Abstract
This chapter is a tutorial text that gives an introductory exposure to computational neural networks for students and professional researchers in spatial data analysis. The text covers a wide range of topics important for developing neural networks into an advanced spatial analytic tool for non-parametric modelling. The topics covered include a definition of computational neural networks in mathematical terms and a careful and detailed description of neural networks in terms of the properties of the processing elements, the network topology and learning in the network. The chapter presents four important families of neural networks that are especially attractive for solving real world spatial analysis problems: backpropagation networks, radial basis function networks, supervised and unsupervised ART models, and self-organising feature map networks.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Baumann J.H., Fischer M.M. and Schubert U. (1983): A multiregional labour supply model for Austria: The effects of different regionalisations in multiregional labour market modelling, Papers of the Regional Science Association 52, 53–83
Benediktsson J.A. and Kanellopoulos I. (1999): Classification of multisource and hyper-spectral data based on decision fusion, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 37(3), 1367–1377
Benediktsson J.A., Swain P.H. and Ersoy O.K. (1990): Neural network approaches versus statistical methods in classification of multisource remote sensing data, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 28, 540–552
Bezdek J.C. (1994): What’s computational intelligence? In: Zurada J.M., Marks II R.J. and Robinson C.J. (eds.) Computational Intelligence: Imitating Life, IEEE Press, Piscataway [NJ], pp. 1–12
Carpenter G.A. and Grossberg S. (eds.) (1991): Pattern Recognition by Self-Organising Neural Networks, MIT Press, Cambridge [MA]
Carpenter G.A. and Grossberg S. (1987a): A massively parallel architecture for a self-or-ganising neural pattern recognition machine, Computer Vision, Graphics, and Image Processing 37, 54–115
Carpenter G.A. and Grossberg S. (1987b): ART 2 stable self-organising of pattern recognition codes for analog input patterns, Applied Optics 26, 4919–4930
Carpenter G.A., Grossberg S. and Reynolds J.H. (1991) ARTMAP supervised real-time learning and classification of nonstationary data by a self-organising neural network, Neural Networks 4, 565–588
Fischer M.M. (2001): Spatial analysis. In: Smelser N.J. and Baltes P.B. (eds.) International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioural Sciences, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 14752–14758
Fischer M.M. (2000): Methodological challenges in neural spatial interaction modelling: The issue of model selection. In: Reggiani A. (ed.) Spatial Economic Science: New Frontiers in Theory and Methodology, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, pp. 89–101
Fischer M.M. (1999a): Intelligent GI analysis. In: Stillwell J.C.M., Geertman S. and Openshaw S. (eds.) Geographical Information and Planning, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, pp. 349–368
Fischer M.M. (1999b): Spatial analysis: Retrospect and prospect. In: Longley P.A., Goodchild M.F, Maguire P. and Rhind D.W. (eds.) Geographical Information Systems: Principles, Technical Issues, Management Issues and Applications, John Wiley, Chichester [UK], New York, pp. 283–292
Fischer M.M. (1998a): Computational neural networks: An attractive class of mathematical models for transportation research. In: Himanen V., Nijkamp P. and Reggiani A. (eds.) Neural Networks in Transport Applications, Ashgate, Aldershot, pp. 3–20
Fischer M.M. (1998b): Computational neural networks. A new paradigm for spatial analysis, Environment and Planning A 30(10), 1873–1892
Fischer M.M. (1995): Fundamentals in neurocomputing. In: Fischer M.M., Sikos T. and Bassa L. (eds.) Recent Developments in Spatial Information, Modelling and Processing, Geomarket, Budapest, pp. 31–41
Fischer M.M. and Abrahart R.J. (2000): Neurocomputing. Tools for geographers. In: Openshaw S., Abrahart R.J. and Harris T. (eds.) GeoComputation, Taylor & Francis, London, New York, pp. 187–217
Fischer M.M. and Getis A. (eds.) (1997): Recent Developments in Spatial Analysis — Spatial Statistics, Behavioural Modelling, and Computational Intelligence, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York
Fischer M.M. and Gopal S. (1996): Spectral pattern recognition and fuzzy ARTMAP: Design features, system dynamics and real world simulations. In: Proceedings of the Fourth European Congress on Intelligent Technologies and Soft Computing [EUFIT’96], Elite Foundation, Aachen, pp. 1664–1668
Fischer M.M. and Gopal S. (1994a): Artificial neural networks. A new approach to modelling interregional telecommunication flows, Journal of Regional Science 34, 503–527
Fischer M.M. and Gopal S. (1994b): Neurocomputing and spatial information processing. In: Proceedings of the Eurostat/DOSES Workshop on ‘New Tools for Spatial Data Analysis’, Lisbon, Eurostat, Luxembourg, pp. 55–68
Fischer M.M. and Gopal S. (1993): Neurocomputing — A new paradigm for geographic information processing, Environment and Planning A 25(6), 757–760
Fischer M.M. and Leung Y. (1998): A genetic-algorithm based evolutionary computational neural network for modelling spatial interaction data, The Annals of Regional Science 32(3), 437–458
Fischer M.M. and Staufer P. (1999): Optimisation in an error backpropagation neural network environment with a performance test on a spectral pattern classification problem, Geographical Analysis 31(2), 89–108
Fischer M.M., Hlavácková-Schindler K. and Reismann M. (1999): A global search procedure for parameter estimation in neural spatial interaction modelling, Papers in Regional Science 78, 119–134
Fischer M.M., Gopal S., Staufer P. and Steinnocher K. (1994): Evaluation of neural pattern classifiers for a remote sensing application. Paper presented at the 34th European Congress of the Regional Science Association, Groningen, August 1994 [published 1997 in Geographical Systems 4 (2), 195–223]
Fogel D.B. (1995): Evolutionary Computation: Towards a New Philosophy of Machine Intelligence, IEEE Press, Piscataway [NJ]
Gallant S.I. (1993): Neural Network Learning and Expert Systems, MIT Press, Cambridge [MA]
Goldberg D.E. (1989): Genetic Algorithms in Search, Optimisation and Machine Learning, Addison-Wesley, Reading [MA]
Gopal S. and Fischer M.M. (1997): Fuzzy ARTMAP — A neural classifier for multispectral image classification. In: Fischer M.M. and Getis A. (eds.) Recent Developments in Spatial Analysis — Spatial Statistics, Behavioural Modelling and Computational Intelligence, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, pp. 306–335
Gopal S. and Fischer M.M. (1996): Learning in single hidden layer feedforward network models, Geographical Analysis 28(1), 38–55
Gopal S. and Fischer M.M. (1993): Neural net based interregional telephone traffic models. In: Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Neural Networks [IJCNN’93], Nagoya, Japan, pp. 2041–2044
Gopal S. and Woodcock C. (1996): Remote sensing of forest change using artificial neural networks, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 34, 398–403
Grossberg S. (1976a): Adaptive pattern classification and universal recoding, I: Parallel development and coding of neural feature detectors, Biological Cybernetics 23, 121–134
Grossberg S. (1976b): Adaptive pattern classification and universal recoding, II: Feedback, expectation, olfaction and illusion, Biological Cybernetics 23, 187–202
Haining R.P. (1994): Designing spatial data analysis modules for geographical information systems. In: Fotheringham S. and Rogerson, P. (eds.) Spatial Analysis and GIS, Taylor & Francis, London, pp. 45–63
Hlavácková-Schindler K. and Fischer M.M. (2000): An incremental algorithm for parallel training of the size and the weights in a feedforward neural network, Neural Processing Letters 11(2), 131–138
Holland J.H. (1975): Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
Kim T.J., Wiggins L.L. and Wright J.R. (eds.) (1990): Expert Systems: Applications to Urban and Regional Planning, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston, London, pp. 191–201
Kohonen T. (1988): Self-Organisation and Associative Memory. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York [1rst edition 1984]
Kohonen T. (1982): Self-organised formation of topologically correct feature maps, Biological Cybernetics 43, 59–69
Leung Y. (1997a): Intelligent Spatial Decision Support Systems. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York
Leung Y. (1997b): Feedforward neural network models for spatial data pattern classification. In: Fischer M.M. and Getis A. (eds.) Recent Developments in Spatial Analysis — Spatial Statistics, Behavioural Modelling and Computational Intelligence, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, pp. 336–359
Leung Y. (1993): Towards the development of an intelligent support system. In: Fischer M.M. and Nijkamp P. (eds.) Geographic Information Systems, Spatial Modelling, and Policy Evaluation, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, pp. 131–145
Leung Y., Dong T.X. and Xu Z.B. (1998): The optimal encoding of biased association in linear associative memories, Neural Networks 11, 877–884
Leung Y., Zhang J.S. and Xu Z.B. (1997): Neural networks for convex hull computation, IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks 8, 601–611
Liu Y. and Yao X. (1999a): Ensemble learning via negative correlation, Neural Networks 12, 1391–1398
Liu Y. and Yao X. (1999b): Simultaneous training of negatively correlated neural networks in an ensemble, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B: Cybernetics 29(6), 716–725
Moddy A., Gopal S. and Strahler A.H. (1996): Artificial neural network response to mixed pixels in coarse-resolution satellite data, Remote Sensing of the Environment 58, 329–343
Openshaw S. (1995): Developing automated and smart spatial pattern exploration tools for geographical systems applications, The Statistician 44(1), 3–16
Openshaw S. (1993): Modelling spatial interaction using a neural net. In: Fischer M.M. and Nijkamp P. (eds.) Geographic Information Systems, Spatial Modelling, and Policy Evaluation, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, pp. 147–164
Openshaw S. and Abrahart R.J. (eds.) (2000): GeoComputation, Taylor & Francis, London, New York
Openshaw S. and Taylor P. (1979): A million or so correlation coefficients: Three experiments on the modifiable areal unit problem. In: Bennett R.J, Thrift N.J. and Wrigley, N. (eds.) Statistical Applications in the Spatial Sciences, Pion, London, pp. 127–144
Openshaw S. and Wymer C. (1995): Classifying and regionalising census data. In: Openshaw, S. (ed.) Census Users Handbook, Geoinformation International, Cambridge, pp. 353–361
Openshaw S., Fischer M.M., Benwell G. and Macmillan B. (2000): GeoComputation research agendas and futures. In: Openshaw S. and Abrahart R.J. (eds.) GeoComputation, Taylor & Francis, London, pp. 379–400
Rumelhart D.E., Hinton G.E. and Williams R.J. (1986): Learning internal representations by error propagations. In: Rumelhart D.E., McClelland J.L. and the PDP Research Group (eds.) Parallel Distributed Processing: Explorations in the Microstructures of Cognition, MIT Press, Cambridge [MA], pp. 318–362
Smith T.R., Peuquet D., Menon S. and Agarwal P. (1987): KBGIS-II. A knowledge based geographical information system, International Journal of Geographic Information Systems 1, 149–172
Tibshirani R. (1996): A comparison of some error estimates for neural network models, Neural Computation 8(1), 152–163
Turton I., Openshaw S. and Diplock G.J. (1997): A genetic programming approach to building new spatial model relevant to GIS. In: Kemp Z. (ed.) Innovations in GIS 4, Taylor & Francis, London, pp. 89–102
Weigend A.S., Huberman B. and Rumelhart D.E. (1990): Predicting the future: A connectionist approach, International Journal of Neural Systems 1, 193–209
White H. (1990): Connectionist nonparametric regression: Multi-layer feedforward networks can learn arbitrary mappings, Neural Networks 3, 535–550
Wilkinson G.G., Fierens F. and Kanellopoulos I. (1995): Integration of neural and statistical approaches in spatial data classification, Geographical Systems 2, 1–20
Wise S., Haining R. and Ma J. (1996): Regionalisation tools for the exploratory spatial analysis of health data. In: Fischer M.M. and Getis A. (eds.) Recent Developments in Spatial Analysis — Spatial Statistics, Behavioural Modelling, and Computational Intelligence, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, pp. 83–100
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2006 Springer Berlin · Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
(2006). Computational Neural Networks — Tools for Spatial Data Analysis. In: Spatial Analysis and GeoComputation. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg . https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-35730-0_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-35730-0_6
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-35729-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-35730-8
eBook Packages: Business and EconomicsEconomics and Finance (R0)