Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Handbook of Atopic Eczema pp 492–502Cite as

Antimicrobial Therapy in Atopic Eczema

  • Chapter

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   199.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Leyden JE, Marples RR, Kligman AM (1974) Staphylococcus aureus in the lesions of atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 90:525–530

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Leung DY, Harbeck R, Bina P, Reiser RF, Yang E, Norris DA, Hanifin JM, Sampson HA (1993) Presence of IgE antibodies to staphylococcal exotoxins on the skin of patients with atopic dermatitis. J Clin Invest 92:1374–1380

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Williams JE, Gibson AG, Aitchison TC, Lever R, Mackie RM (1990) Assessment of a contact plate technique and subsequent quantitative bacterial studies in atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 123:493–501

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Bunikowski R, Mielke ME, Skarabis H, Worm M, Anagnostopoulos I, Kolde G, Wahn U, Renz H (2000) Evidence for a disease-promoting effect of Staphylococcus aureus-derived exotoxins in atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 105:814–819

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Gloor M, Becker A, Wasik B, Kniehl E (2002) Triclosan, a topical dermatological agent. In vitro-and in vivo studies on the effectiveness of new preparation in the New German Formulary. Hautarzt 53:724–729

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Bhargava HN, Leonhard PA (1996) Triclosan: application and safety. Am J Infect Contr 24:209–218

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Sporik R, Kemp AS (1997) Topical triclosan treatment in atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 99:861

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Jappe U, Schnuch A, Uter W (2003) Frequency of sensitization to antimicrobials in patients with atopic eczema compared to nonatopic individuals: analysis of multicentre surveillance data, 1995-1999. Br J Dermatol 149:87–93

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Aiello AE, Larson E (2003) Antibacterial cleaning and hygiene products as an emerging risk factor for antibiotic resistance in the community. Lancet Infect Dis 3:501–506

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Walsh SE, Maillard JY, Russell AD, Catrenich CE, Charbonneau DL, Bartolo RG (2003) Development of bacterial resistance to several biocides and effects on antibiotic susceptibility. J Hosp Infect 55:98–107

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Braoudaki M, Hilton AC (2004) Adaptive resistance to biocides in Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli 0157 and cross resistance to antimicrobial agents. J Clin Microbiol 42:73–78

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Breneman DL, Hanifin JM, Berge CA, Keswick BH, Neumann PB (2000) The effect of antibacterial soap with 1.5% triclocarban on Staphylococcus aureus in patients with atopic dermatitis. Cutis 66:296–300

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Akiyama H, Tada J, Toi J, Kanzaki H, Arata J (1997) Changes in Staphylococcus aureus density and lesion severity after topical application of povidone-iodine in cases of atopic dermatitis. J Dermatol Sci 16:23–30

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Sugimoto K, Kuroki H, Kanazawa M, Kurosaki T, Abe H, Takahashi Y, Ishiwada N, Nezu Y, Hoshioka A, Toba T (1997) New successful treatment with disinfectant for atopic dermatitis. Dermatology 195[Suppl 2]:62–68

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Goh CL (1989) Contact sensitivity to topical antimicrobials. II. Sensitizing potentials of some topical antimicrobials. Contact Dermatitis 21:166–171

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Abeck D, Brockow K, Mempel M, Fesq H, Ring J (1999) Treatment of acute exacerbated atopic eczema with emollient-antiseptic preparations using the “wet wrap” (“wet pyjama”) technique. Hautarzt 50:418–421

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Stalder JF, Fleury M, Sourisse M, Allavoine T, Chalamet C, Brosset P, Litoux P (1992) Comparative effects of two topical antiseptics (chlorhexidine vs. KMn04) on bacterial skin flora in atopic dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh) 176:132–134

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Ikeda T, Ledwith A, Barnford CH, Hann RA (1984) Interaction of polymeric biguanide biocide with phospholipid membranes. Biochim Biophys Acta 769:57–66

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Ansorg RA, Azem T, Fabry WH, Rath PM (2002) Influence of mucin on the activity of the antiseptic Lavasept against Staphylococcus aureus. Chemotherapy 48:129–133

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Willenegger H (1994) Lokale Antiseptika in der Chirurgie-Wiedergeburt undWeiterentwicklung. Unfallchirurg 20: 94–110

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Kramer A, Adrian V, Adam C (1993) Comparison of the toxicity of Lavasept and selected antiseptic agents. Hyg Med 18:9–16

    Google Scholar 

  22. Olivieri J, Eigenmann PA, Hauser C (1998) Severe anaphylaxis to a new disinfectant: polyhexanide, a chlorhexidine polymer. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 128:1508–1511

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Werner HP (1992) Microbicidal effectiveness of selected antiseptics. Hyg Med 17:51–59

    Google Scholar 

  24. Good H (1979) Charakterisierung der Desinfektionsmittel. Akt Probl Chir Orthop 12:83–86

    Google Scholar 

  25. Seipp HM, Stroh A (1999) Methicillin-resistente S. aureus (MRSA)-Signifikante Reduktion von Inzidenz und Rate in einem Klinikum der Maximalversorgung (1994 bis 1999). Hyg Med 24:224–237

    Google Scholar 

  26. Kramer A, Hoppe H, Krull B, Pitten FA, Rosenau S (1998) Antiseptic efficacy and acceptance of Octenisept computed with common antiseptic mouthwashes. Zentralbl Hyg Umweltmed 200:443–456

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Pitten FA, Werner HP, Kramer A (2003) A standardized test to assess the impact of different organic challenges on the antimicrobial activity of antiseptics. J Hosp Infect 55: 108–115

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Rohr U, Mueller C, Wilhelm M, Muhr G, Gatermann S (2003) Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus wholebody decolonization among hospitalized patients with variable site colonization by using mupirocin in combination with octenidine dihydrochloride. J Hosp Infect 54: 305–309

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Carson CF, Riley TV (1994) The antimicrobial activity of tea tree oil (letter). Med J Aust 160:236

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Concha JM, Moore LS, Holloway WJ (1998) Antifungal activity of Maleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil against various pathogenic organisms. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 88:489–492

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Koh KJ, Pearce AL, Marshman G, Finlay-Jones JJ, Hart PH (2002) Tea tree oil reduces histamine-induced skin inflammation. Br J Dermatol 147:1212–1217

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Mozelsio NB, Harris KE, McGrath KG, Grammer LC (2003) Immediate systemic hypersensitivity reaction associated with topical application of Australian tea tree oil. Allergy Asthma Proc 24:73–75

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Khanna M, Qasem K, Sasseville D (2000) Allergic contact dermatitis to tea tree oil with erythemamultiforme-like id reaction. Am J Contact Dermat 11:238–242

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Dharmagunawardena B, Takwale A, Sanders KJ, Cannan S, Rodger A, Ilchyshyn A (2002) Gas chromatography: an investigative tool in multiple allergies to essential oils. Contact Dermatitis 47:288–292

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Fritz TM, Burg G, Krasovec M (2001) Allergic contact dermatitis to cosmetics containing Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil). Ann Dermatol Venereol 128:123–126

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Goosens A, Claes L, Drieghe J, Put E (1997) Antimicrobials: preservatives, antiseptics and disinfectants. Contact Dermatitis 39:33–34

    Google Scholar 

  37. Akiyama H, Oono T, Huh WK, Yamasaki O, Ogawa S, Katsuyama M, Ichikawa H, Iwatsuki K (2002) Actions of Farnesol and Xylitol against Staphylococcus aureus. Chemotherapy 48:122–128

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Brockow K, Grabenhorst P, Abeck D, Traupe B, Ring J, Hoppe U, Wolf F (1999) Effect of gentian violet, corticosteroid and tar preparations in Staphylococcus-aureus-colonized atopic eczema. Dermatology 199:231–236

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. David TJ, Cambridge GC (1986) Bacterial infection and atopic eczema. Arch Dis Child 61:20–23

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Lever R, Hadley K, Downey D, Mackie R (1988) Staphylococcal colonization in atopic dermatitis and the effect of mupirocin therapy. Br J Dermatol 119:189–198

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Abeck D, Mempel M (1998) Staphylococcus aureus colonization in atopic dermatitis and its therapeutic implications. Br J Dermatol 139Suppl 53:13–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Boguniewicz M, Sampson H, Leung SB, Harbeck R, Leung DY (2001) Effects of cefuroxim axetil on S. aureus colonization and superantigen production in atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 108:651–652

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Adachi Y, Akamatsu H, Horio T (2002) The effect of antibiotics on the production of superantigen from Staphylococcus aureus isolated from atopic dermatitis. J Dermatol Sci 28:76–83

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Kresken M, Hafner D, Witte W, Reinert RR (1999) Resistenzentwicklung bei Staphylokokken und anderen grampositiven Erregern gegenüber Chemotherapeutika im mitteleuropäischen Raum. Chemotherapie Journal 4:136–145

    Google Scholar 

  45. Ring J, Brockow K, Abeck D (1996) The therapeutic concept of “patient management” in atopic eczema. Allergy 51:206–215

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Leung DYM, Bieber T (2003) Atopic dermatitis. Lancet 361:151–160

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Ewing CI, Ashcroft C, Gibbs AC, Jones GA, Connor PJ, David TJ (1998) Flucloxacillin in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 138:1022–1029

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Breuer K, Häussler S, Kapp A, Werfel T (2002) Staphylococcus aureus: colonizing features and influence of an antibacterial treatment in adults with atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 147:55–61

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Verbist L (1990) The antimicrobial activity of fusidic acid. J Antimicrob Chemother 25(Suppl B):1–5

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Ravenscroft JC, Layton A, Barnham M (2000) Observations on high levels of fusidic acid resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Harrogate, New Yorkshire. Exp Dermatol 25: 327–330

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Mason BW, Howard AJ, Magee JT (2003) Fusidic acid resistance in community isolates of methicilline-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus and fusidic acid prescribing. J Antimicrob Chemother 51:1033–36

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Shah M, Mohanraj M (2003) High levels of fusidic acidresistant Staphylococcus aureus in dermatology patients. Br J Dermatol 148:1018–1020

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Wilkinson JD (1998) Fusidic acid in dermatology. Br J Dermatol 139:37–40

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Espersen F (1998) Resistance to antibiotics used in dermatological patients. Br J Dermatol 139:4–8

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Ravenscroft JC, Layton A, Eady EA, Murtagh MS, Coates P, Walker M, Cove JH (2003) Short-term effects of topical fusidic acid or mupirocin on the prevalence of fusidic acid resistant (FusR) Staphylococcus aureus in atopic eczema. Br J Dermatol 148:1010–1017

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. White DG, Collins PO, Rowsell RB (1989) Topical antibiotics in the treatment of superficial skin infections in general practice — a comparison ofmupirocin with sodium fusidate. J Infect 18:221–229

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Gilbert M (1989) Topical 2% mupirocin versus 2% fusidic acid ointment in the treatment of primary and secondary skin infections. J Am Acad Dermatol 20:1083–1087

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Spelman D (1999) Fusidic acid in skin and soft tissue infections. Int J Antimicrob Agents 12(Suppl 2):59–66

    Google Scholar 

  59. Van Ginkel CJ, Bruintjes TD, Huizing EH (1995) Allergy due to topical medications in chronic otitis externa and otitis media. Clin Otolaryngol 20:326–28

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Albert MR, Gonzalez S, Gonzalez E (1998) Patch testing reactions to a standard series in 608 patients tested from 1990 to 1997 atMassachusetts General Hospital. Am J Contact Dermat 9:207–211

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Mempel M, Hojka M, Schnopp C, Ring J, Abeck D (1998) Colonization features of Staphylococcus aureus in children with atopic eczema. Ann Dermatol Venereol 125[Suppl 1]: S63

    Google Scholar 

  62. Raz R, Miron D, Colodner R, Staler Z, Samara Z, Keness Y (1996) A 1-year trial of nasal mupirocin in the prevention of recurrent staphylococcal nasal colonization and skin infection. Arch Intern Med 156:1109–1112

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Mempel M, Abeck D (2002) Antimikrobielle Therapie. In: Abeck D, Ring J (eds) Atopisches Ekzem im Kindesalter (Neurodermitis). Steinkopff, Darmstadt, pp 93–99

    Google Scholar 

  64. Wachs GN, Maibach HI (1976) Co-operative double-blind trial of an antibiotic/corticoid combination in impetiginized atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 95:323–328

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Leyden JJ, Kligman AM (1977) The case for steroid-antibiotic combinations. Br J Dermatol 96:179–187

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Nilsson EJ, Henning CG, Magnusson J (1992) Topical corticosteroids and Staphylococcus aureus in atopic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 27:29–34

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Korting HC, Zienicke H, Braun-Falco O, Bork K, Milbradt R, Nolting S, Schöpf E, Tronnier H (1994) Modern topical glucocorticoids and antiinfectives for superinfected atopic eczema: do prednicarbate and didecyldimethyl-ammonium-chloride form a rational combination? Infection 22: 390–393

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Ramsay CA, Savoie LM, Gilbert M (1996) The treatment of atopic dermatitis with topical fusidic acid and hydrocortisone acetate. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 7:15–S22

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Hauk PJ, Hamid QA, Chrousos GP, Leung DYM (2000) Induction of corticosteroid insensitivity in human PBMCs by microbial superantigens. J Allergy Clin Immunol 105: 782–787

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Leung DYM (2002) Role of Staphylococcus aureus in atopic dermatitis. In: Bieber T, Leung DYM (eds) Atopic dermatitis. Marcel Dekker, New York pp 401–418

    Google Scholar 

  71. Williams RE (2000) The antibacterial-corticosteroid combination. What is its role in atopic dermatitis? Am J Clin Dermatol 1:211–215

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Stalder JF, Fleury M, Sourisse M, Rostin M, Pheline F, Litoux P (1994) Local steroid therapy and bacterial skin flora in atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 131:536–540

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Gauger A, Mempel M, Schekatz A, Schäfer T, Ring J, Abeck D (2003) Silver-coated textiles reduce Staphylococcus aureus colonization in patients with atopic eczema. Dermatology 207:15–21

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Lansdown AB (2002) Silver. I: its antibacterial properties and mechanism. J Wound Care 11:125–30

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Remitz A, Kyllönen H, Granlund H, Reitamo S (2001) Tacrolimus ointment reduces staphylococcal colonization in atopic dermatitis (letter). J Allergy Clin Immunol 107:196–197

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Kino T, Hatanaka H, Hashimoto M, Nishiyama M, Goto T, Okuhara M, Kohsaka M, Aoki H, Imanaka H (1987) FK.506, a novel immunosuppressant isolated from a streptomyces. I. Fermentation, isolation, and physicochemical and biological characteristics. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 40:1249–1255

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Pournaras CC, Lubbe J, Saurat JH (2001) Staphylococcal colonization in atopic dermatitis treatment with topical tacrolimus (FK 506). J Invest Dermatol 116:480–481

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Hauk PJ, Leung DYM (2001) Tacrolimus (FK 506): new treatment approach in superantigen-associated diseases like atopic dermatitis? J Allergy Clin Immunol 107:391–392

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Krutmann J, Diepgen TL, Luger TA, Grabbe S, Meffert H, Sönnichsen N, Czech W, Kapp A, Stege H, Grewe M, Schöpf E (1998) High-dose UVA 1 therapy for atopic dermatitis: results of a multicenter trial. J Am Acad Dermatol 38: 589–593

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Grewe M, Gyufko, Schöpf E, Krutmann J (1994) Lesional expression of interferon-γ in atopic eczema. Lancet 343: 25–26

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Morita A, Werfel T, Stege H, Ahrens C, Karmann K, Grewe M, Grether-Beck S, Ruzicka T, Kapp A, Klotz LO, Sies H, Krutmann J (1997) Evidence that singlet oxygen-induced human T-helper cell apoptosis is the basic mechanism of ultraviolet-A radiation phototherapy. J Exp Med 186: 1763–1768

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Jekler J, Bergbrandt IM, Faergmann J, Larko O (1992) The in vivo effect ofUVB radiation on skin bacteria in patients with atopic dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol 72:33–36

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Yoshimura M, Namura S, Akamatsu H, Horio T (1996) Antimicrobial effects of phototherapy and photochemotherapy in vivo and in vitro. Br J Dermatol 135:528–532

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Yoshimura-Mishima M, Akamatsu H, Namura S, Horio T (1999) Suppressive effect of ultraviolet (UVB and PUVA) radiation on superantigen production by Staphylococcus aureus. J Dermatol Sci 19:31–36

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Wessels MW, Doekes G, Van Ieperen-VanKijk AG, Koers WJ, Young E (1991) IgE antibodies to Pityrosporum ovale in atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 125:227–232

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Kim TY, Jang IG, Park YM, Kim HO, Kim CWTY, Jang IG, Park YM (1999) Head and neck dermatitis: the role of Malassezia furfur, topical steroid use and environmental factors and its causation. Clin Exp Dermatol 24:226–231

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Kieffer M, Bergbrant IM, Faergemann J, Jemec GB, Ottevanger V, Stahl Skov P, Svejgaard E (1990) Immune reactions to Pityrosporum ovale in adult patients with atopic and seborrhoic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 22:739–742

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Johansson C, Sandstrtöm MH, Bartosik J, Särnhult T, Christiansen J, Zargari A, Bäck O, Wahlgren CF, Faergemann J, Schreynius A, Tengvall Linder M (2003) Atopy patch test reactions to Malassezia allergens differentiate subgroups of atopic dermatitis patients. Br J Dermatol 148:479–488

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Darsow U, Ring J (2000) Airborne and dietary allergens in atopic eczema: a comprehensive review of diagnostic tests. Clin Exp Dermatol 25:544–551

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Rokugo M, Tagami H, Usuba Y, Tomita Y (1990) Contact sensitivity to Pityrosporum ovale in patients with atopic dermatitis. Arch Dermatol 126:627–632

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Tengvall Linder M, Johannson C, Scheynius A, Wahlgren CF (2000) Positive atopy patch test reactions to Pityrosporum orbiculare in atopic dermatitis patients. Clin Exp Dermatol 30:122–131

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Jones HE, Rinhardt JH, Rinaldi MG (1973) A clinical, mycological, and immunological survey for dermatophytosis. Arch Dermatol 108:61–65

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Hay RJ, Brostoff J (1977) Immune response in patients with chronic Trichophyton rubrum infections. Clin Exp Dermatol 2:373–380

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Tagami H, Aoyama H, Okada M, Terui T (2002) Fungal allergens. In: Bieber T, Leung DYM (eds) Atopic dermatitis. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 419–436

    Google Scholar 

  95. Braunstein B, Deuell B, Platts-Mills TAE (1993) Atopic dermatitis associated with dermatophytes infection and Trichophyton hypersensitivity. Cutis 51:191–192

    Google Scholar 

  96. Hjorth N, Clemmenson OJ (1983) Treatment of dermatitis of the head and neck with ketoconazole in patients with type I hypersensitivity for Pityrosporum orbiculare. Semin Dermatol 2:26–29

    Google Scholar 

  97. Adachi A, Horikawa T, Ichihashi M, Takashima T, Komura A (1999) Role of Candida allergen in atopic dermatitis and efficacy of oral therapy with various antifungal agents. Jpn J Allergol 48:719–725

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Kolmer HL, Taketomi EA, Hazen KC, Hughs E, Wilson BB, Platts-Mills TAE (1996) Effect of combined antibacterial and antifungal treatment in severe atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 98:702–707

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Van Cutsem J, Van Gerven F, Cauwenbergh G, Odds F, Janssen PA (1991) The antiinflammatory effects of ketoconazole. A comparative study with hydrocortisone acetate in a model using living and killed Staphylococcus aureus on the skin of guinea-pigs. J Am Acad Dermatol 25:257–261

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Broberg A, Faergemann J (1995) Topical antimycotic treatment of atopic dermatitis in the head/neck area. A double-blind randomised study. Acta Derm Venereol 75:46–49

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Atherton DJ, Harper JI (1988) Management of eczema herpeticum. J Am Acad Dermatol 18:757–758

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Heidelberger A (2002) Eczema herpeticatum. In: Abeck D, Ring J (eds) Atopisches EkzemimKindesalter (Neurodermitis). Steinkopff, Darmstadt, pp 14–15

    Google Scholar 

  103. Taieb A, Fontan I, Maleville J (1984) Oral acyclovir in eczema herpeticatum. BMJ 288:531–532

    Google Scholar 

  104. Wharton M, Strikas RA, Harpaz R, Rotz LD, Schwartz B, Casey CG, Pearson ML, Anderson LJ (2003) Recommendations for using smallpox vaccine in a pre-event vaccination program. Supplemental recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) and the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC). MMWR Recomm Rep 52:1–16

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Mahler V, Schuler G (2001) Therapy of varicella zoster and herpes simplex virus-induced diseases. 2: References for implementing and indications for virustatic therapy. Hautarzt 52:554–574

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Strannegard IL, Strannegard O (1981) Epstein-Barr virus antibodies in children with atopic disease. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 64:314–319

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Strannegard O, Strannegard IL, Rystedt I (1985) Viral infections in atopic dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh) 114:121–124

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Arikawa J, Ishibashi M, Kawashima M, Takagi Y, Ichikawa Y, Imokawa G (2002) Decreased levels of sphingosine, a natural antimicrobial agent, may be associated with vulnerability of the stratum corneum from patients with atopic dermatitis to colonization by Staphylococcus aureus. J Invest Dermatol 119:433–439

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Gallo RL, Murakami M, Zaiou M (2003) Biology and clinical relevance of naturally occurring antimicrobial peptides. J Allergy Clin Immunol 110:823–831

    Google Scholar 

  110. Boman HG (2003) Antibacterial peptides: basic facts and emerging concepts. J Intern Med 254:197–215

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Ong PY, Ohtake C, Brandt C, Strickland M, Boguniewicz M, Ganz T, Gallo RL, Leung DY (2002) Endogenous antimicrobial peptides and skin infections in atopic dermatitis. N Engl J Med 347:1151–1160

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Nomura I, Goleva E, Howell MD, Hamid QA, Ong PY, Hall CF, Darst MA, Gao B, Boguniewicz M, Travers JB, Leung DYM (2003) Cytokine milieu of atopic dermatitis, as compared to psoriasis, skin prevents induction of innate immune response genes. J Immunol 171:3262–3269

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Schibli DJ, Hunter HN, Aseyev V, Starner D, Wiencek JM, McCray PB, Tack BF, Vogel HJ (2002) The solution structures of the human ß-defensins lead to a better understanding of the potent bactericidal activity of HBD3 against Staphylococcus aureus. J Biol Chem 277:8279

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. A. Gauger
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. J. Ring
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie und Allergologie am Biederstein, Technische Universität München, Biedersteiner Straße 29, 80802, München, Germany

    Johannes Ring

  2. Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie und Allergologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Frauenlobstraße 9-11, 80337, München, Germany

    Bernhard Przybilla

  3. Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Moorenstraße 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany

    Thomas Ruzicka

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2006 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Gauger, A., Ring, J. (2006). Antimicrobial Therapy in Atopic Eczema. In: Ring, J., Przybilla, B., Ruzicka, T. (eds) Handbook of Atopic Eczema. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-29856-8_53

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-29856-8_53

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-23133-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-29856-4

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation