Abstract
Gravitational lensing originates from the deflection of light by masses, irrespective of their physical state or composition. Since it appears inescapable that most of the matter in the universe is dark, gravitational lensing has developed into one of the primary tools to learn about the amount, composition and distribution of masses in the universe.
The review will summarise the theory of gravitational lensing, starting from Fermat’s principle. This will first be applied to isolated lenses like compact objects, galaxies, and galaxy clusters. Cosmologically relevant applications will be described, such as searches for compact dark-matter objects in galactic halos, measurements of the Hubble constant in galaxy lenses, and methods for mapping the dark matter in galaxy clusters. Next, the theory of cosmological lensing will be introduced. The concepts of lensing by large-scale structures and its measurement will be discussed, concluding with an overview of results which have so far been obtained, and an outlook at what can be expected in the near future.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Alcock, C., Allsman, R. A., Alves, D. R., et al. 2000, ApJ, 542, 281
Allen, S. W. 1998, MNRAS, 296, 392
Arabadjis, J. S., Bautz, M. W., & Garmire, G. P. 2002, ApJ, 572, 66
Athreya, R. M., Mellier, Y., van Waerbeke, L., et al. 2002, A&A, 384, 743
Aubourg, É., Palanque-Delabrouille, N., Salati, P., Spiro, M., & Taillet, R. 1999, A&A, 347, 850
Bacon, D. J., Massey, R. J., Refregier, A. R., & Ellis, R. S. 2003, MNRAS, 344, 673
Bacon, D. J., Refregier, A. R., & Ellis, R. S. 2000, MNRAS, 318, 625
Barber, A. J. & Taylor, A. N. 2003, MNRAS, 344, 789
Bartelmann, M. 1995a, A&A, 299, 11
Bartelmann, M. 1995b, A&A, 298, 661
Bartelmann, M. 1996, A&A, 313, 697
Bartelmann, M., Huss, A., Colberg, J. M., Jenkins, A., & Pearce, F. R. 1998, A&A, 330, 1
Bartelmann, M., King, L. J., & Schneider, P. 2001, A&A, 378, 361
Bartelmann, M. & Meneghetti, M. 2004, A&A, 418, 413
Bartelmann, M., Meneghetti, M., Perrotta, F., Baccigalupi, C., & Moscardini, L. 2003, A&A, 409, 449
Bartelmann, M., Narayan, R., Seitz, S., & Schneider, P. 1996, ApJL, 464, L115+
Bartelmann, M., Perrotta, F., & Baccigalupi, C. 2002, A&A, 396, 21
Bartelmann, M. & Schneider, P. 1992, A&A, 259, 413
Bartelmann, M. & Schneider, P. 1993a, A&A, 268, 1
Bartelmann, M. & Schneider, P. 1993b, A&A, 271, 421
Bartelmann, M. & Schneider, P. 1994, A&A, 284, 1
Bartelmann, M. & Schneider, P. 2001, Phys. Rep., 340, 291
Bartelmann, M., Schneider, P., & Hasinger, G. 1994, A&A, 290, 399
Bartelmann, M. & Steinmetz, M. 1996, MNRAS, 283, 431
Bartelmann, M., Steinmetz, M., & Weiss, A. 1995, A&A, 297, 1
Bartelmann, M. & Weiss, A. 1994, A&A, 287, 1
Bartsch, A., Schneider, P., & Bartelmann, M. 1997, A&A, 319, 375
Benabed, K. & van Waerbeke, L. 2004, Phys. Rev. D, 70, 123515
Benítez, N. & Sanz, J. L. 1999, ApJL, 525, L1
Benítez, N., Sanz, J. L., & Martínez-González, E. 2001, MNRAS, 320, 241
Bergmann, A. G., Petrosian, V., & Lynds, R. 1990, ApJ, 350, 23
Bernardeau, F., Mellier, Y., & van Waerbeke, L. 2002, A&A, 389, L28
Bernardeau, F., van Waerbeke, L., & Mellier, Y. 1997, A&A, 322, 1
Blandford, R. D., Saust, A. B., Brainerd, T. G., & Villumsen, J. V. 1991, MNRAS, 251, 600
Bradač, M., Schneider, P., Lombardi, M., et al. 2004, A&A, 423, 797
Bradač, M., Schneider, P., Steinmetz, M., et al. 2002, A&A, 388, 373
Brainerd, T. G., Blandford, R. D., & Smail, I. 1996, ApJ, 466, 623
Brown, M. L., Taylor, A. N., Bacon, D. J., et al. 2003, MNRAS, 341, 100
Brown, M. L., Taylor, A. N., Hambly, N. C., & Dye, S. 2002, MNRAS, 333, 501
Casoli, F., Encrenaz, P., Fort, B., Boisse, P., & Mellier, Y. 1996, A&A, 306, L41+
Catelan, P., Kamionkowski, M., & Blandford, R. D. 2001, MNRAS, 320, L7
Chae, K.-H., Biggs, A. D., Blandford, R. D., et al. 2002, Physical Review Letters, 89, 151301
Chang, T., Refregier, A., & Helfand, D. J. 2004, ApJ, 617, 794
Chen, J., Kravtsov, A. V., & Keeton, C. R. 2003, ApJ, 592, 24
Chiba, M. 2002, ApJ, 565, 17
Chiba, M. & Yoshii, Y. 1999, ApJ, 510, 42
Clowe, D., De Lucia, G., & King, L. 2004, MNRAS, 350, 1038
Clowe, D., Luppino, G. A., Kaiser, N., & Gioia, I. M. 2000, ApJ, 539, 540
Clowe, D., Luppino, G. A., Kaiser, N., Henry, J. P., & Gioia, I. M. 1998, ApJL, 497, L61+
Clowe, D. & Schneider, P. 2001, A&A, 379, 384
Clowe, D. & Schneider, P. 2002, A&A, 395, 385
Cohn, J. D. & Kochanek, C. S. 2004, ApJ, 608, 25
Contaldi, C. R., Hoekstra, H., & Lewis, A. 2003, Physical Review Letters, 90, 221303
Cooray, A. & Hu, W. 2001, ApJ, 554, 56
Cooray, A. R. 1999, A&A, 341, 653
Crittenden, R. G., Natarajan, P., Pen, U., & Theuns, T. 2001, ApJ, 559, 552
Croft, R. A. C. & Metzler, C. A. 2000, ApJ, 545, 561
Croom, S. M. 2001, Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia, 18, 169
Cypriano, E. S., Sodré, L. J., Kneib, J., & Campusano, L. E. 2004, ApJ, 613, 95
Dahle, H., Kaiser, N., Irgens, R. J., Lilje, P. B., & Maddox, S. J. 2002, ApJS, 139, 313
Dahle, H., Pedersen, K., Lilje, P. B., Maddox, S. J., & Kaiser, N. 2003, ApJ, 591, 662
Dalal, N., Holder, G., & Hennawi, J. F. 2004, ApJ, 609, 50
Dalal, N. & Kochanek, C. S. 2002, ApJ, 572, 25
de Jong, J. T. A., Kuijken, K., Crotts, A. P. S., et al. 2004, A&A, 417, 461
dell’Antonio, I. P. & Tyson, J. A. 1996, ApJL, 473, L17+
Dolag, K. & Bartelmann, M. 1997, MNRAS, 291, 446
Dolney, D., Jain, B., & Takada, M. 2004, MNRAS, 352, 1019
Eddington, A. S. 1919, The Observatory, 42, 119
Erben, T., Miralles, J. M., Clowe, D., et al. 2003, A&A, 410, 45
Erben, T., Van Waerbeke, L., Bertin, E., Mellier, Y., & Schneider, P. 2001, A&A, 366, 717
Erben, T., van Waerbeke, L., Mellier, Y., et al. 2000, A&A, 355, 23
Evans, N. W. & Kerins, E. 2000, ApJ, 529, 917
Evans, N. W. & Witt, H. J. 2003, MNRAS, 345, 1351
Fahlman, G., Kaiser, N., Squires, G., & Woods, D. 1994, ApJ, 437, 56
Falco, E. E., Kochanek, C. S., & Munoz, J. A. 1998, ApJ, 494, 47
Fassnacht, C. D., Xanthopoulos, E., Koopmans, L. V. E., & Rusin, D. 2002, ApJ, 581, 823
Ferreras, I., Benitez, N., & Martinez-Gonzalez, E. 1997, AJ, 114, 1728
Fischer, P. 1999, AJ, 117, 2024
Fischer, P., McKay, T. A., Sheldon, E., et al. 2000, AJ, 120, 1198
Flores, R. A., Maller, A. H., & Primack, J. R. 2000, ApJ, 535, 555
Fort, B., Le Fevre, O., Hammer, F., & Cailloux, M. 1992, ApJL, 399, L125
Fort, B., Mellier, Y., Dantel-Fort, M., Bonnet, H., & Kneib, J.-P. 1996, A&A, 310, 705
Frye, B. & Broadhurst, T. 1998, ApJL, 499, L115+
Fugmann, W. 1990, A&A, 240, 11
Gautret, L., Fort, B., & Mellier, Y. 2000, A&A, 353, 10
Gavazzi, R., Fort, B., Mellier, Y., Pelló, R., & Dantel-Fort, M. 2003, A&A, 403, 11
Gavazzi, R., Mellier, Y., Fort, B., Cuillandre, J.-C., & Dantel-Fort, M. 2004, A&A, 422, 407
Gaztañaga, E. 2003, ApJ, 589, 82
Geiger, B. & Schneider, P. 1998, MNRAS, 295, 497
Geiger, B. & Schneider, P. 1999, MNRAS, 302, 118
Gioia, I. M., Henry, J. P., Mullis, C. R., Ebeling, H., & Wolter, A. 1999, AJ, 117, 2608
Gladders, M. D., Hoekstra, H., Yee, H. K. C., Hall, P. B., & Barrientos, L. F. 2003, ApJ, 593, 48
Golse, G. & Kneib, J.-P. 2002, A&A, 390, 821
Gould, A. 1993, ApJ, 404, 451
Gould, A. 1995, ApJ, 441, 77
Gray, M. E., Ellis, R. S., Lewis, J. R., McMahon, R. G., & Firth, A. E. 2001, MNRAS, 325, 111
Gray, M. E., Taylor, A. N., Meisenheimer, K., et al. 2002, ApJ, 568, 141
Grossman, S. A. & Narayan, R. 1988, ApJL, 324, L37
Guimarães, A. C. C., van De Bruck, C., & Brandenberger, R. H. 2001, MNRAS, 325, 278
Guzik, J. & Seljak, U. 2002, MNRAS, 335, 311
Gyuk, G., Dalal, N., & Griest, K. 2000, ApJ, 535, 90
Hamana, T. & Mellier, Y. 2001, MNRAS, 327, 169
Hamana, T., Miyazaki, S., Shimasaku, K., et al. 2003, ApJ, 597, 98
Hammer, F. & Rigaut, F. 1989, A&A, 226, 45
Hammer, F., Rigaut, F., Le Fevre, O., Jones, J., & Soucail, G. 1989, A&A, 208, L7
Hattori, M., Matuzawa, H., Morikawa, K., et al. 1998, ApJ, 503, 593
Hattori, M., Watanabe, K., & Yamashita, K. 1997, A&A, 319, 764
Heavens, A. 2003, MNRAS, 343, 1327
Heavens, A., Refregier, A., & Heymans, C. 2000, MNRAS, 319, 649
Heymans, C., Brown, M., Heavens, A., et al. 2004, MNRAS, 347, 895
Heymans, C. & Heavens, A. 2003, MNRAS, 339, 711
Hirata, C. M., Mandelbaum, R., Seljak, U., et al. 2004, MNRAS, 353, 529
Hirata, C. M. & Seljak, U. 2004, Phys. Rev. D, 70, 063526
Hoekstra, H. 2003, MNRAS, 339, 1155
Hoekstra, H. 2004, MNRAS, 347, 1337
Hoekstra, H., Franx, M., & Kuijken, K. 2000, ApJ, 532, 88
Hoekstra, H., Franx, M., Kuijken, K., & van Dokkum, P. G. 2002a, MNRAS, 333, 911
Hoekstra, H., van Waerbeke, L., Gladders, M. D., Mellier, Y., & Yee, H. K. C. 2002b, ApJ, 577, 604
Hoekstra, H., Yee, H. K. C., & Gladders, M. D. 2001, ApJL, 558, L11
Hoekstra, H., Yee, H. K. C., & Gladders, M. D. 2002c, New Astronomy Review, 46, 767
Hoekstra, H., Yee, H. K. C., & Gladders, M. D. 2004, ApJ, 606, 67
Hoekstra, H., Yee, H. K. C., Gladders, M. D., et al. 2002d, ApJ, 572, 55
Hogg, D. W. & Blandford, R. D. 1994, MNRAS, 268, 889
Holden, B. P., Stanford, S. A., Squires, G. K., et al. 2002, AJ, 124, 33
Hu, W. & Tegmark, M. 1999, ApJL, 514, L65
Hu, W. & White, M. 2001, ApJ, 554, 67
Hubble, E. 1929, Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 15, 168
Hubble, E. & Humason, M. L. 1931, ApJ, 74, 43
Huterer, D. 2002, Phys. Rev. D, 65, 063001
Inada, N., Oguri, M., Pindor, B., et al. 2003, Nat, 426, 810
Irgens, R. J., Lilje, P. B., Dahle, H., & Maddox, S. J. 2002, ApJ, 579, 227
Jain, B. 2002, ApJL, 580, L3
Jain, B., Scranton, R., & Sheth, R. K. 2003, MNRAS, 345, 62
Jain, B. & Seljak, U. 1997, ApJ, 484, 560
Jain, B., Seljak, U., & White, S. 2000, ApJ, 530, 547
Jarvis, M., Bernstein, G. M., Fischer, P., et al. 2003, AJ, 125, 1014
Jee, M. J., White, R. L., Benítez, N., et al. 2005, ApJ, 618, 46
Jenkins, A., Frenk, C. S., White, S. D. M., et al. 2001, MNRAS, 321, 372
Jetzer, P., Mancini, L., & Scarpetta, G. 2002, A&A, 393, 129
Jia, S. M., Chen, Y., Lu, F. J., Chen, L., & Xiang, F. 2004, A&A, 423, 65
Jing, Y. P. 2002, MNRAS, 335, L89
Kaiser, N. 1992, ApJ, 388, 272
Kaiser, N. 1998, ApJ, 498, 26
Kaiser, N. & Squires, G. 1993, ApJ, 404, 441
Kaiser, N., Squires, G., & Broadhurst, T. 1995, ApJ, 449, 460
Kassiola, A., Kovner, I., & Blandford, R. D. 1992, ApJ, 396, 10
Kaufmann, R. & Straumann, N. 2000, Annalen der Physik, 9, 384
Keeton, C. R. 2001, ApJ, 561, 46
Keeton, C. R. 2002, ApJL, 575, L1
Keeton, C. R., Kochanek, C. S., & Seljak, U. 1997, ApJ, 482, 604
Keeton, C. R. & Zabludoff, A. I. 2004, ApJ, 612, 660
King, L. & Schneider, P. 2002, A&A, 396, 411
King, L. J., Schneider, P., & Springel, V. 2001, A&A, 378, 748
Kneib, J., Ellis, R. S., Santos, M. R., & Richard, J. 2004, ApJ, 607, 697
Kneib, J., Hudelot, P., Ellis, R. S., et al. 2003, ApJ, 598, 804
Kneib, J.-P., Ellis, R. S., Smail, I., Couch, W. J., & Sharples, R. M. 1996, ApJ, 471, 643
Kochanek, C. S. 1995, ApJ, 453, 545
Kochanek, C. S. 1996, ApJ, 466, 638
Kochanek, C. S. 2003, ApJ, 583, 49
Kochanek, C. S. & Dalal, N. 2004, ApJ, 610, 69
Koopmans, L. V. E., Treu, T., Fassnacht, C. D., Blandford, R. D., & Surpi, G. 2003, ApJ, 599, 70
Kormann, R., Schneider, P., & Bartelmann, M. 1994, A&A, 286, 357
Kovner, I. 1989, ApJ, 337, 621
Kruse, G. & Schneider, P. 1999, MNRAS, 302, 821
Lasserre, T., Afonso, C., Albert, J. N., et al. 2000, A&A, 355, L39
Le Fevre, O., Hammer, F., Angonin, M. C., Gioia, I. M., & Luppino, G. A. 1994, ApJL, 422, L5
Lee, J. 2004, ApJL, 614, L1
Lee, J. & Pen, U. 2002, ApJL, 567, L111
Lewis, A. D., Ellingson, E., Morris, S. L., & Carlberg, R. G. 1999, ApJ, 517, 587
Link, R. & Pierce, M. J. 1998, ApJ, 502, 63
Luppino, G. A., Gioia, I. M., Hammer, F., Le Fèvre, O., & Annis, J. A. 1999, A&AS, 136, 117
Luppino, G. A. & Kaiser, N. 1997, ApJ, 475, 20
Lynds, R. & Petrosian, V. 1989, ApJ, 336, 1
Ménard, B. & Bartelmann, M. 2002, A&A, 386, 784
Ménard, B., Bartelmann, M., & Mellier, Y. 2003a, A&A, 409, 411
Ménard, B., Hamana, T., Bartelmann, M., & Yoshida, N. 2003b, A&A, 403, 817
Ménard, B. & Péroux, C. 2003, A&A, 410, 33
Möller, O., Hewett, P., & Blain, A. W. 2003, MNRAS, 345, 1
Machacek, M. E., Bautz, M. W., Canizares, C., & Garmire, G. P. 2002, ApJ, 567, 188
Makino, N. & Asano, K. 1999, ApJ, 512, 9
Mancini, L., Calchi Novati, S., Jetzer, P., & Scarpetta, G. 2004, A&A, 427, 61
Mao, S., Jing, Y., Ostriker, J. P., & Weller, J. 2004, ApJL, 604, L5
Mao, S. & Schneider, P. 1998, MNRAS, 295, 587
Maoli, R., Van Waerbeke, L., Mellier, Y., et al. 2001, A&A, 368, 766
Margoniner, V. E., Lubin, L. M., Wittman, D. M., & Squires, G. K. 2005, AJ, 129, 20
Markevitch, M., Gonzalez, A. H., Clowe, D., et al. 2004, ApJ, 606, 819
Marshall, P. J., Hobson, M. P., Gull, S. F., & Bridle, S. L. 2002, MNRAS, 335, 1037
Massey, R., Rhodes, J., Refregier, A., et al. 2004, AJ, 127, 3089
Mathez, G., Fort, B., Mellier, Y., Picat, J.-P., & Soucail, G. 1992, A&A, 256, 343
Mellier, Y. 1999, ARA&A, 37, 127
Mellier, Y., Fort, B., & Kneib, J. 1993, ApJ, 407, 33
Mellier, Y. & van Waerbeke, L. 2002, Classical and Quantum Gravity, 19, 3505
Meneghetti, M., Bartelmann, M., & Moscardini, L. 2003a, MNRAS, 346, 67
Meneghetti, M., Bartelmann, M., & Moscardini, L. 2003b, MNRAS, 340, 105
Meneghetti, M., Bolzonella, M., Bartelmann, M., Moscardini, L., & Tormen, G. 2000, MNRAS, 314, 338
Meneghetti, M., Yoshida, N., Bartelmann, M., et al. 2001, MNRAS, 325, 435
Metcalf, R. B. 2002, ApJ, 580, 696
Metcalf, R. B. & Zhao, H. 2002, ApJL, 567, L5
Metzler, C. A., White, M., Norman, M., & Loken, C. 1999, ApJL, 520, L9
Miralda-Escudé, J. 1991, ApJ, 380, 1
Miralda-Escudé, J. 1993, ApJ, 403, 497
Miralda-Escudé, J. 1995, ApJ, 438, 514
Miralda-Escudé, J. 2002, ApJ, 564, 60
Miralda-Escudé, J. & Babul, A. 1995, ApJ, 449, 18
Miralles, J.-M., Erben, T., Hämmerle, H., et al. 2002, A&A, 388, 68
Miyazaki, S., Hamana, T., Shimasaku, K., et al. 2002, ApJL, 580, L97
Moessner, R. & Jain, B. 1998, MNRAS, 294, L18
Moessner, R., Jain, B., & Villumsen, J. V. 1998, MNRAS, 294, 291
Molikawa, K. & Hattori, M. 2001, ApJ, 559, 544
Molikawa, K., Hattori, M., Kneib, J., & Yamashita, K. 1999, A&A, 351, 413
Mould, J., Blandford, R., Villumsen, J., et al. 1994, MNRAS, 271, 31
Munshi, D. & Wang, Y. 2003, ApJ, 583, 566
Narayan, R. & White, S. D. M. 1988, MNRAS, 231, 97P
Natarajan, P. & Kneib, J. 1997, MNRAS, 287, 833
Natarajan, P., Kneib, J., & Smail, I. 2002a, ApJL, 580, L11
Natarajan, P., Loeb, A., Kneib, J., & Smail, I. 2002b, ApJL, 580, L17
Navarro, J. F., Frenk, C. S., & White, S. D. M. 1996, ApJ, 462, 563
Navarro, J. F., Frenk, C. S., & White, S. D. M. 1997, ApJ, 490, 493
Norman, D. J. & Impey, C. D. 2001, AJ, 121, 2392
Norman, D. J. & Williams, L. L. R. 2000, AJ, 119, 2060
Oguri, M. & Keeton, C. R. 2004, ApJ, 610, 663
Oguri, M., Lee, J., & Suto, Y. 2003, ApJ, 599, 7
Oguri, M., Taruya, A., & Suto, Y. 2001, ApJ, 559, 572
Ota, N., Mitsuda, K., & Fukazawa, Y. 1998, ApJ, 495, 170
Ota, N., Pointecouteau, E., Hattori, M., & Mitsuda, K. 2004, ApJ, 601, 120
Paczyński, B. 1986, ApJ, 304, 1
Paczyński, B. 1987, Nat, 325, 572
Paulin-Henriksson, S., Baillon, P., Bouquet, A., et al. 2003, A&A, 405, 15
Pelló, R., Kneib, J. P., Le Borgne, J. F., et al. 1999, A&A, 346, 359
Pelló, R., Sanahuja, B., Le Borgne, J., Soucail, G., & Mellier, Y. 1991, ApJ, 366, 405
Pelló, R., Schaerer, D., Richard, J., Le Borgne, J.-F., & Kneib, J.-P. 2004, A&A, 416, L35
Pen, U. 2004a, MNRAS, 350, 1445
Pen, U. 2004b, New Astronomy, 9, 417
Phillips, P. M., Browne, I. W. A., Jackson, N. J., et al. 2001, MNRAS, 328, 1001
Pierre, M., Le Borgne, J. F., Soucail, G., & Kneib, J. P. 1996, A&A, 311, 413
Press, W. H. & Schechter, P. 1974, ApJ, 187, 425
Quadri, R., Möller, O., & Natarajan, P. 2003, ApJ, 597, 659
Reblinsky, K. & Bartelmann, M. 1999, A&A, 345, 1
Refregier, A. 2003, ARA&A, 41, 645
Refregier, A., Massey, R., Rhodes, J., et al. 2004, AJ, 127, 3102
Rhodes, J., Refregier, A., Collins, N. R., et al. 2004, ApJ, 605, 29
Riffeser, A., Fliri, J., Bender, R., Seitz, S., & Gössl, C. A. 2003, ApJL, 599, L17
Rodrigues-Williams, L. L. & Hogan, C. J. 1994, AJ, 107, 451
Rusin, D., Kochanek, C. S., & Keeton, C. R. 2003, ApJ, 595, 29
Rusin, D. & Ma, C. 2001, ApJL, 549, L33
Sahu, K. C. 1994, PASP, 106, 942
Sand, D. J., Treu, T., Smith, G. P., & Ellis, R. S. 2004, ApJ, 604, 88
Schechter, P. L. & Wambsganss, J. 2002, ApJ, 580, 685
Schechter, P. L., Wambsganss, J., & Lewis, G. F. 2004, ApJ, 613, 77
Schirmer, M., Erben, T., Schneider, P., Wolf, C., & Meisenheimer, K. 2004, A&A, 420, 75
Schneider, P. 1996, MNRAS, 283, 837
Schneider, P. & Rix, H. 1997, ApJ, 474, 25
Schneider, P., van Waerbeke, L., Kilbinger, M., & Mellier, Y. 2002a, A&A, 396, 1
Schneider, P., van Waerbeke, L., & Mellier, Y. 2002b, A&A, 389, 729
Schneider, P., van Waerbeke, L., Mellier, Y., et al. 1998, A&A, 333, 767
Scranton, R., Ménard, B., Richards, G., et al. 2005, preprint
Seitz, C. & Schneider, P. 1995, A&A, 297, 287
Seitz, S. & Schneider, P. 1996, A&A, 305, 383
Seitz, S., Schneider, P., & Bartelmann, M. 1998, A&A, 337, 325
Seldner, M. & Peebles, P. J. E. 1979, ApJ, 227, 30
Seljak, U. 2002, MNRAS, 334, 797
Sheldon, E. S., Annis, J., Böhringer, H., et al. 2001, ApJ, 554, 881
Sheldon, E. S., Johnston, D. E., Frieman, J. A., et al. 2004, AJ, 127, 2544
Sheth, R. K. & Tormen, G. 2002, MNRAS, 329, 61
Simon, P., King, L. J., & Schneider, P. 2004, A&A, 417, 873
Smail, I., Hogg, D. W., Blandford, R., et al. 1995, MNRAS, 277, 1
Smith, D. R., Bernstein, G. M., Fischer, P., & Jarvis, M. 2001, ApJ, 551, 643
Soucail, G., Fort, B., Mellier, Y., & Picat, J. P. 1987, A&A, 172, L14
Soucail, G., Kneib, J.-P., & Golse, G. 2004, A&A, 417, L33
Soucail, G., Mellier, Y., Fort, B., Mathez, G., & Cailloux, M. 1988, A&A, 191, L19
Takada, M. & Hamana, T. 2003, MNRAS, 346, 949
Takada, M. & Jain, B. 2003, MNRAS, 344, 857
Taylor, A. N., Bacon, D. J., Gray, M. E., et al. 2004, MNRAS, 353, 1176
Tereno, I., Doré, O., van Waerbeke, L., & Mellier, Y. 2005, A&A, 429, 383
Thompson, D., Pozzetti, L., Hasinger, G., et al. 2001, A&A, 377, 778
Torri, E., Meneghetti, M., Bartelmann, M., et al. 2004, MNRAS, 349, 476
Treu, T. & Koopmans, L. V. E. 2004, ApJ, 611, 739
Uglesich, R. R., Crotts, A. P. S., Baltz, E. A., et al. 2004, ApJ, 612, 877
Umetsu, K. & Futamase, T. 2000, ApJL, 539, L5
Vale, C. & White, M. 2003, ApJ, 592, 699
van Waerbeke, L., Bernardeau, F., & Mellier, Y. 1999, A&A, 342, 15
Van Waerbeke, L., Hamana, T., Scoccimarro, R., Colombi, S., & Bernardeau, F. 2001a, MNRAS, 322, 918
Van Waerbeke, L., Mellier, Y., Erben, T., et al. 2000, A&A, 358, 30
Van Waerbeke, L., Mellier, Y., & Hoekstra, H. 2005, A&A, 429, 75
Van Waerbeke, L., Mellier, Y., Radovich, M., et al. 2001b, A&A, 374, 757
Wambsganss, J., Bode, P., & Ostriker, J. P. 2004, ApJL, 606, L93
Weinberg, D. H., Davé, R., Katz, N., & Hernquist, L. 2004, ApJ, 601, 1
Weinberg, N. N. & Kamionkowski, M. 2002, MNRAS, 337, 1269
Weinberg, N. N. & Kamionkowski, M. 2003, MNRAS, 341, 251
White, M., van Waerbeke, L., & Mackey, J. 2002, ApJ, 575, 640
Williams, L. L. R. & Irwin, M. 1998, MNRAS, 298, 378
Williams, L. L. R., Navarro, J. F., & Bartelmann, M. 1999, ApJ, 527, 535
Williams, L. L. R. & Saha, P. 2004, AJ, 128, 2631
Wilson, G., Kaiser, N., Luppino, G. A., & Cowie, L. L. 2001, ApJ, 555, 572
Winn, J. N., Rusin, D., & Kochanek, C. S. 2004, Nat, 427, 613
Wittman, D., Tyson, J. A., Margoniner, V. E., Cohen, J. G., & Dell’Antonio, I. P. 2001, ApJL, 557, L89
Wittman, D. M., Tyson, J. A., Kirkman, D., Dell’Antonio, I., & Bernstein, G. 2000, Nat, 405, 143
Wu, X. 1994a, ApJL, 436, L115
Wu, X. 1994b, ApJ, 435, 66
Wu, X. 2000, MNRAS, 316, 299
Wu, X. & Fang, L. 1996, ApJL, 467, L45+
Wu, X. & Hammer, F. 1993, MNRAS, 262, 187
Yang, X. H., Mo, H. J., Kauffmann, G., & Chu, Y. Q. 2003, MNRAS, 339, 387
Zaritsky, D. & Gonzalez, A. H. 2003, ApJ, 584, 691
Zhang, T., Pen, U., Zhang, P., & Dubinski, J. 2003, ApJ, 598, 818
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2006 Praxis Publishing Ltd, Chichester, UK
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bartelmann, M. (2006). Applications of Gravitational Lensing in Cosmology. In: Mason, J.W. (eds) Astrophysics Update 2. Springer Praxis Books. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg . https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-30313-8_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-30313-8_7
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-30312-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-30313-8
eBook Packages: Physics and AstronomyPhysics and Astronomy (R0)