Skip to main content

Mass Vaccination to Control Epidemic and Endemic Typhoid Fever

  • Chapter
Book cover Mass Vaccination: Global Aspects — Progress and Obstacles

Part of the book series: Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology ((CT MICROBIOLOGY,volume 304))

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Acharya VI, Lowe CU, Thapa R, Gurubacharya VL, Shrestha MB, Cadoz M, Schulz D, Armand J, Bryla DA, Trollfors B, Cramton T, Schneerson R, Robbins JB (1987) Prevention of typhoid fever in Nepal with the Vi capsular polysaccharide of Salmonella typhi. A preliminary report. N Engl J Med 317:1101–1104

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arya SC (2000) Salmonella typhi Vi antigen-negative isolates in India and prophylactic typhoid immunization. Natl Med J India 13:220

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arya SC (2002) Field effectiveness of Vi polysaccharide typhoid vaccine in the People’s Republic of China. J Infect Dis 185:845–846

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ashcroft MT, Morrison-Ritchie J, Nicholson CC (1964) Controlled field trial in British Guyana schoolchildren of heat-killed-phenolized and acetone-killed lyophilized typhoid vaccines. Am J Hyg 79:196–206

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ashcroft MT, Nicholson CC, Balwant S, Ritchie JM, Sorvan E, William F (1967) A seven-year field trial of two typhoid vaccines in Guiana. Lancet 2:1056–1060

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Batson HC. 1949. Typhoid fever prophylaxis by active immunization. Pub Health Rep supplement 212:1–34

    Google Scholar 

  • Black RE, Levine MM, Ferreccio C, Clements ML, Lanata C, Rooney J, Germanier R (1990) Efficacy of one or two doses of Ty21a Salmonella typhi vaccine in enteric-coated capsules in a controlled field trial. Chilean Typhoid Committee. Vaccine 8:81–84

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bodhidatta L, Taylor DN, Thisyakorn U, Echeverria P (1987) Control of typhoid fever in Bangkok, Thailand, by annual immunization of school children with parenteral typhoid fever. Rev Infect Dis 9:841–845

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bollag U(1980) Practical evaluation of a pilot immunization campaign against typhoid fever in a Cambodian refugee camp. Int J Epidemiol 9:121–122

    Google Scholar 

  • Butler T, Linh NN, Arnold K, Pollack M (1973) Chloramphenicol-resistant typhoid fever in Vietnam associated with R factor. Lancet 2:983–985

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cockburn WC (1955) The early history of typhoid vaccination. J Royal Army Medical Corps 101:171–185

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ferreccio C, Levine MM, Rodriguez H, Contreras R (1989) Comparative efficacy of two, three, or four doses of Ty21a live oral typhoid vaccine in enteric-coated capsules: a field trial in an endemic area. J Infect Dis 159:766–769

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Germanier R, Furer E (1975) Isolation and characterization of gal E mutant Ty21a of Salmonella typhi: A candidate strain for a live oral typhoid vaccine. J Infect Dis 141:553–558

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilman RH, Terminel M, Levine MM, Hernandez Mendosa P, Calderone E, Vasquez V, Martinez E, Snyder MJ, Hornick RB (1975) Comparison of trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole and amoxicillin in therapy of chloramphenicol-resistant and chloramphenicol-sensitive typhoid fever. J Infect Dis 132:630–636

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goodall EW(1937) Immunization against typhoid. BMJ 1197

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenwood M, Yule GU. 1915. The statistics of anti-typhoid and anti-cholera inoculations and the interpretation of such statistics in general. Proc Roy Soc Med 8:113–194

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta A (1994) Multidrug-resistant typhoid fever in children: epidemiology and therapeutic approach. Pediatr Infect Dis 13:124–140

    Google Scholar 

  • Hahn M (1927) Mitteilungen zur Typhusendemie in Hannover. Med Klin 27:1009–1012

    Google Scholar 

  • Hefjec LB, Levina LA, Kuz’minova ML, et al. (1969) A controlled field trial to evaluate the protective capacity of a single dose of acetone-killed agar-grown and heat-killed broth-grown tphoid vaccines. Bull WHO 40:903–907

    Google Scholar 

  • Hejfec LB, Salmin LV, Lejtman MZ, Kuzminova ML, Vasileva AV, Levina LA, Bencianova TG, Pavlova EA, Antonova AA (1966) A controlled field trial and laboratory study of five typhoid vaccines in the USSR. Bull WHO 34:321–339

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hornick RB, Greisman SE, Woodward TE, DuPont HL, Dawkins AT, Snyder MJ (1970) Typhoid fever; pathogenesis and immunologic control. N Eng J Med 283:686–691, 739–746

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keitel WA, Bond NL, Zahradnik JM, Cramton TA, Robbins JB (1994) Clinical and serological responses following primary and booster immunization with Salmonella typhi Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccines. Vaccine 12:195–199

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klugman K, Gilbertson IT, Kornhoff HJ, Robbins JB, Schneerson R, Schulz D, Cadoz M, Armand J (1987) Protective activity of Vi polysaccharide vaccine against typhoid fever. Lancet 2:1165–1169

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klugman KP, Koornhof HJ, Robbins JB, Le Cam NN (1996) Immunogenicity, efficacy and serological correlate of protection of Salmonella typhi Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine three years after immunization. Vaccine 14:435–438

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levine MM, Black RE, Ferreccio C, Clements ML, Lanata C, Sears S, Morris JG, Cisneros L, Germanier R, Chilean TYphoid Commission (1986) Interventions to control endemic typhoid fever: Field studies in Santiago, Chile. In: Washington, D.C.: PAHO Copublication Series No. 1. p. 37–53

    Google Scholar 

  • Levine MM, Black RE, Lanata C, Chilean Typhoid Committee (1982) Precise estimation of the numbers of chronic carriers of Salmonella typhi in Santiago, Chile, an endemic area. J Infect Dis 146:724–726

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levine MM, Ferreccio C, Abrego P, Martin OS, Ortiz E, Cryz S (1999) Duration of efficacy of ty21a, attenuated salmonella typhi live oral vaccine. Vaccine 17Suppl 2:S22–S27

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levine MM, Ferreccio C, Black RE, Germanier R, Chilean Typhoid Committee (1987) Large-scale field trial of Ty21a live oral typhoid vaccine in enteric-coated capsule formulation. Lancet 1:1049–1052

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levine MM, Ferreccio C, Black RE, Tacket CO, Germanier R (1989a) Progress in vaccines against typhoid fever. Rev Infect Dis 11Suppl 3:S552–S567

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levine MM, Ferreccio C, Black RE, Tacket CO, Germanier R, Chilean Typhoid Committee (1989b) Progress in vaccines to prevent typhoid fever. Rev Infect Dis 11:S552–S567

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levine MM, Ferreccio C, Cryz S, Ortiz E (1990) Comparison of enteric-coated capsules and liquid formulation of Ty21a typhoid vaccine in randomised controlled field trial. Lancet 336:891–894

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levine MM, Taylor DN, Ferreccio C (1989c) Typhoid vaccines come of age. Pediatr Infect Dis J 8:374–381

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mermin JH, Townes JM, Gerber M, Dolan N, Mintz ED, Tauxe RV (1998) Typhoid fever in the United States, 1985–1994: changing risks of international travel and increasing antimicrobial resistance. Arch Intern Med 158:633–638

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mermin JH, Villar R, Carpenter J, Roberts L, Samaridden A, Gasanova L, Lomakina S, Bopp C, Hutwagner L, Mead P, Ross B, Mintz ED (1999) A massive epidemic of multidrug-resistant typhoid fever in Tajikistan associated with consumption of municipal water. J Infect Dis 179:1416–1422

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mikhail IA, Haberberger RL, Farid Z, Girgis NI, Woody JN (1989) Antibiotic-multiresistant Salmonella typhi in Egypt. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 83:120

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pfeiffer R, Kolle W (1896) Experimentelle Untersuchunger zur Frage der Schutzimpfung des Menschen gegen Typhus abdominalis. Dtsch Med Wocheschr 22:735–737

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reisinger EC, Grasmug E, Krejs GJ (1994) Antibody response after vaccination against typhoid fever in Kurdish refugee camp. Lancet 343:918–919

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robbins J, Robbins J (1984) Reexamination of the protective role of the capsular polysaccharide Vi antigen of Salmonella typhi. J Infect Dis 150:436–449

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rowe B, Ward LR, Threlfall EJ (1997) Multidrug-resistant Salmonella typhi: a worldwide epidemic. Clin Infect Dis 24Suppl 1:S106–109

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Siler JF, Dunham GC, Longfellow D, Luippold GF (1941) Immunization to typhoid fever. [17], pp. 1–276. 1941. Baltimore, JohnsHopkins Press. Am J Hygienemonographic series. Ref Type: Serial (Book, Monograph)

    Google Scholar 

  • Steinberg EB, Bishop R, Haber P, Dempsey AF, Hoekstra RM, Nelson JM, Ackers M, Calugar A, Mintz ED (2004) Typhoid fever in travelers: who should be targeted for prevention? Clin Infect Dis 39:186–191

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tarr PE, Kuppens L, Jones TC, Ivanoff B, Aparin PG, Heymann DL (1999) Considerations regarding mass vaccination against typhoid fever as an adjunct to sanitation and public health measures: potential use in an epidemic in Tajikistan. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61:163–170

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang ZG, Zhou WZ, Shi J (1997) [Efficacy and side effects following immunization with Salmonella typhi Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine]. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 18:26–29

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams WC, Bishop EL (1936) The typhoid control program and results of 13 years’ work in Williamson County, Tennessee, 1922–35. Pub Health Rep 51:1–27

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolman A, Gorman A (1931) The significance of waterborne typhoid fever outbreaks. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright AE, Semple D (1897) Remarks on vaccination against typhoid fever. BMJ 1:256–258

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yang HH, Kilgore PE, Yang LH, Park JK, Pan YF, Kim Y, Lee YJ, Xu ZY, Clemens JD (2001a) An outbreak of typhoid fever, Xing-An County, People’s Republic of China, 1999: estimation of the field effectiveness of Vi polysaccharide typhoid vaccine. J Infect Dis 183:1775–1780

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang HH, Wu CG, Xie GZ, Gu QW, Wang BR, Wang LY, Wang HF, Ding ZS, Yang Y, Tan WS, Wang WY, Wang XC, Qin M, Wang JH, Tang HA, Jiang XM, Li YH, Wang ML, Zhang SL, Li GL (2001b) Efficacy trial of Vi polysaccharide vaccine against typhoid fever in south-western China. Bull WHO 79:625–631

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yugoslav Typhoid Commission (1962) A controlled field trial of the effectiveness of phenol and alcohol typhoid vaccines. Bull WHO 26:357–369

    Google Scholar 

  • Yugoslav Typhoid Commission (1964) A controlled field trial of the effectiveness of acetone-dried and inactivated and heat-phenol-inactivated typhoid vaccines in Yugoslavia. Bull WHO 30:623–630

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2006 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Levine, M.M. (2006). Mass Vaccination to Control Epidemic and Endemic Typhoid Fever. In: Plotkin, S.A. (eds) Mass Vaccination: Global Aspects — Progress and Obstacles. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, vol 304. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg . https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-36583-4_13

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics