Based Solutions for Flood Mitigation. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, vol 107. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/698_2021_761

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