Review: Intelligent Agents for Computer Games
Conference paper
First Online:
Abstract
In modern computer games-like action, adventure, role-playing, strategy, simulation and sports games-artificial intelligence (AI) techniques play an important role. However, the requirements of such games are very different from those of the games normally studied in AI.
This article discusses which approaches and fields of research are relevant to achieve a sophisticated goal-directed behavior for modern computer games’nonplayer characters. It also presents a classification of approaches for autonomous agents and gives an overview of a solution developed in the Excalibur project.
Keywords
commercial games action planning real time dynamics incomplete knowledge resourcesPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
- 1.L. V. Allis, H. J. van den Herik, and M. P. H. Huntjens. Go-Moku Solved by New Search Techniques. In Proceedings of the 1993 AAAI Fall Symposium on Games: Planning and Learning, 1993.Google Scholar
- 2.P. Agre and D. Chapman. PENGI:An Implementation of a Theory of Activity. In Proceedings of the Sixth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence(AAAI87), 268–272, 1987.Google Scholar
- 3.A. L. Blum and M. L. Furst. Fast Planning Through Planning Graph Analysis. Artificial Intelligence 90: 281–300, 1997.MATHCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 4.R. P. Bonasso, R. J. Firby, E. Gat, D. Kortenkamp, D. P. Miller, M. G. Slack. Experiences with an Architecture for Intelligent, Reactive Agents. Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence 9(1), 1997.Google Scholar
- 5.R. A. Brooks. A Robust Layered Control System for a Mobile Robot. IEEE Journal of Robotics and Automation RA-2 (1): 14–23, 1986.MathSciNetGoogle Scholar
- 6.C. Charla. Mind Games: the Rise and Rise of Artificial Intelligence. Next Generation November, 1995.Google Scholar
- 7.D. Coco. Creating Intelligent Creatures. Computer Graphics World, July, 1997.Google Scholar
- 8.E.W. Dijkstra. A note on two problems in connexion with graphs.Numerische Mathematik, 1: 269–271, 1959.MATHCrossRefMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
- 9.R. E. Fikes and N. Nilsson. STRIPS:A NewApproach to the Application of Theorem Proving to Problem Solving. Artificial Intelligence 5(2): 189–208, 1971.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 10.J. Funge, X. Tu, and D. Terzopoulos. Cognitive Modeling: Knowledge, Reasoning and Planning for Intelligent Characters. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques (SIGGRAPH’99), 29–38, 1999.Google Scholar
- 11.T. Gard. Building Character. Gamasutra, http://www.gamasutra.com/features/20000720/gard 01.htm, June, 2000.
- 12.R. Gasser. Solving Nine Men’s Morris. Computational Intelligence 12(1): 24–41, 1996.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 13.S. Grand, D. Cliff, and A. Malhotra. Creatures: Artificial Life Autonomous Software Agents for Home Entertainment. In Proceedings of the First International Conference onAutonomous Agents (Agents’97), 22–29, 1997.Google Scholar
- 14.P. E. Hart, N. J. Nilsson, and B. Raphael. A formal basis for the heuristic determination of minimum cost paths. IEEE Transactions on Systems Science and Cybernetics 4(2): 100–107, 1968.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 15.K. Hause. What to Play Next: Gaming Forecast, 1999-2003. Report #W21056, International Data Corporation, Framingham, Massachusetts, 1999.Google Scholar
- 16.K. Isbister. Perceived Intelligence and the Design of Computer Characters. Lifelike Computer Characters (LCC’95), Snowbird, Utah, 1995.Google Scholar
- 17.H. Kautz and B. Selman. Planning as Satisfiability. In Proceedings of the Tenth European Conference on Artificial Intelligence (ECAI-92), 359–363, 1992.Google Scholar
- 18.H. Kautz and B. Selman. Pushing the Envelope: Planning, Propositional Logic, and Stochastic Search. In Proceedings of the Thirteenth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-96), 1194–1201, 1996.Google Scholar
- 19.A. Nareyek. Structural Constraint Satisfaction. In Papers from the 1999 AAAI Workshop on Configuration, Technical Report, WS-99-05, 76–82. AAAI Press, Menlo Park, California, 1999.Google Scholar
- 20.A. Nareyek. Applying Local Search to Structural Constraint Satisfaction. In Proceedings of the IJCAI-99Workshop on IntelligentWorkflow and Process Management: The New Frontier for AI in Business, 1999.Google Scholar
- 21.A. Nareyek. Open World Planning as SCSP. In Papers from the AAAI-2000 Workshop on Constraints and AI Planning, Technical Report, WS-00-02, 35–46.AAAI Press, Menlo Park, California, 2000.Google Scholar
- 22.A. Nareyek. Using Global Constraints for Local Search. In E. C. Freuder and R. J. Wallace (eds.), Constraint Programming and Large Scale Discrete Optimization, American Mathematical Society Publications, DIMACS Volume 57, 9–28, 2001Google Scholar
- 23.B. Pell, D. E. Bernard, S. A. Chien, E. Gat, N. Muscettola, P. P. Nayak, M. D. Wagner, and B. C. Williams. A Remote Agent Prototype for Spacecraft Autonomy. In Proceedings of the SPIE Conference on Optical Science, Engineering, and Instrumentation, 1996.Google Scholar
- 24.J. S. Penberthy and D. S. Weld. UCPOP: A Sound, Complete, Partial Order Planner for ADL. In Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning (KR’92), 102–114, 1992.Google Scholar
- 25.A. S tern, A. Frank, and B. Resner. Virtual Petz:A Hybrid Approach to Creating Autonomous ] Lifelike Dogz and Catz. In Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Autonomous Agents (AGENTS98), 334–335, 1998.Google Scholar
- 26.A. Stern. AI Beyond Computer Games. AAAI Symposium on Computer Games and Artificial Intelligence, 1999.Google Scholar
- 27.J. Weizenbaum. ELIZA-A Computer Program for the Study of Natural Language Communication between Man and Machine. Communications of the ACM 9(1): 36–45,1966.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 28.S. Woodcock. Game AI: The State of the Industry. Game Developer, August,2000.Google Scholar
- 29.M. Wooldridge, and N. R. Jennings. Intelligent Agents: Theory and Practice. The Knowledge Engineering Review 10(2): 115–152, 1995.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Copyright information
© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2001