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Medical Applications of Solid Nitrosyl Complexes

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Nitrosyl Complexes in Inorganic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Medicine II

Part of the book series: Structure and Bonding ((STRUCTURE,volume 154))

Abstract

Solid nitrosyl compounds are under investigation as ways of delivering nitric oxide for medical applications. This contribution discusses the role of nitric oxide in biology and the need for solids that can be used to store and deliver the gas in biologically relevant amounts. The types of solid that make suitable gas storage media are discussed, as is the relationship between nitric oxide storage and other areas of gas storage research. The particular materials that show most promise for nitric oxide delivery are discussed in detail, including their preliminary medical applications on humans. Finally, a forward look is described as to how current nitric oxide technology is informing other potential gas delivery applications in medicine.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    In blood vessels, endothelial cells exist in the endothelium, which is the single-layer of cells between the hole through the middle of blood vessels where blood flows (the lumen) and the exterior wall of the blood vessel (smooth muscle layer). Relaxation of the muscle layer increases the size of the lumen and allows more blood to flow through the vessel, which is called dilation of the blood vessel (vasodilation).

  2. 2.

    Cofactors are “helper molecules” for enzymes – chemical compounds which are not part of the enzyme itself but are required for the enzyme to catalyze biochemical processes.

  3. 3.

    Necrosis is cell death caused by factors external to the cell or tissue, such as infection, toxins, or trauma. It is generally “messy” leaving behind debris in the body, and is normally detrimental to tissue.

  4. 4.

    Apoptosis is programmed cell death. It results in cell fragments which can be engulfed and removed from the body before the contents of the cell can spill out onto surrounding cells and cause damage.

  5. 5.

    Angina is a condition caused by constriction of the arteries supplying the heart, putting increased strain on the heart to maintain the same level of blood flow. Its symptoms are chest pain and choking.

  6. 6.

    Ischemia is a state of tissue oxygen deprivation through loss of blood flow to an organ. Reperfusion is the restoration of blood flow to an ischemic tissue.

  7. 7.

    Reactive oxygenating species are intermediates formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of molecular oxygen and include singlet oxygen, superoxides, peroxides, and hydroxyl radicals. They have crucial roles in oxidative stress, signal transduction, regulation of gene expression, and host defense.

  8. 8.

    Hypoxia is a state when a tissue has an inadequate oxygen supply to allow normal cellular processes to take place.

Abbreviations

BET:

Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller

btc:

Benzenetricarboxylic acid

btt:

1,3,5-Benzenetristetrazolate

CBS:

Cystathionine-β-synthase

cGC:

Cytosolic guanylate cyclase

cGMP:

Cyclic guanosine-3,5-monophosphate

CO:

Carbon monoxide

CORM:

Carbon monoxide-releasing molecule

CSE:

Cystathionine-γ-lyase

CUS:

Coordinatively unsaturated sites

FAD:

Flavin adenine dinucleotide

FMN:

Flavin mononucleotide

GTP:

Guanosine-5-triphosphate

H2S:

Hydrogen sulfide

Hb:

Hemoglobin

HbCo:

Carboxy-hemoglobin

HO:

Heme oxygenase

MIL:

Material of the Institute Lavoisier

mmol:

Millimole

MOF:

Metal–organic framework

NADP:

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

NO:

Nitric oxide

NOS:

Nitric oxide synthase

OxHb:

Oxyhemoglobin

PBS:

Phosphate buffer solution

PDF:

Pair-distribution function

ppm:

Parts per million

PTFE:

Polytetrafluoroethylene

ROS:

Radical oxygenating species

SBU:

Secondary building unit

STP:

Standard temperature and pressure

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK

    Phoebe K. Allan

  2. EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, Purdie Building, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK

    Russell E. Morris

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  1. Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

    D. Michael P. Mingos

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Allan, P.K., Morris, R.E. (2013). Medical Applications of Solid Nitrosyl Complexes. In: Mingos, D. (eds) Nitrosyl Complexes in Inorganic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Medicine II. Structure and Bonding, vol 154. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/430_2013_105

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