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Characteristics of the Zoobenthos in Boka Kotorska Bay

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Book cover The Boka Kotorska Bay Environment

Part of the book series: The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry ((HEC,volume 54))

Abstract

Description of the basic characteristics of the zoobenthos assemblages at the seafloor of the Boka Kotorska Bay was created by compiling available data from the scientific and gray literature, and they are a result of research on this area during the last 55 years. All data on the benthic fauna of the Boka Kotorska Bay, up until the middle of the last century, are very rare and can be found in publications resulting from the study of the Adriatic Sea by international scientists. With the establishment of the Institute for Marine Biology in Kotor, more intensive research of marine biodiversity of this particular area has started.

Available data indicate the presence of a large number of species of seabed fauna which has adapted to specific environmental conditions. Among the identified taxonomy, there are many species protected by national and international regulations. Most of these species are builders of coralligenous biocoenosis that makes this space unicum. These communities are particularly distributed in the inner part of the Boka Kotorska Bay (the Bay of Kotor and Risan) where they are distributed to the relatively shallow depths (12–30 m).

Since the area of the Boka Kotorska Bay is abundant with underground springs, many species have adapted to life in the brackish environment with reduced salinity. From the species that inhabit the sea bottom of this area, there is a large number of endemic species of the Mediterranean, especially from the group of molluscs and echinoderms.

The area of the Boka Kotorska Bay as well as whole Mediterranean zone is under strong human influence, so the presence of invasive species has been reported, some of which become domesticated. This number is certainly not final and has the tendency to increase.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Marine Biology, 85330, Kotor, Montenegro

    Slavica Petović & Olivera Marković

Authors
  1. Slavica Petović
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  2. Olivera Marković
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Slavica Petović .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Marine Biology, University of Montenegro, Kotor, Montenegro

    Aleksandar Joksimović

  2. Institute of Marine Biology, University of Montenegro, Kotor, Montenegro

    Mirko Djurović

  3. S.Yu. Witte Moscow University, Moscow, Russia

    Aleksander V. Semenov

  4. Engineering Research Production Center for Water Management, Land Reclamation and Ecology “Soyuzvodproject”, Moscow, Russia

    Igor S. Zonn

  5. P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

    Andrey G. Kostianoy

Appendices

Appendix 1: List of Zoobenthos Species Diversity from the Boka Kotorska Bay According to Literature Data

Species

Herceg Novi Bay

Tivat Bay

Risan Bay

Kotor Bay

Porifera

Acanthella acuta

x

 

x

x

Agelas oroides

  

x

x

Anchinoe fictitious

  

x

x

Anchinoe tenacior

  

x

x

Aplysina aerophoba cfr.

x

x

x

x

Aplysina cavernicola

  

x

x

Axinella cannabina

  

x

x

Axinella damicornis

  

x

x

Axinella verrucosa

  

x

x

Cacospongia scalaris

  

x

 

Calyx niceaensis

  

x

x

Chondrilla nucula

x

 

x

x

Chondrosia reniformis

  

x

x

Clathrina cfr. cerebrum

  

x

x

Clathrina coriacea

x

x

  

Cliona celata

  

x

x

Cliona schmidti

  

x

x

Cliona sp.

  

x

x

Cliona viridis

  

x

x

Crambe crambe

x

 

x

x

Dictyonella incisa

  

x

x

Dysidea fragilis

  

x

x

Dysidea avara

x

x

x

x

Geodia cydonium

  

x

x

Haliclona cratera

   

x

Haliclona fulva

  

x

x

Haliclona mucosa

  

x

x

Hexadella racovitzai

  

x

x

Ircinia oros

  

x

x

Ircinia variabilis

 

x

x

x

Mycale massa

  

x

x

Petrosia ficiformis

  

x

x

Poecilosclerida spp.

  

x

x

Raspailia viminalis

  

x

x

Sarcotragus cfr. foetidus

  

x

x

Sarcotragus spinosulus

  

x

x

Spirastrella cunctatrix

x

x

x

x

Spongia officinalis

x

 

x

x

Suberites carnosus

  

x

 

Suberites domuncula

 

x

x

x

Suberitidae n.i.

  

x

x

Tethya aurantium

  

x

x

Tethya citrina

  

x

x

Cnidaria

Actinia equina

  

x

x

Aiptasia mutabilis

 

x

x

x

Alcyonium brioniense

  

x

x

Alcyonium coralloides

  

x

x

Alcyonium palmatum

x

x

x

x

Anemonia sulcata

x

 

x

 

Balanophyllia europaea

x

 

x

x

Balanophyllia italica

  

x

x

Bugula aquilirostris

   

x

Calliactis parasitica

  

x

x

Caryophyllia cfr. inornata

  

x

x

Caryophyllia cfr. smithii

  

x

x

Caryophyllia clavus

  

x

x

Caryophyllia spp.

  

x

x

Cerianthus membranaceus

  

x

x

Cladocora caespitosa

x

x

x

x

Condylactis aurantiaca

x

 

x

x

Corallium rubrum

  

x

 

Epizoanthus cfr. arenaceus

  

x

x

Epizoanthus mediterraneus

  

x

x

Epizoanthus sp.

  

x

x

Eunicella cavolini

  

x

x

Eunicella stricta

  

x

x

Gerardia savaglia

  

x

x

Hoplangia durotrix cfr.

  

x

x

Hydractinia inermis

  

x

x

Hydrozoa n.i.

  

x

x

Leptogorgia sarmentosa

  

x

x

Madrepora oculata

   

x

Nemertesia antennina

 

x

 

x

Nemertesia ramosa

 

x

x

x

Obelia sp.

  

x

x

Parazoanthus axinellae

  

x

x

Pennatula phosphorea

 

x

  

Phyllangia mouchezi

  

x

x

Plumularia setacea

  

x

x

Pteroeides spinosum

 

x

  

Phymanthus pulcher

  

x

x

Savalia savaglia

  

x

x

Scleractinia n.i.

  

x

x

Veretillum cynomorium

 

x

x

x

Annelida

Amage adspersa

   

x

Ampharete grubei

  

x

x

Amphicteis gunneri

  

x

x

Amphictene auricoma

   

x

Bispira volutacornis

  

x

x

Brada villosa

 

x

x

x

Ceratonereis hircinicola

  

x

x

Chaetopterus variopedatus

  

x

x

Chaetozone sp.

  

x

x

Dervillea rubrovittata

  

x

x

Drilonereis filum

  

x

x

Eteone siphonodonta

  

x

x

Eunice torquata

  

x

x

Eunice vittata

  

x

x

Eupolymnia nebulosa

  

x

x

Glycera rouxii

  

x

x

Hermonia hystris

  

x

x

Hydroides norvegica

  

x

x

Jasmineira elegans

  

x

x

Lagis koreni

  

x

x

Lanice conchilega

  

x

x

Leanira yhleni

  

x

x

Lumbriconereis latreilli

  

x

x

Lumbrineris cf. tetraurata

  

x

x

Lumbrineris latreilli

  

x

x

Lysidice ninetta

  

x

x

Maldane globifex

  

x

x

Marphysa bellii

  

x

x

Melinna palmata

  

x

x

Nematonereis unicornis

  

x

x

Nephthys hystricis

  

x

x

Nereis irrorata

  

x

x

Notomastus latericeus

  

x

x

Onuphis conchylega

  

x

x

Pontobdella muricata

 

x

x

x

Pomatoceros triqueter

x

x

x

x

Praxillella gracilis

  

x

x

Protula sp.

x

x

x

x

Sabella spallanzani

x

x

x

x

Serpula vermicularis

x

x

x

x

Spirographis

x

 

x

x

Spirorbis sp.

   

x

Sternaspis scutata

x

x

x

x

Sthenolepis sp.

  

x

x

Syllidae 1

  

x

x

Terebellida n.i.

  

x

x

Crustacea

Alpheus cf. glaber

  

x

x

Alpheus dentipes

  

x

x

Anapagurus bicorniger

  

x

x

Anapagurus breviaculeatus

  

x

x

Callianassa minor

  

x

x

Carcinus mediterraneus

   

x

Diogenes pugilator

   

x

Dorippe lanata

 

x

  

Ebalia granulosa

   

x

Eriphia spinifrons

 

x

x

x

Ethusa mascarone

   

x

Eurynome aspera

  

x

x

Galathea nexa

 

x

x

x

Galathea squamifera

 

x

x

x

Gonoplax angulata

x

   

Galathea intermedia

 

x

x

 

Ilia nucleus

   

x

Inachus dorsettensis

   

x

Inachus leptocheirus

   

x

Inachus thoracicus

  

x

 

Macropipus arcuatus

  

x

x

Macropipus pusillus

 

x

x

x

Macropodia longirostris

  

x

x

Macropodia rostrata

 

x

 

x

Maia squinado

 

x

x

x

Mysidacea sp.

  

x

x

Paguristes oculatus

  

x

x

Pagurus alatus

   

x

Pagurus cuanensis

  

x

x

Palaemon adspersus

   

x

Palaemon serratus

   

x

Parthenope massena

   

x

Penaeus trisulcatus

x

x

x

 

Periclimenes amethysteus

  

x

x

Periclimenes scriptus cfr.

  

x

x

Pilumnus hirtellus

 

x

x

x

Pisidia bluteli

   

x

Pisidia longimana

 

x

x

 

Processa canaliculata

   

x

Squilla mantis

x

x

x

x

Sicyonia carinata

   

x

Tanaidacea unid.

  

x

x

Upogebia deltaura

   

x

Upogebia litoralis

x

x

x

x

Upogebia typica

   

x

Xantho poressa

   

x

Bryozoa

Beania magellanica

  

x

x

Bugula aquilirostris

x

  

x

Bugula sp.

 

x

x

x

Cellaria fistulosa

 

x

x

 

Celleporina caminata

  

x

 

Cribilaria radiata

  

x

 

Crisia sp.

   

x

Disporella hispida

  

x

 

Frondipora reticulata

x

x

x

 

Frondipora verrucosa

  

x

x

Hippothoa flagellum

  

x

 

Idmonea sp.

  

x

 

Lichenopora radiata

  

x

x

Margareta cereoides

  

x

 

Microporella marsupiata

  

x

 

Myriapora truncata

x

 

x

x

Myriozoum truncatum

x

   

Pherusella tubulosa

  

x

 

Phoronis sp.

   

x

Porella cervicornis

x

 

x

 

Porella compressa cfr.

  

x

x

Retepora beaniana

x

x

x

 

Reteporella cfr. grimaldi

  

x

x

Schizobrachiella sanguinea

x

x

x

x

Schizomavella mamillata

  

x

x

Sertella sp.

  

x

 

Schizoporella magnifica

  

x

 

Schizoporella sanguine

x

x

  

Echinodermata

Amphiura chiajei

x

x

x

x

Amphiura filiformis

  

x

x

Amphiuridae juv. unid.

  

x

x

Anseropoda placenta

 

x

x

x

Antedon mediterranea

x

x

x

x

Arbacia lixula

x

   

Astropecten auranciacus

 

x

x

x

Astropecten irregularis pentacanthus

  

x

x

Astropecten spinulosus

x

  

x

Brissus unicolor

x

  

x

Brissopsis lyrifera

x

x

x

x

Cidaris cidaris

x

   

Coscinasterias tenuispina

x

   

Echinaster sepositus

x

x

x

x

Echinocardium cordatum

x

   

Echinocardium fenauxi

x

   

Echinocyamus pusillus

 

x

 

x

Eostichopus regalis

 

x

 

x

Hacelia attenuata

x

   

Holothuria (Panningothuria) forskali

   

x

Holothuria mammata

   

x

Holothuria polii

x

x

 

x

Holothuria tubulosa

x

x

 

x

Labidoplax digitata

  

x

x

Lepidoplx digitata

 

x

x

 

Leptopentacta elongata

x

x

x

x

Leptopentacta tergestina

x

x

x

x

Marthasterias glacialis

x

x

x

x

Mesothuria intestinalis

 

x

  

Ocnus planci

 

x

x

x

Ocnus syracusana

   

x

Ophidiaster ophidianus

x

   

Ophioderma longicauda

x

   

Ophiomyxa pentagona

 

x

x

x

Ophiothrix fragilis

x

x

 

x

Ophiura alba

 

x

x

x

Ophiura ophiura

  

x

 

Paracentrotus lividus

x

   

Psammechinus microtuberculatus

   

x

Schizaster canaliferus

x

   

Spatangus purpureus

x

   

Sphaerechinus granularis

x

x

 

x

Tunicata

Amaroucium proliferum

   

x

Ascidia mentula

 

x

x

x

Ascidiella aspersa

  

x

x

Ascidiella scabra

   

x

Ciona intestinalis

 

x

 

x

Didemnum candidum

  

x

 

Didemnum maculosum

   

x

Diplosoma spongiforme

  

x

x

Eugira arenosa

   

x

Halocynthia papillosa

x

 

x

x

Microcosmus sp.

 

x

x

x

Molgula appendiculata

  

x

x

Phallusia fumigata

 

x

x

x

Phallusia mammillata

x

x

x

x

Polycarpa gracilis

  

x

 

Styela plicata

 

x

 

x

Appendix 2: List of Macromollusca from the Boka Kotorska Bay (Source: Stjepčević, 1967)

Vrsta

Herceg Novi Bay

Tivat Bay

Risan Bay

Kotor Bay

Aloidis gibba Olivi

x

x

x

x

Anomia ephippium L.

x

x

x

x

Aplysia dactylomela

x

   

Aporrhais pespelecani L.

x

x

x

x

Arca barbata L.

x

x

x

x

Arca diluvii Lamk.

x

x

 

x

Arca lactea L.

x

x

x

x

Arca noae L.

x

x

x

x

Arca tetragona Poli

x

   

Astraea rugosa L.

x

x

 

x

Avicula tarentina Lamk.

x

 

x

 

Buccinulum corneum L.

x

   

Bursatella leachii

x

x

 

x

Calliostoma conulus L.

x

x

x

x

Calliostoma laugieri Payr

x

x

  

Calliostoma zizyphinum L.

x

x

x

x

Calyptraea chinensis L.

x

x

x

x

Cantharidus striatus L.

x

   

Capulus hungaricus L.

x

   

Cardium echinatum L.

x

  

x

Cardium edule L.

x

x

x

x

Cardium exiguum Gmel.

x

x

x

x

Cardium paucicostatum Sowerby

x

x

x

x

Cardium tuberculatum L.

x

x

x

x

Cassidaria echinophora L.

  

x

x

Cerithium rupestre Risso

x

x

x

x

Cerithium vulgatum Brug.

x

x

x

x

Chama gryphina Lamk.

 

x

  

Chama lamellosa Lamk.

 

x

  

Chiton olivaceus Speng.

x

x

x

x

Chlamys glabra L.

x

   

Chlamys opercularis L.

x

x

  

Chlamys varia L.

x

x

x

x

Clanculus corallinus Gm.

x

x

  

Columbella rustica L.

x

x

x

x

Conus mediterraneus Brug.

x

x

x

x

Crepidula moulinsii Mich.

x

x

x

x

Cuspidaria (Neaera) cuspidata Olivi

  

x

x

Cypraea lurida L.

  

x

 

Cypraea pyrum Gm

x

   

Cypraea spurca L.

x

   

Dentalium (Antalis) dentale L.

x

x

x

x

Dentalium (Antalis) vulgare da Costa

x

x

  

Diodora gibberula Lamk.

x

x

x

x

Diodora graeca L.

x

x

x

x

Divaricella divaricata L.

 

x

  

Dolium galea L.

x

x

  

Donacilla cornea Poli

   

x

Dosinia lupina L.

  

x

x

Eledone moschata Leach.

x

x

x

x

Emerginula fissura L.

x

   

Fucus pulchellus Phil.

x

   

Fusinus rostratus Olivi

x

x

x

x

Fusinus syracusanus L.

x

   

Gibbula divaricata L.

x

x

 

x

Gibbula magus L.

x

x

x

x

Gibbula obliquata Gm.

x

   

Gibbula umbilicalis L.

x

   

Glycymeris glycymeris L.

x

   

Glycymeris pilosa L.

x

  

x

Glycymeris violacescenns Lamk.

x

   

Haliotis lamellosa Lamk.

x

   

Hiatella arctica L.

x

x

  

Hiatella rugosa L.

x

x

x

x

Irus irus L.

 

x

  

Isocardia cor L.

x

 

x

x

Laevicardium oblongum Gmel.

x

   

Leda fragilis Shem.

 

x

x

 

Leda pella L.

x

x

x

x

Leptotyra sanguinea L.

x

   

Lima hians Gmel.

x

   

Lima lima L.

x

x

  

Lithophaga lithophaga L.

x

x

x

x

Littorina neritoides L.

x

x

x

x

Loligo vulgaris Lamk.

x

x

x

x

Loripes lacteus L.

x

x

  

Mactra corallina L.

  

x

x

Mitra ebenina Lamk.

x

   

Modiolus barbatus L.

x

x

x

x

Monodonta turbinata Born

x

x

x

x

Murex brandaris L.

x

x

x

x

Murex trunculus L.

x

x

x

x

Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamk.

x

x

x

x

Nassa costulata Renijer

   

x

Nassa neritea L.

x

   

Nassarius mutabilis L.

x

   

Nassarius pygmaeus Lamk.

x

x

x

x

Nassarius reticulatus L.

x

x

x

x

Natica hebraea Mart

x

x

x

x

Natica josephina Risso

x

   

Natica millepunctata Lamk.

x

  

x

Nucula nucleus L.

x

x

x

x

Octopus vulgaris Lamk.

x

x

x

x

Ostrea edulis L.

x

 

x

x

Patella caerulea L.

x

x

x

x

Patella lusitanica Gmel.

x

x

x

x

Patella vulgata L.

x

x

x

x

Pecten jacobaeus L.

x

 

x

 

Pharus legumen L.

x

x

x

 

Philine aperta

   

x

Pinna nobilis L.

x

x

x

x

Pinna pectinata L.

x

x

 

x

Pisania maculosa Lamk.

x

x

x

x

Pitar rudis Poli

   

x

Polynices (Lunatia) alderi Forbes

   

x

Primovula adriatica Sow

x

   

Psammobia depressa Pennant

  

x

x

Pteria hirundo L.

x

  

x

Scala communis lamk.

x

  

x

Scrobicularia plana da Costa

 

x

x

x

Sepia elegans D’Orb.

x

x

x

x

Sepia officinalis L.

x

x

x

x

Sepiola oweniana D’Orb.

x

x

  

Sepiola petersii Ststrp.

x

x

  

Sepiola rondeletii Leach.

x

x

x

x

Solen vagina L.

x

x

x

x

Solenocurtus pelucidus L.

  

x

x

Spondylus gaederopus L.

x

x

x

x

Strombiformis subulata Don.

   

x

Tellina distorta Poli

x

   

Tellina pulchella Lamk.

x

   

Teredo navalis L.

x

x

x

x

Thracia combulordea de Bl.

   

x

Tritonalia erinacea L.

  

x

 

Trivia adriatica Monten

x

   

Turritella tricarinata Risso

x

x

x

x

Venerupis aureus Gmel.

 

x

  

Venerupis decussata L.

x

x

x

x

Venus fasciata Donov.

   

x

Venus gallina L.

x

x

x

x

Venus verrucosa L.

x

x

x

x

Vermetus (Petaloconchus) subcancellatus Biv.

x

   

Vermetus (Serpulorbis) arenarius L.

x

x

 

x

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Petović, S., Marković, O. (2016). Characteristics of the Zoobenthos in Boka Kotorska Bay. In: Joksimović, A., Djurović, M., Semenov, A., Zonn, I., Kostianoy, A. (eds) The Boka Kotorska Bay Environment . The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, vol 54. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/698_2016_23

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