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Apelin Receptor Signaling During Mesoderm Development

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Part of the Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology book series (AEMB, volume 1298)

Abstract

The Apelin receptor (Aplnr) is a G-protein coupled receptor which has a wide body distribution and various physiological roles including homeostasis, angiogenesis, cardiovascular and neuroendocrine function. Apelin and Elabela are two peptide components of the Aplnr signaling and are cleaved to give different isoforms which are active in different tissues and organisms.

Aplnr signaling is related to several pathologies including obesity, heart disases and cancer in the adult body. However, the developmental role in mammalian embryogenesis is crucial for migration of early cardiac progenitors and cardiac function. Aplnr and peptide components have a role in proliferation, differentiation and movement of endodermal precursors. Although expression of Aplnr signaling is observed in endodermal lineages, the main function is the control of mesoderm cell movement and cardiac development. Mutant of the Aplnr signaling components results in the malformations, defects and lethality mainly due to the deformed heart function. This developmental role share similarity with the cardiovascular functions in the adult body.

Determination of Aplnr signaling and underlying mechanisms during mammalian development might enable understanding of regulatory molecular mechanisms which not only control embryonic development process but also control tissue function and disease pathology in the adult body.

Keywords

Apelin Apelin receptor Development Elabela Mesoderm 

Abbreviations

ACTH

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

Aplnr

Apelin Receptor

AVP

Arginine Vasopressin Hormone

bFGF

Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor

BMP-4

Bone Morphogenic Protein-4

CD

Cluster of Differentiation

CNS

Central Nervous System

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Ela

Elabela

EMT

Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition

eNOS

Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase

FGF

Fibroblast Growth Factor

FOXF-1

Forkhead Box F-1

GATA-4

GATA Binding Protein-4

HAND-1

Heart- and Neural Crest Derivatives-Expressed Protein-1

hESCs

Human Embryonic Stem Cells

HIV

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

HUVEC

Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells

IFN

Interferon

IL

Interleukin

IRX-3

Iroquois-class Homeodomain Protein-3

KO

Knock Out

MEOX-1

Mesenchyme Homeobox-1

mESCs

Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells

mRNA

Messenger Ribonucleic Acid

MYH-6

Myosin Heavy Chain-6

Nkx-2.5

NK-2 Homeobox-5

OXY

Oxytocin

PAX-3

Paired Box-3

PHA

Phytohemagglutinin

PVN

Paraventricular Nucleus

siRNA

Small Interfering Ribonucleic Acid

SON

Supraoptic Nucleus

TBX-5

T-box transcription factor-5

TCF-15

Transcription Factor-15

TDGF-1

Teratocarcinoma-Derived Growth Factor-1

TGF-β

Transforming Growth Factor Beta

VSMCs

Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

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Notes

Acknowledegement

This study was supported by TÜBİTAK 2232 International Fellowship for Outstanding Researchers Program (Project no: 118C186). Authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of EngineeringYeditepe UniversityIstanbulTurkey

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