Advertisement

The chemistry of the noble gas elements helium, neon, and argon — Experimental facts and theoretical predictions

  • Gernot Frenking
  • Dieter Cremer
Conference paper
First Online:
Part of the Structure and Bonding book series (STRUCTURE, volume 73)

Abstract

The results of 65 years of experimental and theoretical research in light noble gas chemistry is reviewed, with particular emphasis on recent quantum chemical studies on the structures, stabilities and bonding of molecules containing He, Ne, or Ar. The scattered experimental results reported mainly for cations are interpreted using a chemical bonding model which is based on donor-acceptor interactions. A systematic view of bonding in Ng compounds (Ng = He, Ne, Ar) is presented that allows the prediction of new compounds which are theoretically predicted to be stable or metastable. The nature of the Ng,X interactions is studied with the help of the analysis of the electron density distribution and its associated Laplace field. Covalent noble gas bonds are found for many cations and dications, while closed-shell interactions are responsible for the unusually stable van der Waals compounds NgBeO.

Keywords

Dissociation Energy Electron Density Distribution Valence Shell Acceptor Ability Perspective Drawing 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. 1.
    Bartlett N: Proc. Chem. Soc. 1962: 218Google Scholar
  2. 2.
    For a recent review on the history of the discovery of noble gas compounds see: Laszlo P, Schrobilgen G (1988) Angew. Chem. 100: 495; (1988) Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 27: 479Google Scholar
  3. 3.
    Hogness TR, Lunn EG (1925) Phy. Rev. 26: 50Google Scholar
  4. 4.
    Frenking G, Koch W, Gauss J, Cremer D, Liebmann JF (1989) J. Phys. Chem. 93: 3397CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  5. 5.
    Frenking G, Koch W, Gauss J, Cremer D, Liebman JF (1989) J. Phys. Chem. 93: 3410CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  6. 6.
    Frenking G, Koch W, Deakyne C, Liebmann JF, Bartlett N (1989) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 111: 31CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  7. 7.
    Koch W, Frenking G, Gauss J, Cremer, D, Collins JR (1987) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 109: 5917CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  8. 8.
    Koch W, Frenking G, Luke BT (1987) Chem. Phys. Lett. 139: 149CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  9. 9.
    Koch W, Frenking G (1987) J. Chem. Phys. 86: 5617CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  10. 10.
    Koch W, Liu B, Frenking G (in print) J. Chem. Phys.Google Scholar
  11. 11.
    Koch W, Frenking G: J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1986: 1095Google Scholar
  12. 12.
    Koch W, Frenking G (1986) Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Proc. 74: 133CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  13. 13.
    Frenking G, Koch W, Reichel F, Cremer D (in print) J. Am. Chem. Soc.Google Scholar
  14. 14.
    Koch W, Collins JR, Frenking G (1986) Chem. Phys. Lett. 132: 330CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  15. 15.
    Frenking G, Koch W, Gauss J, Cremer D (1988) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 110: 8007CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  16. 16.
    See e.g., Hehre WJ, Radom L, Schleyer PVR, Pople JA (1985) Ab initio molecular orbital theory, Wiley, New YorkGoogle Scholar
  17. 17. (a)
    (a) Cremer D (1988) In: Maksić ZB (ed) Modelling of structure and properties of molecules. Ellis Horwood, Chichester, England, p 125; (b) Kraka E, Cremer D (in press) In: Maksié ZB (ed) Theoretical models of chemical bonding, vol 2, Springer Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg New YorkGoogle Scholar
  18. 18. (a)
    (a) Bader RFW, Preston HJT (1969) Int. J. Quant. Chem. 3: 327; (b) Feinberg MJ, Ruedenberg K (1971) J. Chem. Phys. 54: 1495; (c) Kutzelnigg W (1973) Angew. Chem. 13: 551CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  19. 19.
    Cremer D, Kraka E (1984) Croat. Chem. Acta 57: 1259Google Scholar
  20. 20.
    Bader RFW, Essen H (1984) J. Chem. Phys. 80: 1943CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  21. 21.
    Frenking G, Koch W (1988) Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Proc. 82: 335CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  22. 22. (a)
    (a) Coppens P, Hall MB (eds) (1982) Electron distributions and the chemical bond, Plenum, New York (b) Becker P (ed) (1978) Electron and magnetization densities in molecules and crystals, Plenum, New YorkGoogle Scholar
  23. 23.
    Hohenberg H, Kohn W (1964) Phys. Rev. 136B: 864CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  24. 24. (a)
    (a) Bader RFW, Nguyen-Dank TT, Tal Y (1981) Rep. Prog. Phys. 44: 893; (b) Bader RFW, Nguyen-Dang TT (1981) Adv. Quantum Chem. 14: 63CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  25. 25.
    For a more detailed review, see Ref. 17bGoogle Scholar
  26. 26.
    Bader RFW, Slee TS, Cremer D, Kraka E (1983) J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 105: 5061CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  27. 27.
    Cremer D, Kraka E (1984) Angew. Chem. 96: 612; (1984) Int. Ed. Engl. 23: 627Google Scholar
  28. 28.
    Cremer D, Kraka E (1985) J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 107: 3800, 3811CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  29. 29.
    Cremer D, Kraka E, Slee TS, Bader RFW, Lau CDH, Nguyen-Dang TT (1983) J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 105: 5069CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  30. 30. (a)
    (a) Cremer D, Gauss J (1986) J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 108: 7467; (b) Cremer D, Kraka E (1988) In: Liebman JF, Greenberg A (eds) Structure and reactivity, VCH Publishers, Deerfield Beach, USA, p 65CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  31. 31.
    Cremer D, Gauss J, Kraka E (1988) J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM) 169: 531CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  32. 32.
    Note that Bader [24] uses these terms differently by calling all MED paths, also those between closed shell systems, bond paths. This, however, is contrary to general chemical understanding.Google Scholar
  33. 33.
    Morse PM, Feshbach H (1953) Methods of theoretical physics vol 1, McGraw-Hill, New York, p 6Google Scholar
  34. 34.
    Bader RFW, MacDougall PJ, Lau CDH (1984) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 106: 1594 See also Ref. 19CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  35. 35.
    Bader RFW (1980) J. Chem. Phys. 73: 2781. G(r) is always positive while V(r) is always negative. When integrated over total molecular space, they yield the kinetic and potential energy of a molecule: E = ∫H(r) dr = ∫G(r) dr + ∫V(r) drCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  36. 36.
    Tüxen O (1936) Z. Physik 103: 463CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  37. 37.
    Hornbeck JA, Molnar JP (1951) Phys. Rev. 84: 621CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  38. 38.
    Inghram MG (1953) Natl. Bur. Standards (U.S.) Circ. No. 522: 204Google Scholar
  39. 39. (a)
    (a) Fukui K (1971) Accts. Chem. Res. 4: 57; (b) Fleming I (1976) Frontier orbitals and organic chemical reactions, Wiley, ChichesterCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  40. 40.
    Munson MSB, Franklin JL, Field FH (1963) J. Phys. Chem. 67: 1542Google Scholar
  41. 41.
    Weise H-P, Mittmann H-U (1973) Z. Naturforsch. 28a: 714Google Scholar
  42. 42.
    Wadt WR (1978) J. Chem. Phys. 68: 402CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  43. 43.
    Black JH: cited in Ref. 44Google Scholar
  44. 44.
    Yu N, Wing WH (1987) Phys. Rev. Lett. 59: 2055CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  45. 45.
    Huber KP, Herzberg G (1979) Molecular spectra and molecular structure, vol IV, Constants of diatomic molecules. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New YorkGoogle Scholar
  46. 46.
    Christodoulides AA, McCorkle DL, Christophoru LG (1984) In: Christophorou LG (ed) Electron-molecule interactions and their applications, vol 2, Academic, LondonGoogle Scholar
  47. 47.
    Bondyby V, Pearson PK, Schaefer HF (1972) J. Chem. Phys. 57: 1123CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  48. 48.
    Pauling L (1933) J. Chem. Phys. 1: 56CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  49. 49.
    Guilhaus M, Brenton AG, Beynon JH, Rabenovic M, Schleyer PVR (1984) J. Phys. B17: L605Google Scholar
  50. 50.
    Frenking G, Koch W, Liebmann JF (1989) In: Liebmann JF, Greenberg A (eds) Molecular structure and energetics: From atoms to polymers. Isoelectronic analogies, VCH Publishers, p 169Google Scholar
  51. 51.
    Gill PMW, Radom L (1987) Chem. Phys. Lett. 136: 294CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  52. 52. (a)
    (a) Yagisawa H, Sato H, Watanabe, T (1977) Phys. Rev. A16: 1352; (b) Cohen JS, Bardsley JN (1978) Phys. Rev. A18: 104Google Scholar
  53. 53.
    Mercier E, Chambaud G, Lewy B (1985) J. Phys. B18: 3591Google Scholar
  54. 54.
    Montanbonel M-CB; Cimiraglia R, Persico M (1984) J. Phys. B17: 1931Google Scholar
  55. 55.
    The ground states on Ne2+ and Ar2+ have 3P symmetry. The lowest lying electronic state of Ng2+ + He(1S) (Ng = Ne, Ar) which can mix with the (1) 1Σ+ state is the 1D state of Ng2+. This state is 3.204 eV (Ne2+) and 1.737 eV (Ar2+) higher in energy than the 3P ground state [62]Google Scholar
  56. 56.
    The situation is actually more complicated because more than two states are sometimes involved in the mixing of the ground state curves: Stärk D, Peyerimhoff SD (1986) Mol. Phys. 59: 1241CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  57. 57.
    Stärk D (Personal communication)Google Scholar
  58. 58.
    Helm H, Stephan K, Märk TD, Huestis DL (1981) J. Chem. Phys. 74: 3844CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  59. 59.
    Stephan K, Märk TD, Helm H (1982) Phys. Rev. A26: 2981Google Scholar
  60. 60.
    Carrington A, Softley TP (1983) In: Miller TA, Bondybey VE (eds) Molecular ions: Spectroscopy, structure and chemistry, North-Holland, AmsterdamGoogle Scholar
  61. 61.
    Beach JY (1936) J. Chem. Phys. 4: 353CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  62. 62.
    Moore CE (1971) Atom energy levels as derived from the analyses of optical spectra, Nat. Stand Ref. Data Ser. Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.) NSRDS-NBSGoogle Scholar
  63. 63. (a)
    (a) Kolos W, Peek JM (1976) Chem. Phys. 12: 381; (b) Kolos W (1976) Int. J. Quantum Chem. 10: 217CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  64. 64. (a)
    (a) Rosmus P (1979) Theoret. Chim. Acta 51: 359; (b) Rosmus P, Reinsch EA (1980) Z. Naturforsch. 35a: 1066; (c) Klein R, Rosmus P, (1984) Z. Naturforsch. 39a: 349; (d) Rosmus P, Reinsch EA, Werner HJ (1983) In: Berkowitz J, Groeneveld KO (eds) Molecular ions: geometric and electronic structures, Plenum, New YorkCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  65. 65.
    Bernath P, Amano T (1982) Phys. Rev. Lett. 48: 20CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  66. 66.
    Wong M, Bernath P, Amano T (1982) J. Chem. Phys. 77: 693CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  67. 67.
    Lorenzen J, Hotop H, Ruf MW, Morgner H (1980) Z. Physik A, 297: 19CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  68. 68.
    Ram RS, Bernath PF, Brault JW (1985) J. Mol. Spectrosc. 113: 451CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  69. 69.
    Brault JW (1978) Proceeding of the Workshop on Future Solar Observations, Needs and Constraints, FlorenceGoogle Scholar
  70. 70.
    Johns JWC (1984) J. Mol. Spectrosc. 106: 124CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  71. 71.
    Wells BH, Wilson S (1986) J. Phys. B19: 17Google Scholar
  72. 72.
    Butler SE, Bender CF, Dalgarno A (1979) Astrophys. J. Lett. 230: 59CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  73. 73.
    Chambaud G, Levy B (1986) Ann. Phys. 11: Suppl. 3, 107Google Scholar
  74. 74. (a)
    (a) Dalgano A, McDowell MRC, Williams A (1958) Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A250: 411; (b) Mason EA, Schamp HW Jr, (1958) Ann. Phys. 4: 233; (c) Polark-Dingels P, Rajan MS, Gislason EA (1982) J. Chem. Phys. 77: 3983Google Scholar
  75. 75.
    Böttner E, Dimpft WL, Ross U, Toennies JP (1975) Chem. Phys. Lett. 32: 197CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  76. 76. (a)
    (a) Subbaram KV, Coxon JA, Jones WE (1976) Can. J. Phys. 54: 1535; based on the experimental data, slightly different dissociation energies have been predicted by: (b) Goble JH, Winn JS (1977) J. Chem. Phys. 67: 4206; (c) Le Roy RJ, Lam W-H (1980) Chem. Phys. Lett. 71: 544; (d) Vahala L, Havey M (1984) J. Chem. Phys. 81: 4867Google Scholar
  77. 77.
    Ding A, Karlau J, Weise J, Kendrick J, Kuntz PJ, Hillier IH, Guest MF (1978) J. Chem. Phys. 68: 2206CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  78. 78.
    Hillier IH, Guest MF, Ding A, Karlau J, Weise J (1979) J. Chem. Phys. 70: 864CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  79. 79.
    Estimated value in Ref. 82c.Google Scholar
  80. 80.
    Ding A, Karlau J, Weise J (1977) Chem. Phys. Lett. 45: 92CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  81. 81.
    Berkowitz J, Chupka W (1970) Chem. Phys. Lett. 7: 447CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  82. 82. (a)
    (a) Liebmann JF, Allen LC (1972) Inorg. Chem. 11: 1143; (b) Liebmann JF, Allen LC (1970) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 92: 3539; (c) Liebmann JF, Allen LC (1971) Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Phys. 7: 27CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  83. 83.
    Cooper DL, Wilson S (1981) Mol. Phys. 44: 161CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  84. 84.
    Bernardi F, Epiotis ND, Cherry W, Schlegel HB, Whangbo M-H, Wolfe S (1976) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 98: 469CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  85. 85.
    Moore CE (1970) Ionization potentials and ionization limits derived from the analyses of optical spectra nar. Stand Ref. Data Ser. Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.) NSRDS-NBS 34Google Scholar
  86. 86.
    Jørgensen CK (1986) Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 540: 91CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  87. 87.
    Liebmann JF, Allen JF: J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1969: 1355Google Scholar
  88. 88.
    Jonkman HT, Michl J (1981) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 103: 733CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  89. 89.
    Jonathan P, Boyd RK, Brenton AG, Beynon JH (1986) Chem. Phys. 110: 239CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  90. 90. (a)
    (a) Hayes EF, Gole JL (1971) J. Chem. Phys. 55: 5132; (b) Harrison SW, Massa LJ, Solomon P (1972) Chem. Phys. Lett. 16: 57; (c) Alvarez-Rizzatti M, Mason EA (1975) J. Chem. Phys. 63: 5290; (d) Schleyer PvR (1985) Adv. Mass Spectrom. 10a: 287CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  91. 91.
    Harrison SW, Henderson GA, Masson LJ, Salomon P (1974) Astrophys. J. 189: 605CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  92. 92. (a)
    (a) Müller EW, McLane SB, Panitz JA (1969) Surf. Sci. 17: 430; (b) Tsong TT, Müller EW (1970) Phys. Rev. Lett. 25: 911; (c) Tsong TT, Müller EW (1971) J. Chem. Phys. 55: 2884; (d) Müller EW, Tsong TT (1973) Prog. Surf. Sci., 4: 1; (e) Müller EW, Krishnaswamy (1973) Phys. Rev. Lett. 31: 1282; (f) Tsong TT, Kinkus TJ (1983) Physica scripta, T4: 201; (g) Tsong TT, Kinkus TJ (1984) Phys. Rev. B29: 529; (h) Tsong TT (1984) Phys. Rev. B30: 4946; (i) Tsong TT, Lion Y (1985) Phys. Rev. Lett. 55: 2180CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  93. 93.
    Hotokka M, Kindstedt T, Pyykkö P, Roos B (1984) Mol. Phys. 52: 23CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  94. 94.
    Wong MW, Radom L (1988) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 110: 2375CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  95. 95. (a)
    Wong MW, Nobes: RH, Radom L: J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1987: 233; (b) Wong MW, Nobes RH, Radom L (1987) Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 1: 3; (c) Radom L, Gill PMW, Wong MW, Nobes RH (1988) Pure Appl. Chem. 60: 183Google Scholar
  96. 96.
    Hirschfelder JO, Curtiss CF, Bird RB (1986) Molecular theory of gases and liquids, Wiley, New YorkGoogle Scholar
  97. 97.
    Wilson S, Green S (1980) J. Chem. Phys. 73: 419CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  98. 98.
    Bohme DK, Adams NG, Mosesman M, Dunkin DB, Ferguson EE (1970) J. Chem. Phys. 52: 5094CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  99. 99.
    Munson MSB, Field FH, Franklin JL (1962) J. Chem. Phys. 37: 1790CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  100. 100.
    Adams NG, Bohme DK, Ferguson EE (1970) J. Chem. Phys. 52: 5101CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  101. 101.
    Milleur MB, Matcha RL, Hayes EF (1974) J. Chem. Phys. 60: 674CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  102. 102.
    Matcha RL, Milleur MB, Meier PF (1978) J. Chem. Phys. 68: 4748CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  103. 103.
    Matcha RL, Milleur MB (1978) J. Chem. Phys. 69: 3016CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  104. 104.
    Dykstra CE (1983) J. Mol. Struct. THEOCHEM 103: 131CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  105. 105.
    Matcha RL, Pettitt BM, Meier PF, Pendergast P (1978) J. Chem. Phys. 69: 2264CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  106. 106.
    Clampiti R, Jefferias DK (1970) Nature 226: 142CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  107. 107. (a)
    (a) Leopold DG, Murray KK, Stevens Miller AE, Lineberger WC (1985) J. Chem. Phys. 83: 4849; (b) Bunker PR, Sears TJ (1985) J. Chem. Phys. 83: 4866CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  108. 108.
    For the problem of graphically illustrating A states see: Salem S (1982) Electrons in chemical reactions: First principles, Wiley, New YorkGoogle Scholar
  109. 109.
    The orbital terms in Fig. 15 correspond to heteronuclear diatomics XY. For homonuclear species XX, the 3σMO becomes Zσg orbital, 4σ becomes 2σu, etc. For simplicity reasons, we have used the heteronuclear notations throughout the text.Google Scholar
  110. 110.
    Kaul W, Fuchs R (1960) Z. Naturforschg. 15a: 326Google Scholar
  111. 111.
    Teng HH, Conway DC (1973) J. Chem. Phys. 59: 2316CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  112. 112. (a)
    (a) The ground state of CCH+ is a triplet: (a) Krishnan R, Frisch M, Whiteside RA, Pople JA, Schleyer PVR (1981) J. Chem. Phys. 74: 4213; (b) Glaser R (1987) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 109: 4237CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  113. 113.
    The 1Π state is unstable, however, towards Renner distortion. The lowest lying singlet state of CCH+ has 1A′ symmetry and is 4.8 kcal/mol lower than 1Π: Koch W, Frenking G: J. Chem. Phys. (in print)Google Scholar
  114. 114.
    In Ref. 7, the binding energy of the He-C bond in HeCCH+ has been calculated using the 1Δ state of CCH+. However, the 1Π state of CCH+ was later [113] calculated to be lower-lying than the 1Δ state. The dissociation energy of HeCCH+ yielding He + (1Π)CCH+ is reported in Ref. 13Google Scholar
  115. 115.
    Ikuta S, Iwata S, Imamura M (1977) J. Chem. Phys. 66: 4671CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  116. 116.
    Snell AH, Pleasonton F (1958) J. Phys. Chem. 62: 1377CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  117. 117.
    Cacace F (1970) Adv. Phys. Org. Chem. 8: 79CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  118. 118.
    Wexler S, Anderson GR, Singer LA (1960) J. Chem. Phys. 32: 417CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  119. 119. (a)
    (a) Carlson TA, White RM (1962) J. Chem. Phys. 36: 2883; (b) Carlson TA, White RM (1962) J. Chem. Phys. 39: 1748; (c) Carlson RT, White RM (1962) J. Chem. Phys. 38CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  120. 120.
    Holtz D, Beauchamp JL (1971) Science 173: 1237Google Scholar
  121. 121.
    See e.g., Gimarc BM (1979) Molecular structure and bonding, the qualitative molecular, orbital approach, Academic Press, New YorkGoogle Scholar
  122. 122.
    Holloway JH (1968) Noble gas chemistry, Methuen, LondonGoogle Scholar
  123. 123.
    Druyvesteyn MJ (1931) Nature 128: 1076Google Scholar
  124. 124.
    Heller R (1941) J. Chem. Phys. 9: 154CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  125. 125. (a)
    (a) Manley JJ (1924) Nature 114: 861; (b) Manley JJ (1925) Nature 115: 337Google Scholar
  126. 126.
    Powell HM: J. Chem. Soc. 1948: 61Google Scholar
  127. 127.
    Davy H (1811) Phil. Trans. 101: 1Google Scholar
  128. 128.
    Mylius F: J. Chem. Soc. Abstracts 1886: 50Google Scholar
  129. 129. (a)
    Palin DE, Powell HM: J. Chem. Soc. 1947: 208; (b) Palin DE, Powell HM: J. Chem. Soc. 1948: 571; (c) Palin DE, Powell HM: J. Chem. Soc. 1948: 815; (d) Rayner JH, Powell HM: J. Chem. Soc. 1952: 319; (e) Wallwork SC, Powell HM: J. Chem. Soc. 1956: 4855; (f) Lawton D, Powell HM: J. Chem. Soc. 1958: 471Google Scholar
  130. 130.
    Balek V (1970) Anal. Chem. 42: (9) 16AGoogle Scholar
  131. 131. (a)
    (a) Hagan SMM (1962) Clathrate inclusion compounds, Reinhold, New York (b) Gawalek G (1969) Einschlußverbindungen, Additionsverbindungen, Clathrate. Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften, BerlinGoogle Scholar
  132. 132.
    Hagan SMM (1963) J. Chem. Educ. 40: 643CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  133. 133. (a)
    (a) Adams RE, Browning WE, Ackley RD (1959) Ind. Eng. Chem. 51: 1467; (b) Steinberg M, Manowitz B (1959) Ind. Eng. Chem. 51: 47CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  134. 134. (a)
    (a) Swift WE (1957) Nucleonis 15: 66; (b) Wilson EJ, Dibbs HP, Richards S, Eakins JD (1958) Nucleonics 16: 110Google Scholar
  135. 135.
    Mock JE (private communication) cited in: Mock JE, Myers JE, Trabant EA (1961) Ind. Eng. Chem. 53: 1007CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  136. 136.
    McClain JW, Diethorn WS (1963) J. Appl. Radiation and Isotopes 14: 527CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  137. 137. (a)
    (a) Powell HM, Guter M (1949) Nature 164: 240; (b) Powell HM: J. Chem. Soc. 1950: 298Google Scholar
  138. 138.
    Powell HM: J. Chem. Soc. 1950: 300Google Scholar
  139. 139.
    Powell HM: J. Chem. Soc. 1950: 468Google Scholar
  140. 140.
    Mandelcorn L (ed) Non-stoichiometric compounds, Academic, New York, p 438Google Scholar
  141. 141.
    Villard P (1896) Compt. Rend 123: 377Google Scholar
  142. 142. (a)
    (a) De Forcrand R (1923) Compt. Rend 176: 335; (b) De Forcrand R (1925) Compt. Rend 181: 15Google Scholar
  143. 143.
    van der Waals JH, Platteeuw JC (1959) Adv. Chem. Phys. 2: 1Google Scholar
  144. 144.
    Beurskens PT, Jeffrey GA (1964) J. Chem. Phys. 40: 906; and earlier papers cited thereinCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  145. 145.
    Barrer RM (1964) In: Mandelcoin L (ed) Non-stoichiometric compounds, Academic, New YorkGoogle Scholar
  146. 146.
    Von Stackelberg M, Müller HR (1954) Z. Elektrochem. 58: 25Google Scholar
  147. 147.
    Davidson DW, Garg SK, Gough SR, Handa YP, Ratcliffe CI, Tse JS, Ripmeester JA (1984) J. Inclus. Phenom. 2: 231CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  148. 148.
    Lahr PH, Williams HL (1959) J. Phys. Chem. 63: 1432CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  149. 149.
    Barrer RM, Shanson VH: J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1976: 333Google Scholar
  150. 150.
    Bolotin AB, Bolotin VA, Balyavichus M-LZ, Gantmakher BF, Stumbris EP, Tatevskii VM, Shapiro EI, Yaravoi SS (1982) Teor. Eksp. Khim 18: 212Google Scholar
  151. 151.
    Weber A (ed) (1987) Structure and dynamics of weakly bound molecular complexes, Reidel, DordrechtGoogle Scholar
  152. 152.
    See the review articles in: (1988) Chemical Review 88Google Scholar
  153. 153.
    Van Lenthe JH, van Duijneneveldt-van der Rijdt JGCM, van Duijneveldt FB (1987) Adv. Chem. Phys. 69: 521Google Scholar
  154. 154. (a)
    (a) Legon AC, Millen DJ (1986) Chem. Rev. 86: 635; (b) Peterson KI, Fraser GT, Nelson DD Jr, Klemperer W (1985) In: Bartlett RJ (ed) Comparison of ab initio quantum chemistry with experiment for small molecules, Reidel, DordrechtCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  155. 155.
    English TC, Zorn JC, (1972) In: Williams D (ed) Methods of experimental physics, vol 3 (2nd edn), Academic, New YorkGoogle Scholar
  156. 156.
    Balle TJ, Campbell EJ, Keenam MR, Flygare WH (1979) J. Chem. Phys. 71: 2723CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  157. 157. (a)
    (a) Levy DH (1981) In: Jortner J, Levine RD, Rice SA (eds) Photoselective chemistry, Wiley, New York; (b) Levy DH (1980) Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 31: 197Google Scholar
  158. 158.
    Hobza P, Schleyer PvR: Coll. Czech. Chem. Commun. (in print)Google Scholar
  159. 159.
    Reed AE, Curtiss LA, Weinhold F (1988) Chem. Rev. 88: 899CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  160. 160.
    Bachrach SM, Streitwieser A Jr (1984) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 106: 2283CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  161. 161.
    Mulliken RS (1955) J. Chem. Phys. 23: 1833CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  162. 162.
    Dykstra CE, Liu S-Y (1987) In: Weber A (ed) Structure and dynamics of weakly bound molecular complexes, Reidel, DordrechtGoogle Scholar
  163. 163.
    Koch W, Frenking G (unpublished results)Google Scholar
  164. 164. (a)
    Frenking G, Koch W, Collins JR: J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1988: 1147; (b) Frenking G, Koch W, Cremer D, Gauss J, Collins JR (manuscript in preparation)Google Scholar
  165. 165.
    Hawkins DT, Falconer WE, Bartlett N (1978) Noble gas compounds, Plenum, New YorkGoogle Scholar
  166. 166.
    Booth HS, Willson KS (1935) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 57: 2273CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  167. 167.
    Janda KC, Bernstein LS, Steed JM, Novick SE, Klemperer W (1978) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 100: 8074CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  168. 168. (a)
    (a) Kaufman JJ, Sachs LM (1970) J. Chem. Phys. 52: 3534; (b) Kaufman JJ, Sachs LM (1969) J. Chem. Phys. 51: 2992CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  169. 169.
    Hyman HH (ed) (1963) Noble gas compounds, University of Chicago press, ChicagoGoogle Scholar
  170. 170.
    Selig H, Holloway JH (1984) Topics Current Chem. 124: 33Google Scholar
  171. 171.
    Miller TM, Bederson B (1977). Adv. At. Mol. Phys. 13: 1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  172. 172.
    Dabrowski L, Herzberg G (1978) J. Mol. Spectrosc. 73: 183CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  173. 173.
    Liao MZ, Balasubramanian K, Chapman D, Lin SH (1987) Chem. Phys. 111: 423CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  174. 174.
    Dabrowski L, Herzberg G, Yoshino K (1981) J. Mol. Spectrosc. 89: 491CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  175. 175.
    Trevor DJ (1980) Ph. D. Thesis, University of California, BerkeleyGoogle Scholar
  176. 176.
    Pratt ST, Dehmer PM (1982) J. Chem. Phys. 76: 3433CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  177. 177.
    Dehmer PM, Pratt ST (1982) J. Chem. Phys. 76: 843CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  178. 178.
    Dehmer PM, Pratt ST (1982) J. Chem. Phys. 77: 4804CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  179. 179.
    Pratt ST, Dehmer PM (1982) Chem. Phys. Lett. 87: 533CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  180. 180.
    Ng CY, Trevor DJ, Mahan BH, Lee YT (1976) J. Chem. Phys. 65: 4327CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  181. 181.
    Balasubramanian K, Liao MZ, Lin SH (1987) Chem. Phys. Lett. 138: 49CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  182. 182.
    Cline JI, Edvard DD, Reid BP, Sivakumar N, Thommen F, Janda KC (1987) In: Weber A (ed) Structure and dynamics of weakly bound molecular complexes, Reidel, DordrechtGoogle Scholar
  183. 183.
    Beneventi L, Casacecchia P, Volpy GG (1987) In: Weber A (ed) Structure and dynamics of weakly bound molecular complexes, Reidel, DordrechtGoogle Scholar
  184. 184.
    Estimated value by Miller JC (1987) J. Chem. Phys. 86: 3166CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  185. 185.
    Casavecchia P, Lagana A, Volpi GG (1984) Chem. Phys. Lett. 112: 445CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  186. 186.
    Pine AS (1987) In: Weber A (ed) Structure and dynamics of weakly bound molecular complexes, Reidel, DordrechtGoogle Scholar
  187. 187.
    Fraser GT, Pine AS (1986) J. Chem. Phys. 85: 2502CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  188. 188.
    Howard BJ, Pine AS (1985) Chem. Phys. Lett. 122: 1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  189. 189.
    Keenan, MR, Campbell EJ, Balle TJ, Buxton LW, Minton TK, Soper PD, Flygare WH (1980) J. Chem. Phys. 72: 3070CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  190. 190.
    Balle TJ, Campbell EJ, Keenan MR, Flygare WH (1979) J. Chem. Phys. 71: 2723CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  191. 191.
    Hutson JM, Howard BJ (1982) Molec. Phys. 45: 769CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  192. 192.
    A noble gas atom may become an electron acceptor (Lewis acid) in molecules if electronic charge is withdrawn by other atoms or ions. An example is provided by the recently synthesized first compound with a krypton-nitrogen bond HCN-KrF+AsF6−. In KrF+, electronic charge is withdrawn from Kr and a donor-acceptor bond between Kr and HCN is formed, but here the (partially positively charged) Kr atom serves as electron acceptor and HCN (via the nitrogen lone-pair electrons) is the electron donor: Schrobilgen GJ: J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1988: 863; MacDougall PJ, Schrobilgen GJ, Bader RFW (1989) Inorg. Chem. 28: 763Google Scholar
  193. 193.
    For a survey of the techniques and the method see: Bierbaum VM, Ellison GB, Leone SR (1984) In: Bowers MT (ed) Gas phase ion chemistry, vol 3, Academic, Orlando, p 2Google Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer-Verlag 1990

Authors and Affiliations

  • Gernot Frenking
    • 1
  • Dieter Cremer
    • 2
  1. 1.Fachbereich ChemieUniversität MarburgMarburgGermany
  2. 2.Theoretical ChemistryUniversity of GöteborgGöteborgSweden

Personalised recommendations

Cite paper

Buy options