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Lake Manzala Characteristics and Main Challenges

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Egyptian Coastal Lakes and Wetlands: Part I

Part of the book series: The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry ((HEC,volume 71))

Abstract

This chapter presents an extensive background on Lake Manzala, Egypt, in the form of a literature review. It covers the lake’s physical, chemical, and biological characteristics to date. In addition, the main challenges for the lake water body are land reclamation, nutrient enrichment, and pollution, especially from the Bahr El-Baqar drain. In addition, the spread of aquatic plants, such as water hyacinth, has occurred in most parts of the lake, which affects the movement of water in the lake, and hence the quality of both water and fish health. A summary of relevant research that has been conducted during the past four decades are presented. These investigations include a wide range of research investigations that have considered the chemical, physical, geological, and biological facets of the lake. In addition, the numerical models and recent studies from the literature are presented. It is concluded that a quick action for the lake remediation is initially to allow the law to take action over any type of stakeholder’s violence toward the lake. A socioeconomic study for Lake Manzala is recommended. Moreover, increased numerical modeling would provide further benefit.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School for Marine Science and Technology, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, New Bedford, MA, USA

    M. A. Bek

  2. Physics and Engineering Mathematics Department, Faculty of Engineering, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt

    M. A. Bek

  3. Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

    I. S. Lowndes & D. M. Hargreaves

  4. Water and Water Structures Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt

    A. M. Negm

Authors
  1. M. A. Bek
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  2. I. S. Lowndes
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  3. D. M. Hargreaves
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  4. A. M. Negm
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to M. A. Bek .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Engineering, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt

    Abdelazim M. Negm

  2. Faculty of Engineering, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt

    Mohamed Ali Bek

  3. McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada

    Sommer Abdel-Fattah

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Bek, M.A., Lowndes, I.S., Hargreaves, D.M., Negm, A.M. (2018). Lake Manzala Characteristics and Main Challenges. In: Negm, A., Bek, M., Abdel-Fattah, S. (eds) Egyptian Coastal Lakes and Wetlands: Part I . The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, vol 71. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/698_2018_249

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