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Stem Cell Therapy for Tendon Regeneration: Current Status and Future Directions

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Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((ICRRM,volume 1084))

Abstract

In adults the healing tendon generates fibrovascular scar tissue and recovers never histologically, mechanically, and functionally which leads to chronic and to degenerative diseases. In this review, the processes and mechanisms of tendon development and fetal regeneration in comparison to adult defect repair and degeneration are discussed in relation to regenerative therapeutic options. We focused on the application of stem cells, growth factors, transcription factors, and gene therapy in tendon injury therapies in order to intervene the scarring process and to induce functional regeneration of the lesioned tissue. Outlines for future therapeutic approaches for tendon injuries will be provided.

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Abbreviations

AD-MSC:

Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell

ADNC:

Adipose-derived nucleated cell

ASC:

Adipose stromal cell

ASO:

Antisense oligonucleotide

AT-MSC:

Adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cell

BGN:

Biglycan

BM-MSC:

Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell

BMP:

Bone morphogenetic protein

cPLA2:

Cytosolic phospholipase A2

COL4A1:

Collagen type IV alpha 1

COMP:

Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein

COX:

Cyclooxygenase

CRISPR:

utilized clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats

CTGF:

Connective tissue growth factor

DCN:

Decorin

ECM:

Extracellular matrix

EGR:

Early growth response protein

EGR-1:

Early growth response protein 1

EGF:

Epidermal growth factor

ESC:

Embryonic stem cell

FCER1g:

Fc fragment of IgE receptor Ig

FGF:

Fibroblast growth factor

FMOD:

Fibromodulin

FN:

Fibronectin

GDF:

Growth and differentiation factor

GF:

Growth factor

GFP:

Green fluorescent protein

GH:

Growth hormone

hASC:

Human adipose-derived stem cell

HP:

Hydroxylysylpyridinoline

ICAM-1:

Intercellular adhesion molecule-1

IFN-γ:

Interferon-γ

IGF:

Insulin-like growth factor

IL:

Interleukin

iPSC:

Induced pluripotent stem cell

IRAP:

Interleukin-1-receptor-antagonist protein processing system

LOXL4:

Lysyl oxidase like 4

MALDI:

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization

MAPK:

Mitogen-activated protein kinase

MCP:

Mast cell protease

MKX:

Mohawk

MMP:

Matrix metalloproteinase

MPO:

Myeloperoxidase

MRI:

Magnetic resonance imaging

MRL:

Murphy Roths Large (mouse)

mRNA:

Messenger RNA

MSC:

Mesenchymal stem cell

PAI:

Plasminogen activator inhibitor

PDGF:

Platelet-derived growth factor

PGE2:

Prostaglandin E2

PRP:

Platelet-rich plasma

RUNX-2:

Runt-related transcription factor 2

SCX:

Scleraxis

SDFT:

Superficial digital flexor tendon

SMA:

Smooth muscle actin

SOX:

SRY-box gene

TDC:

Tendon-derived cell

TDGFß1:

Transforming growth factor ß1

TGF:

Transforming growth factor

THBS-2:

Thrombospondin-2

TN-C:

Tenascin-C

TNF𝛼:

Tumor necrosis factor-𝛼

TNMD:

Tenomodulin

TOF:

Time of flight

TPC:

Tendon precursor cell

TSC:

Tendon stem cell

TSPC:

Tendon stem/progenitor cell

VCAM-1:

Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1

VEGF:

Vascular endothelial growth factor

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. PO Box 1243, 72072, Tübingen, Germany

    Sabine Conrad

  2. Tierärztliches Zentrum für Pferde in Kirchheim Altano GmbH, Kirchheim unter Teck, Germany

    Kathrin Weber & Ulrich Walliser

  3. Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Clinic for Horses – Department of Surgery, Giessen, Germany

    Florian Geburek

  4. Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

    Thomas Skutella

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  2. Kathrin Weber
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  3. Ulrich Walliser
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  4. Florian Geburek
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  5. Thomas Skutella
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Thomas Skutella .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Stem Cell Research and Application, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

    Phuc Van Pham

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Conrad, S., Weber, K., Walliser, U., Geburek, F., Skutella, T. (2018). Stem Cell Therapy for Tendon Regeneration: Current Status and Future Directions. In: Pham, P. (eds) Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology(), vol 1084. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/5584_2018_194

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