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Antibiotic Resistance in the Environment pp 189–216Cite as

Antibiotic Resistance, Sanitation, and Public Health

Part of the The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry book series (HEC,volume 91)

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a serious threat to global health. In countries with poor sanitation conditions, the situation is worrisome. In this chapter, worldwide data, particularly from Brazil, supports a discussion about the risks of sewage and livestock manure on spreading antibiotic resistance, calling attention to the relationship between poor sanitation conditions, water pollution, and public health. The role of wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) and different treatment technologies in reducing AMR from municipal and livestock wastewaters are discussed based on the information available. It has been observed that municipal WWTPs with tertiary treatment systems can be decisive in the prevention and control of AMR spread and thus contribute to the maintenance of environmental and public health. Considering the information provided, there is a potential for antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance gene dissemination through conventional WWTP effluents and sludges, especially when the latter are used as biosolids. By reaching surrounding aquatic environments, antibiotic-resistant bacteria may arise as a threat for public health since WWTP and water treatment plants (WTP) are not normally designed to specifically remove AMR. In summary, globally and in particular, Brazil has a lot of challenges to monitor and control AMR not only in municipal WWTPs but also in clinical and natural environments. Accurate information provided by research and routine monitoring, political engagement, new policies, and multidisciplinary actions will be vital to tackle this problem. In the short term, the control of the antibiotic prescription and their use by the population and farmers (already in place) and the increase of sewage collection and treatment are strategic actions to reduce AMR and guarantee public health in the country.

Keywords

  • Antibiotic resistance in Brazil
  • Livestock wastes
  • Tertiary treatment
  • Wastewater treatment
  • Water treatment

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Abbreviations

AMR:

Antimicrobial resistance

AR:

Antibiotic resistance

ARB:

Antibiotic-resistant bacteria

ARG:

Antibiotic resistance gene

AOPs:

Advanced oxidative processes

BOD:

Biological oxygen demand

COD:

Chemical oxygen demand

ESBL:

Extended-spectrum β-lactamases

HGT:

Horizontal gene transfer

UV:

Ultraviolet

WWTP:

Wastewater treatment plant

WTP:

Water treatment plant

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil

    Juliana Calabria de Araújo, Deborah Leroy Freitas & Elayne Cristina Machado

  2. Department of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil

    Silvana de Queiroz Silva, Andressa Rezende Pereira & Camila de Paula Dias

  3. Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil

    Sergio Francisco de Aquino & Aline Gomes de Oliveira Paranhos

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  1. Juliana Calabria de Araújo
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  2. Silvana de Queiroz Silva
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  3. Sergio Francisco de Aquino
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  4. Deborah Leroy Freitas
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  5. Elayne Cristina Machado
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  7. Aline Gomes de Oliveira Paranhos
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  8. Camila de Paula Dias
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Correspondence to Juliana Calabria de Araújo .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Porto, Portugal

    Prof. Célia M. Manaia

  2. University of South Australia, South Australia, Australia

    Prof. Erica Donner

  3. Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Porto, Portugal

    Prof. Ivone Vaz-Moreira

  4. King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia

    Prof. Peiying Hong

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de Araújo, J.C. et al. (2020). Antibiotic Resistance, Sanitation, and Public Health. In: Manaia, C., Donner, E., Vaz-Moreira, I., Hong, P. (eds) Antibiotic Resistance in the Environment . The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, vol 91. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/698_2020_470

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