Abstract
This paper presents empirical studies, mainly from psychology, on reuse of knowledge, especially in design. The results are considered relevant to research and development in the domain of CBR because of the support function generally attributed to CBR systems. The data exposed concern both representational and processing aspects of reuse. The topics discussed are: reuse vs. design “from scratch”; different stages in reuse, especially retrieval; types of entity reused (with respect to their abstraction level, origin, and “product”-solution vs. “procedure”-solution character) and types of their exploitation; strategies of reuse; frequency of effective reuse; effects of reuse on designers' productivity; difficulties and risks of reuse. The paper closes with possible repercussions for CBR systems based on the results presented, and research topics in the domain of reuse of knowledge (conditions of reuse, retrieval from memory, and reuse and analogical reasoning).
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Baerentsen, K. B. (1991). Knowledge and shared experience. Proc. of the Third European Conference of Cognitive Science Approaches to Process Control, Cardiff, Univ. of Wales, 217–232.
Biggerstaff, T. J., & Perlis, A. J. (1989). Introduction. In T. J. Biggerstaff & A. J. Perlis (Eds.), Software reusability. Vol. I, Concepts and models. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Burkhardt, J.-M., & Détienne, F. (1995). An empirical study of software reuse by experts in object-oriented design. Proc. of Interact'95. Lillehammer (Norway), 27–29 June.
Carbonell, J. G. (1986). Derivational analogy: a theory of reconstructive problem solving and expertise acquisition. In R. S. Michalski, J. G. Carbonell & T. M. Mitchell (Eds.), Machine learning. An artificial intelligence approach (Vol. II). Los Altos, CA: Morgan.
Détienne, F. (1991). Reasoning from a schema and from an analog in software code reuse. Fourth Workshop on Empirical studies of programmers. New Brunswick, N.J., Dec. 6–8.
Falzon, P., & Visser, W. (1989). Variations in expertise: implications for the design of assistance systems. In G. Salvendy & M. Smith (Eds.), Designing and using human-computer interfaces and knowledge based systems. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Green, T. R. G., Gilmore, D. J., Blumenthal, B. B., Davies, S., & Winder, R. (1992). Towards a cognitive browser for OOPS. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 4, 1–34.
Hunt, E. (1991). Some comments on the study of complexity. In R. J. Sternberg & P. A. Frensch (Eds.) Complex problem solving: principles and mechanisms. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum.
Jones, T. C. (1984). Reusability in programming: a survey of the state of the art. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering. Special issue on Software reusability, SE-10 (5), 488–493.
Keane, M. (1988). Analogical problem solving. Chichester: Horwood.
Klein, G. A., & Calderwood, R. (1988). How do people use analogues to make decisions? In J. Kolodner (Ed.), Case-based reasoning. Proc. DARPA Workshop. San Mateo, CA: Morgan.
Kolodner, J. L. (1993). Case-based reasoning. San Mateo, CA: Morgan.
Lange, B. M., & Moher, T. G. (1989). Some strategies of reuse in an object-oriented programming environment. In K. Bice & C. Lewis (Eds.), CHI'89 ‘Wings for the mind’ Conference Proc. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley.
Lewis, J. A., Henry, S. M., Kafura, D. G., & Schulman, R. (1991). An empirical study of the object-oriented paradigm and software reuse. In Proc. of OPSLA'91 Object-Oriented Programming. Systems and Applications'91. New York, NY: ACM Press, 184–196.
Medin, D. L., & Ross, B. H. (1989). The specific character of abstract thought: categorization, problem solving, and induction. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Advances in the psychology of human intelligence. Vol. 5. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum.
Neal, L. R. (1989). A system for example-based programming. In K. Bice & C. Lewis (Eds.), CHI'89 ‘Wings for the mind’ Conference Proc. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley.
Norman, D., & Bobrow, D. (1979). Descriptions: An intermediate stage in memory retrieval. Cognitive Psychology. 11, 107–123.
Perron, L. (1995). La réutilisation de cas ‘une problématique commune entre I.A. et ergonomie cognitive ... des points de vue différents'. Actes de JAVA-JAC'95. Grenoble 5–7 avril.
Pu, P. (1993). Introduction: Issues in case-based design systems. AI EDAM. 7 (2), 79–85, and the other papers in this special AI EDAM issue.
Reiser, B. J. (1986). Knowledge-directed retrieval of autobiographical memories. In J. L. Kolodner & C. K. Riesbeck (Eds.), Experience, memory, and reasoning. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum.
Ross, B. H. (1990). The access and use of relevant information: a specific case and general issues. In R. Freedle (Ed.), Artificial Intelligence and the future of testing. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum.
Sutcliffe, A., & Maiden, N. (1990a). Cognitive studies in software engineering. Proc. of ECCE-5. Fifth European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics. Urbino, Italy, Sept. 3–6.
Sutcliffe, A., & Maiden, N. (1990b). Software reusability: delivering productivity gains or short cuts. In D. Diaper, G. Cockton, D. Gilmore & B. Shackel (Eds.), Human-computer interaction — INTERACT '90. Amsterdam: North-Holland.
Thunem, S., & Sindre, G. (1992). Development with and for reuse. Guidelines from the REBOOT-project. Proc. of the ERCIM Workshop “Methods and Tools for Software Reuse”. Heraklion, Oct. 29–30 (pp. 2–16).
Trousse, B., & Visser, W. (1993). Use of case-based reasoning techniques for intelligent computer-aided-design systems. Proc. of the IEEE/SME'93 International Conference on Systems. Man and Cybernetics-Systems Engineering in the Service of Humans. Le Touquet, France, Oct. 17–20.
Tulving, E. (1983). Elements of episodic memory. Oxford: Oxford University.
Visser, W. (1987). Strategies in programming programmable controllers: a field study on a professional programmer. In G. Olson, S. Sheppard & E. Soloway (Eds.), Empirical Studies of Programmers: Second Workshop. Norwood, N.J.: Ablex.
Visser, W. (1990). More or less following a plan during design: opportunistic deviations in specification. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies. Special issue: What programmers know, 33, 247–278.
Visser, W. (1991). Evocation and elaboration of solutions: Different types of problem-solving actions. An empirical study on the design of an aerospace artifact. In T. Kohonen & F. Fogelman-Soulié (Eds.), COGNITIVA 90. At the crossroads of Artificial Intelligence. Cognitive science, and Neuroscience. Proc. of the third COGNITIVA symposium. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Visser, W. (1992a). Designers' activities examined at three levels: organization, strategies & problem-solving. Knowledge-Based Systems, 5. (1), 92–104.
Visser, W. (1992b). Use of analogical relationships between design problem-solution representations: Exploitation at the action-execution and action-management levels of the activity. Studia Psychologica. 34 (4–5), 351–357.
Visser, W. (Ed.). (1993). Proc. of the Workshop of the Thirteenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence “Reuse of designs: an interdisciplinary cognitive approach”. Chambéry (France), August 29, 1993. Rocquencourt: INRIA.
Visser, W. (1995). Use of episodic knowledge and information in design problem solving. Design Studies. 16 (2). 171–187.
Visser, W., & Trousse, B. (1993). Reuse of designs: desperately seeking an interdisciplinary approach. In Visser (1993).
De Vries, E. (1993). The role of case-based reasoning in architectural design: stretching the design problem space. In Visser (1993).
Weber, G. (1991). Explanation-based retrieval in a case-based learning model. Proc. of the Thirteenth Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society. Chicago, IL. Hillsdale, N.J.: Cognitive Science Society, 522–527.
Williams, M. D., & Hollan, J. D. (1981). The process of retrieval from very long-term memory. Cognitive Science. 5, 87–119.
Woodfield, S. N., Embley, D. W., & Scott, D. T. (1987). Can programmers reuse software? IEEE Software. Special Issue on Reusability. 4, 52–59.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1995 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Visser, W. (1995). Reuse of knowledge: Empirical studies. In: Veloso, M., Aamodt, A. (eds) Case-Based Reasoning Research and Development. ICCBR 1995. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 1010. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-60598-3_30
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-60598-3_30
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-60598-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-48446-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive