Skip to main content
  • 1356 Accesses

Summary

Methods to derive macroscopic transport equations for rarefied gases from the Boltzmann equations are presented. Featured methods include the Chapman-Enskog expansion, Grad’s moment method, and the author’s order of magnitude method. The resulting macroscopic equations are compared and discussed by means of simple problems, including linear stability, shock wave structures, and Couette flow.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. C. Cercignani: Theory and application of the Boltzmann Equation. Scottish Academic Press, Edinburgh 1975

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  2. S. Chapman, T.G. Cowling: The mathematical Theory of Non-Uniform Gases (Cambridge University Press 1970)

    Google Scholar 

  3. H. Struchtrup: Macroscopic Transport Equations for Rarefied Gas Flows—Approximation Methods in Kinetic Theory, Interaction of Mechanics and Mathematics Series (Springer, Heidelberg 2005)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  4. T. Ohwada: Heat flow and temperature and density distributions in a rarefied gas between parallel plates with different temperatures. Finite difference analysis of the nonlinear Boltzmann equation for hard sphere molecules. Phys. Fluids 8, 2153–2160 (1996)

    Article  MATH  ADS  Google Scholar 

  5. G. Bird: Molecular gas dynamics and the direct simulation of gas flows (Clarendon Press, Oxford 1994)

    Google Scholar 

  6. P.L. Bhatnagar, E.P. Gross, M. Krook: A Model for collision processes in gases. I. Small Amplitude Processes in Charged and Neutral One-Component Systems. Phys. Rev. 94, 511–525 (1954)

    Article  MATH  ADS  Google Scholar 

  7. M.N. Kogan: Rarefied Gas Dynamics (Plenum Press, New York 1969)

    Google Scholar 

  8. J.H. Ferziger, H.G. Kaper: Mathematical theory of transport processes in gases (North-Holland, Amsterdam 1972)

    Google Scholar 

  9. D. Burnett: The distribution of molecular velocities and the mean motion in a non-uniform gas. Proc. Lond. Math. Soc. 40, 382–435 (1936)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. S. Reinecke, G.M. Kremer: Method of Moments of Grad. Phys. Rev. A 42, 815–820 (1990)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  11. M.Sh. Shavaliyev: Super-Burnett Corrections to the Stress Tensor and the Heat Flux in a Gas of Maxwellian Molecules. J. Appl. Maths. Mechs. 57, 573–576 (1993)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. A.V. Bobylev: The Chapman-Enskog and Grad methods for solving the Boltzmann equation. Sov. Phys. Dokl. 27, 29–31 (1982)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  13. H. Struchtrup, M. Torrilhon: Regularization of Grad’s 13-moment-equations: Derivation and Linear Analysis. Phys. Fluids 15, 2668–2680 (2003)

    Article  MathSciNet  ADS  Google Scholar 

  14. K.A. Fiscko, D.R. Chapman: Comparison of Burnett, Super-Burnett and Monte Carlo Solutions for Hypersonic Shock Structure. In: Proceedings of the 16th Symposium on Rarefied Gasdynamics (AIAA, Washington 1989), 374–395

    Google Scholar 

  15. M. Torrilhon, H. Struchtrup: Regularized 13-Moment-Equations: Shock Structure Calculations and Comparison to Burnett Models. J. Fluid Mech. 513, 171–198 (2004)

    Article  MATH  ADS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  16. H. Struchtrup: Failures of the Burnett and Super-Burnett equations in steady state processes. Cont. Mech. Thermodyn. 17, 43–50 (2005)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  17. I.V. Karlin, A.N. Gorban: Hydrodynamics from Grad’s equations: What can we learn from exact solutions? Ann. Phys.-Berlin 11, 783–833 (2002)

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  ADS  Google Scholar 

  18. Y. Zheng, H. Struchtrup: Burnett equations for the ellipsoidal statistical BGK Model. Cont. Mech. Thermodyn. 16, 97–108 (2004)

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  19. X. Zhong, R.W. MacCormack, D.R. Chapman: Stabilization of the Burnett Equations and Applications to High-Altitude Hypersonic Flows. AIAA 91-0770 (1991)

    Google Scholar 

  20. X. Zhong, R.W. MacCormack, D.R. Chapman: Stabilization of the Burnett Equations and Applications to Hypersonic Flows. AIAA Journal 31, 1036 (1993)

    Article  MATH  ADS  Google Scholar 

  21. H. Grad: On the Kinetic Theory of Rarefied Gases. Comm. Pure Appl. Math. 2, 325 (1949)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  22. H. Grad: Principles of the Kinetic Theory of Gases. In: Handbuch der Physik, vol. 12, ed. by S. Flügge (Springer, Berlin 1958)

    Google Scholar 

  23. I. Müller, T. Ruggeri: Rational Extended Thermodynamics, Springer Tracts in Natural Philosophy, vol. 37 (Springer, New York 1998)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  24. H. Struchtrup: Heat Transfer in the Transition Regime: Solution of Boundary Value Problems for Grad’s Moment Equations via Kinetic Schemes. Phys. Rev. E 65, 041204 (2002)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  25. H. Struchtrup: An Extended Moment Method in Radiative Transfer: The Matrices of Mean Absorption and Scattering Coefficients. Ann. Phys. 257, 111–135 (1997)

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  ADS  Google Scholar 

  26. W. Weiss: Continuous shock structure in extended Thermodynamics. Phys. Rev. E 52, 5760 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  27. J.D. Au: Nichtlineare Probleme und Lösungen in der Erweiterten Thermodynamik. Dissertation, Technical University Berlin 2000

    Google Scholar 

  28. J.D. Au, M. Torrilhon, W. Weiss: The Shock Tube Study in Extended Thermodynamics, Phys. Fluids 13, 2423–2432, (2001)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  29. H. Struchtrup: Kinetic schemes and boundary conditions for moment equations. ZAMP 51, 346–365 (2000)

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  ADS  Google Scholar 

  30. H. Struchtrup: Some remarks on the equations of Burnett and Grad. IMA Volume 135 “Transport in Transition Regimes,” (Springer, New York 2003)

    Google Scholar 

  31. D. Reitebuch, W. Weiss: Application of High Moment Theory to the Plane Couette Flow. Cont. Mech. Thermodyn. 11, 227 (1999)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  32. H. Struchtrup: Grad’s Moment Equations for Microscale Flows. In: Symposium on Rarefied Gasdynamics 23, AIP Conference Proceedings 663, 792–799 (2003)

    MATH  ADS  Google Scholar 

  33. W. Weiss: Zur Hierarchie der Erweiterten Thermodynamik. Ph.D. thesis, Technical University Berlin (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  34. E. Ikenberry, C. Truesdell: On the pressures and the flux of energy in a gas according to Maxwell’s kinetic theory I. J. of Rat. Mech. Anal. 5, 1–54 (1956)

    MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  35. C. Truesdell, R.G. Muncaster: Fundamentals of Maxwell’s kinetic theory of a simple monatomic gas (Academic Press, New Yorck 1980)

    Google Scholar 

  36. S. Reinecke, G.M. Kremer: Burnett’s equations from a (13+9N)-field theory. Cont Mech. Thermodyn. 8, 121–130 (1996)

    MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  37. I.V. Karlin, A.N. Gorban, G. Dukek, T.F. Nonnenmacher: Dynamic correction to moment approximations, Phys. Rev. E 57, 1668–1672 (1998)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  38. A.N. Gorban, I.V. Karlin: Invariant Manifolds for Physical and Chemical Kinetics, Lecture Notes in Physics, vol. 660, (Springer, Berlin 2005)

    Google Scholar 

  39. W. Dreyer: Maximization of the Entropy in Non-equilibrium. J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. 20, 6505 (1987)

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  ADS  Google Scholar 

  40. C.D. Levermore: Moment Closure Hierarchies for Kinetic Theories. J. Stat. Phys. 83, 1021–1065 (1996)

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  ADS  Google Scholar 

  41. M. Junk: Domain of definition of Levermore’s five-moment system. J. Stat. Phys. 93, 1143–1167 (1998)

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  ADS  Google Scholar 

  42. W. Dreyer, M. Junk, M. Kunik: On the approximation of the Fokker-Planck equation by moment systems. Nonlinearity 14, 881–906 (2001)

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  ADS  Google Scholar 

  43. M. Junk: Maximum entropy moment problems and extended Euler equations. Transport in Transition Regimes, IMA Vol. Math. Appl. 135, 189–198 (Springer, New York 2003)

    Google Scholar 

  44. H. Struchtrup: Stable transport equations for rarefied gases at high orders in the Knudsen number. Phys. Fluids 16, 3921–3934 (2004)

    Article  MathSciNet  ADS  Google Scholar 

  45. H. Struchtrup: Derivation of 13 moment equations for rarefied gas flow to second order accuracy for arbitrary interaction potentials. Multiscale Model. Simul. 3, 211–243 (2004)

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  46. I. Müller, D. Reitebuch, W. Weiss: Extended Thermodynamics — Consistent in Order of Magnitude, Cont. Mech. Thermodyn. 15, 113–146 (2003)

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  47. S. Jin, M. Slemrod: Regularization of the Burnett equations via relaxation. J. Stat. Phys. 103, 1009–1033 (2001)

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  48. S. Jin, L. Pareschi, M. Slemrod: A Relaxation Scheme for Solving the Boltzmann Equation Based on the Chapman-Enskog Expansion. Acta Mathematicas Applicatae Sinica (English Series) 18, 37–62 (2002)

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  49. B. Schmidt: Electron Beam Density Measurements in Shock Waves in Argon. J. Fluid Mech. 39, 361 (1969)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  50. H. Alsmeyer: Density Profiles in Argon and Nitrogen Shock Waves Measured by the Absorbtion of an Electron Beam, J. Fluid Mech. 74, 497 (1976)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  51. G.C. Pham-Van-Diep, D.A. Erwin, E.P. Muntz, Testing Continuum Descriptions of Low-Mach-Number Shock Structures. J. Fluid Mech. 232, 403 (1991)

    Article  MATH  ADS  Google Scholar 

  52. E. Salomons, M. Mareschal, Usefulness of the Burnett Description of Strong Shock Waves. Phys. Rev. Lett. 69, 269–272 (1992)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2006 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Struchtrup, H. (2006). Model Reduction in Kinetic Theory. In: Gorban, A.N., Kevrekidis, I.G., Theodoropoulos, C., Kazantzis, N.K., Öttinger, H.C. (eds) Model Reduction and Coarse-Graining Approaches for Multiscale Phenomena. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg . https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-35888-9_14

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics