Keywords
- Chronic Hepatitis
- Hepatic Encephalopathy
- Primary Biliary Cirrhosis
- Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis
- Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Clinical studies
Brown, R.S.: Strategies and pitfalls in quality of life research. Hepatology 1999; 29(Suppl.): 9–12
Bull, J.P.: The historical development of clinical therapeutic trials. J. Chron. Dis. 1959; 10: 218–248
Burkhardt, R., Kienle, G.: Controlled trials. A social challenge. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 1981; 20: 311–319
De Craen, A.J.M., Kaptchuk, T.J., Tijssen, J.G.P., Kleijnen, J.: Placebos and placebo effects in medicine: historical overview. J. Royal Soc. Med. 1999; 92: 511–515
De Dombal, F.T.: The controlled, randomized clinical trial-sacred duty or sacred cow? Klin. Wschr. 1980; 58: 649–652
Imperiale, T.R.: Meta-Analysis: when and how. Hepatology 1999; 29(Suppl. 1): 26–31
Rosner, F.: The ethics of randomized clinical trials. Amer. J. Med. 1987; 82: 283–290
Sackett, D.L., Gent, M.: Controversy in counting and attributing events in clinical trials. New Engl. J. Med. 1979; 301: 1410–1412
Spiegelhalter, D.J.: Statistical issues in studies of individual response. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 1988; 23: 40–45
Principles of liver therapy
Bayliss, M.S.: Methods in outcomes research in hepatology: definition and domains of quality of life. Hepatology 1999; 29(Suppl. 1): 3–6
Foster, G.R., Goldin, R.D., Thomas, H.C.: Chronic hepatitis C virus infection causes a significant reduction in quality of life in the absence of cirrhosis. Hepatology 1998; 27: 209–212
Kuntz, E.: Grundsätzliche und aktuelle Betrachtungen zur Lebertherapie. Med. Welt 1991; 42: 668–673
Propst, A., Propst, T., Zangerl, G., Öfner, D., Judmaier, G., Vogel, W.: Prognosis life expectancy in chronic liver disease. Dig. Dis. Sci. 1995; 40: 1805–1815
Younossi, Z.M., Boparai, N., McCormick, M., Price, L.L., Guyatt, G.: Assessment of utilities and health-related quality of life in patients with chronic liver disease. Amer. J. Gastroenterol. 2001; 96: 579–583
Nutritional therapy of liver diseases
Alpers, D.H.: Liver complications and failure in patients on home parenteral nutrition. Gastroenterology 2001; 17: 147–149
Baker, A.L., Rosenberg, I.H.: Hepatic complications of total parenteral nutrition. Amer. J. Med. 1987; 82: 489–497
Bories, P.N., Campillo, B.: One-month regular oral nutrition in alcoholic cirrhotic patients. Changes of nutritional status, hepatic function and serum lipid pattern. Brit. J. Nutrit. 1994; 72: 937–946
Buchman, A.L., Ament, M.E., Sohel, M., Dubin, M., Jenden, D.J., Roch, M., Pownall, H., Farley, W., Awal, M., Ahn, C.: Choline deficiency causes reversible hepatic abnormalities in patients receiving par-883 enteral nutrition: Proof of a human choline requirement: A placebocontrolled trial. J. Parenter. Enter. Nutr. 2001; 25: 260–268
Crawford, D.H.G., Cuneo, R.C., Shepherd, R.W.: Pathogenesis and assessment of malnutrition in liver disease. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 1993; 8: 89–94
Fan, S.T.: Nutritional support for patients with cirrhosis (review). J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 1997; 12: 282–286
Gaddipati, K., Yang, P.: Hepatobiliary complications of parenteral nutrition. Gastroenterologist 1996; 4: 98–106
Hasse, J.M., Blue, L.S., Liepa, G.V., Goldstein, R.M., Jennings, L.W., Mor, E., Husberg, B.S., Levy, M.F., Gonwa, T.A., Klintman, G.B.: Early enteral nutrition support in patients undergoing liver transplantation. J. Parenter. Enter. Nutr. 1995; 19: 437–443
Kearns, P.J., Young, H., Garcia, G., Blaschke, T., O’Hanlon, G., Rinki, M., Sucher, K., Gregory, P.: Accelerated improvement of alcoholic liver disease with enteral nutrition. Gastroenterology 1992; 102: 200–205
Kestell, M.F., Lee, S.P.: Clinical nutrition in acute and chronic liver disease. Semin. Gastrointest. Dis. 1993; 4: 116–126
Lautz, H.U., Selberg, O., Körber, J., Bürger, M., Müller, M.J.: Forms of malnutrition in patients with liver cirrhosis. Clin. Invest. 1992; 70: 478–486
Leonard, J.V.: The nutritional management of urea cycle disorders. J. Pediatr. 2001; 138: 40–44
Levine, J.A., Morgan, M.Y.: Weighed dietary intakes in patients with chronic liver disease. Nutrition 1996; 12: 430–435
Marsano, L.S., Martin, A.E., Randall, H.B.: Current nutrition in liver disease. Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol. 2002; 18: 246–253
McCullough, A.J.: Malnutrition in liver disease. Liver Transplant. 2000; 6(Suppl. 1): 85–96
Müller, M.J., Böttcher, J., Selberg, O.: Energy expenditure and substrate metabolism in liver cirrhosis. Intern. J. Obes. 1993; 17(Suppl. 3): 102–106
Müller, M.J.: Ernährung bei Leberzirrhose. Internist 1998; 39: 247–253
Nielsen, K., Kondrup, J., Martinsen, L., Dossing, H., Larsson, B., Stilling, B., Jensen, M.G.: Long-term oral refeeding of patients with cirrhosis of the liver. Brit. J. Nutrit. 1995; 74: 557–567
Sarin, S.K., Dhingra, N., Bansal, A., Malhotra, S., Guptan, R.C.: Dietary and nutritional abnormalities in alcoholic liver disease: a comparison with chronic alcoholics without liver disease. Amer. J. Gastroenterol. 1997; 92: 777–783
Siriboonkoom, W., Gramlich, L.: Nutrition and chronic liver disease. Can. J. Gastroenterol. 1998; 12: 201–207
Interferon
Bruno, R., Sacchi, P., Ciappina, V., Zochetti, C., Patruno, S., Maiocchi, L., Filice, G.: Viral dynamics and pharmacokinetics of peginterferon alpha-2a and peginterferon alpha-2b in naïve patients with chronic hepatitis C: a randomized, controlled study. Antiviral Ther. 2004; 9: 491–497
Dianzani, F.: Biological basis for the clinical use of interferon. Gut 1993; 34(Suppl. 2): 74–76
Foster, G.R.: Review article: Pegylated interferons: chemical and clinical differences. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 2004; 20: 825–830
Heathcote, E.J., Shiffman, M.L., Cooksley, G.E., Dusheiko, G.M., Lee, S.S., Balart, L., Reindollar, R., Reddy, R.K., Wright, T.L., Lin, A., Hoffman, J., de Pamphilis, J.: Peginterferon alfa-2a in patients with chronic hepatitis C and cirrhosis. New Engl. J. Med. 2000; 343: 1673–1680
Isaacs, A., Lindenmann, J.: Virus interference: I The interferon. Proc. Royal Soc. (London) 1957; 147: 258–267
Ito, Y., Takeda, N., Ishimori, M., Akai, A., Miura, K., Yasuda, K.: Effects of long-term interferon-alpha treatment on glucose tolerance in patients with chronic hepatitis C. J. Hepatol. 1999; 31: 215–220
Lindsay, K.L., Trepo, C., Heintges, T., Shifman, M.L., Gordon, S.C., Hoefs, J.C., Schiff, E.R., Goldman, Z.D., Laughlin, M., Yao, R., Albrecht, J.K.: A randomized, double-blind trial comparing pegylated interferon alfa-2b to interferon alfa-2b as initial treatment for chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 2001; 34: 395–403
Peters, M.: Mechanisms of action of interferons. Semin. Liver Dis. 1989; 9: 235–239
Renauld, P.F., Hoofnagle, J.H.: Side effects of alpha interferon. Semin. Liver Dis. 1989; 9: 273–277
Shakil, A.O., DiBisceglie, A.M., Hoofnagle, J.H.: Seizures during interferon therapy. J. Hepatol. 1996; 24: 48–51
Thomas, H., Foster, G., Platis, D.: Mechanisms of action of interferon and nucleoside analogues. J. Hepatol. 2003; 39(Suppl. 1): 93–09
Zeuzem, S., Welsch, C., Herrmann, E.: Pharmacokinetics of peginterferons. Semin. Liver Dis. 2003; 23(Suppl. 1): 23–28
Nucleoside analogues
Bacon, T.H.: Famciclovir, from the bench to the patient — a comprehensive review of the preclinical data. Int. J. Antimicrobiol. Agents 1996; 7: 119–134
Colledge, D., Locarnini, S., Shaw, T.: Synergistic inhibition of hepadnaviral replication by lamivudine in combination with penciclovir in vitro. Hepatology 1997; 26: 216–225
Glue, P.: The clinical pharmacology of ribavirin. Semin. Liver Dis. 1999; 19(Suppl. 1): 17–24
Korba, M., Gerin, J.L.: Use of standardized cell culture assay to assess activities of nucleoside analogs against hepatitis B virus replication. Antiviral Res. 1992; 19: 55–75
Pawlothsky, J.-M., Dahari, H., Neumann, A.U., Hezode, C., Germanidis, G., Lonjon, I., Castera, L., Dhumeaux, D.: Antiviral action of ribavirin in chronic hepatitis C. Gastroenterology 2004; 126: 703–714
Schalm, S.W., de Man, R.A., Heijtink, R.A., Niesters, H.G.M.: New nucleoside analogues for chronic hepatitis B. J. Hepatol. 1995; 22(Suppl. 1): 52–56
Tam, R.C., Lau, J.Y.N., Hong, Z.: Mechanisms of action of ribavirin in antiviral therapies. Antiviral Chem. Chemother. 2002; 12: 261–272
Yuen, G.J., Morris, D.M., Mydlow, P.K., Haidar, S., Hall, S.T., Hussey, E.K.: Pharmacokinetics, absolute bioavailability, and absorption characteristics of lamivudine. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 1995; 35: 1174–1180
Zoulim, F., Trepo, C.: Nucleoside analogs in the treatment of chronic viral hepatitis. Efficacy and complications. J. Hepatol. 1994; 21: 142–144
Immunosuppressants
Anstey, A., Lear, J.T.: Azathioprine. Clinical pharmacology and curent indications in autoimmune disorders. BioDrugs 1998; 9: 33–47
Casanovas Taltavull, T.: Impact of cyclosporine on the development of immunsuppressive therapy in liver transplantation. Transplant. Proc. 2004; 36(Suppl. 1): 291–294
Fung, J.J., Eliasziw, M., Todo, S., Jain, A., Demetris, A.J., McMichael, J.P., Starzl, T.E., Meier, P., Donner, A.: The Pittsburgh randomized trial of tacrolismus compared to cyclosporine for hepatic transplantation. J. Amer. Coll. Surg. 1996; 183: 117–125
Jonas, S., Neuhaus, R., Junge, G., Klu, J., Theruvat, T., Langrehr, J.M., Settmacher, U., Neuhaus, P.: Primary immunosuppression with tacrolimus after liver transplantation: 12-years follow-up. Internat. Immunopharm. 2005; 5: 125–128
Kuntz, E.: Klinik und Therapie der primär biliären destruierenden, nichteitrigen Cholangitis — neues Pathogenese-und Therapiekonzept — In: Die immunsuppressive Therapie der chronisch-aktiven Hepatitis. (Hrsg. W. Dölle. Springer, Heidelberg) 1984: 101–118
Mackay, I.R., Weiden, S., Ungar, B.: Treatment of active chronic hepatitis with 6-mercaptopurine and azathioprine. Lancet 1964/I: 899–902
Pratschke, J., Neuhaus, R., Tullius, S.G., Haller, G.W., Jonas, S., Steinmueller, T., Bechstein, W.O., Neuhaus, P.: Treatment of cyclosporinerelated adverse effects by conversion to tacrolimus after liver transplantation. Transplantation 1997; 64: 938–940
Pratt, D.S., Flavin, D.P., Kaplan, M.M.: The successful treatment of autoimmune hepatitis with 6-mercaptopurine after failure with azathioprine. Gastroenterology 1996; 110: 271–274
Schrem, H., Lück, R., Becker, T., Nashan, B., Klempnauer, J.: Update on liver transplantation using cyclosporine. Transplant. Proc. 2004; 36: 2525–2531
Sciveres, M., Caprai, S., Palla, G., Uglu, C., Maggiore, G.: Effectiveness and safety of ciclosporin as therapy for autoimmune diseases of the liver in children and adolescents. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 2004; 19: 209–217
Tiede, I., Fritz, G., Strand, S., Poppe, D., Dvorsky, R., Strand, D., Lehr, H.A., Wirtz, S., Becker, C., Arreya, R., Mudter, J., Hildner, K., Bartsch, B., Holtmann, M., Blumberg, R., Walczak, H., Iven, H., Galle, P.R., Ahmadian, M.R., Neurath, M.F.: CD 28-dependent Ra 1 activation is the molecular target of azathioprine in primary human CD4-T lymphocytes. J. Clin. Invest. 2003; 111: 1133–1145
Van Thiel, D.H., Wright, H., Carroll, P., Abu Elmagd, K., Rodriguez-Rilo, H., McMichael, J., Irish, W., Starzl, T.E.: Tacrolimus: a potential new treatment for autoimmune chronic active hepatitis: results of an open-label preliminary trial. Amer. J. Gastroenterol. 1995; 90: 771–776
Watashi, K., Hijikata, M., Hosaka, M., Yamaji, M., Shimotohno, K.: Cyclosporin A suppresses replication of hepatitis C virus genome in cultured hepatocytes. Hepatology 2003; 38: 1282–1288
Immunostimulants
Antoniello, S., Auletta, M., Cerini, R., Capasso, A.: Zinc deficiency and hepatic encephalopathy. Ital. J. Gastroenterol. 1986; 18: 27–29
Baraldi, M., Caselgrandi, E., Borella, P., Zeneroli, M.L.: Decrease of brain zinc in experimental hepatic encephalopathy. Brain Res. 1983; 258: 170–172
Chien, R.-N., Liaw, Y.-F., Chen, T.-C., Yeh, C.-T., Sheen, I.-S.: Efficacy of thymosin α1 in patients with chronic hepatitis B: a randomized, controlled trial. Hepatology 1998; 27: 1383–1387
Kiremidjian-Schumacher, L., Roy, M., Wishe, H.I., Cohen, M.W., Stotzky, G.: Supplementation with selenium and human immune cell functions. II. Effect on cytotoxic lymphocytes and natural killer cells. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 1994; 41: 115–127
Köhrle, J.: Exciting new perspectives and further necessity for selenium research in Europe. (Editorial) J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol. 2004; 17: 275–276
Low, T.L.K., Goldstein, A.L.: Thymosins: structure, function and therapeutic applications. Thymus 1984; 6: 27–42
McKenzie, R.C., Rafferty, T.S., Beckett, G.J.: Selenium: an essential element for immune function. Immunol. Today 1998; 19: 342–345
Prasad, A.S.: Zinc: an overview. Nutrition 1995; 11(Suppl.) 93–99
Raymond, R.S., Fallon, M.B., Abrams, G.A.: Oral thymic extract for chronic hepatitis C in patients previously treated with interferon — a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann. Int. Med. 1998; 129: 797–800
Sandstead, H.: Understanding zinc: Recent observations and interpretations. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1994; 124: 322–327
Sherman, K.E., Sjogren, M., Creager, R.L., Damiano, M.A., Freeman, S., Lewey, S., Davis, D., Root, S., Weber, F.L., Ishak, K.G., Goodman, Z.D.: Combination therapy with thymosin α1 and interferon for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C infection: a randomized, placebo-controlled double-blind trial. Hepatology 1998; 27: 1128–1135
Thompson, H.J.: Selenium as an anticarcinogen. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1984; 32: 422–425
Ursodeoxycholic acid
Barnes, D., Talenti, D., Cammell, G., Goormastic, M., Farquhar, L., Henderson, M., Vogt, D., Mayes, J., Westveer, M.K., Carey, W.: A randomized clinical trial of ursodeoxycholic acid as adjuvant treatment to prevent liver transplant rejection. Hepatology 1997; 26: 853–857
Bertolotti, M., Morselli-Labate, A.M., Riusticali, A.G., Loria, P., Carulli, N.: Ursodeoxycholic acid improves liver tests in chronic hepatitis. Results of a randomized controlled trial. Clin. Drug Invest. 1999; 17: 425–434
Beuers, U., Nathanson, M.H., Isales, C.M., Boyer, J.L.: Tauroursodeoxycholic acid stimulates hepatocellular exocytosis and mobilizes extracellular Ca++ mechanisms defective in cholestasis. J. Clin. Invest. 1993; 92: 2984–2993
Calmus, Y., Weill, B., Ozier, Y., Chéreau, C., Houssin, D., Poupon, R.: Immunosuppressive properties of chenodeoxycholic and ursodeoxycholic acids in the mouse. Gastroenterology 1992; 103: 617–621
Crosignani, A., Podda, M., Batezzati, P.M., Bertolini, E., Zuin, M., Watson, D., Setchell, K.D.R.: Changes in bile acid composition in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis induced by ursodeoxycholic acid administration. Hepatology 1991; 14: 1000–1007
Fedorowski, T., Salen, G., Colallilo, A., Tint, G.S., Mosbach, E.H., Hall, J.C.: Metabolism of ursodeoxycholic acid in man. Gastroenterology 1997; 73: 1131–1137
Fischer, S., Neubrand, M., Paumgartner, G.: Biotransformation of orally administered ursodeoxycholic acid in man as observed in gallbladder bile, serum and urine. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 1993; 23: 28–36
Galsky, J., Bansky, G., Holubová, T., König, J.: Effect of ursodeoxycholic acid in acute viral hepatitis. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 1999; 28: 249–253
Güldütuna, S., Zimmer, G., Imhof, M., Bhatti, S., You, T., Leuschner, U.: Molecular aspects of membrane stabilization by ursodeoxycholic acid. Gastroenterology 1993; 104: 1736–1744
Harnois, D.M., Angulo, P., Jorgensen, R.A., LaRusso, N.F., Lindor, K.D.: High-dose ursodeoxycholic acid as a therapy for patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Amer. J. Gastroenterol. 2001; 96: 1558–1562
Hempfling, W., Dilger, K., Breuers, U.: Systematic review: Ursodeoxycholic acid — Adverse effects and drug interactions. Aliment. Pharm. Ther. 2003; 18: 963–972
Heumann, D.M.: Hepatoprotective properties of ursodeoxycholic acid. Gastroenterology 1993; 104: 1865–1870
Lacaille, F., Paradis, K.: The immunosuppressive effect of ursodeoxycholic acid: a comparative in vitro study on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Hepatology 1993; 18: 165–172
Leuschner, U., Kurtz, W.: Pharmacological aspects and therapeutic effects of ursodeoxycholic acid. Dig. Dis. 1990; 8: 12–22
Li, L.J., Xu, X.W., Zao, N.F.: Effects of ursodeoxycholic acid on intrahepatic cholestasis in rats. Chin. Med. J. 2003; 116: 1099–1103
Mazzella, G., Rizzo, N., Azzaroli, F., Simoni, P., Bovicelli, L., Miracolo, A., Simonazzi, G., Colecchia, A., Nigro, G., Mwangemi, C., Festi, D., Roda, E.: Ursodeoxycholic acid administration in patients with cholestasis of pregnancy: Effects of primary bile acids in babies and mothers. Hepatology 2001; 33: 504–508
Poo, J.L., Feldmann, G., Erlinger, S., Braillon, A., Gaudin, C., Dumont, M., Lebrec, D.: Ursodeoxycholic acid limits liver histologic alterations and portal hypertension induced by bile duct ligation in the rat. Gastroenterology 1992; 102: 1752–1759
Queneau, P.-E., Montet, J.-C.: Hepatoprotection by hydrophilic bile salts. J. Hepatol. 1994; 21: 260–268
Rodriguez-Ortigosa, C.M., Cincu, R.N., Sanz, S., Ruiz, F., Quiroga, J., Prieto, J.: Effect of ursodeoxycholic acid on methionine adenosyltransferase activity and hepatic glutathione metabolism in rats. Gut 2002; 50: 701–706
Simko, V., Michael, S., Prego, V.: Ursodeoxycholic therapy in chronic liver disease: A meta-analysis in primary biliary cirrhosis and in chronic hepatitis. Amer. J. Gastroenterol. 1994; 89: 392–398
Takano, S., Ito, Y., Yokosuka, M., Ohto, M., Uchiumi, K., Hirota, K., Omata, M.: A multicenter randomized controlled dose study of ursodeoxycholic acid for chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 1994; 20: 558–564
Trauner, M., Graziadei, I.W.: Review article: mechanisms of action and therapeutic applications of ursodeoxycholic acid in chronic liver disease. Aliment. Pharm. Ther. 1999; 13: 979–995
Tung, B.Y., Emond, M.J., Haggitt, R.C., Bronner, M.P., Kimmey, M.B., Kowdley, K.V., Brentnall, T.A.: Ursodiol use is associated with lower prevalence of colonic neoplasia in patients with ulcerative colitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis. Ann. Intern. Med. 2001; 134: 89–95
Yoshikawa, M., Tsujii, T., Matsumura, K., Yamao, J., Matsumura, Y., Kubo, R., Fukui, H., Ishizaka, S.: Immunomodulatory effects of ursodeoxycholic acid on immune response. Hepatology 1992; 16: 358–364
Yoshikawa, M., Matsumura, K., Matsumura, Y., Yamao, J., Kuriyama, S., Ishizaka, S., Fukui, H., Hozumi, N., Tsujii, T.: Effects of ursodeoxy cholic acid on antigen presentation. Int. Hepatol. Commun. 1993; 1: 243–249
Lactulose
Challa, A., Rao, D.R., Chawan, C.B., Shackelford, L.: Bifidobacterium longum and lactulose suppress azoxy-methano-induced colonic aberrant crypt foci in rats. Carcinogenesis 1997; 18: 517–521
Conn, H.O.: A clinical hepatologist’s predictions about non-absorbed carbohydrates for the early twenty-first century. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 1997; 32(Suppl. 222): 88–92
Fernandes, J., Morali, G., Wolever, T.M.S., Blendis, L.M., Koo, M., Jenkins, D.J.A., Rao, A.V.: Effect of acute lactulose administration on serum acetate levels in cirrhosis. Clin. Invest. Med. 1994; 17: 218–225
Horsmans, Y., Solbreux, P.M., Daenens, C., Desager, J.P., Geubel, A.P.: Lactulose improves psychometric testing in cirrhotic patients with subclinical encephalopathy. Aliment. Pharm. Ther. 1997; 11: 165–170
Kasravi, F.B., Adawi, D., Molin, G., Bengmark, S., Jeppsson, B.: Effect of oral supplementation of lactobacilli on bacterial translocation in acute liver injury induced by D-galactosamine. J. Hepatol. 1997; 26: 417–424
Masini, A., Efrati, C., Merli, M., Attili, A.F., Amodio, P., Ceccanti, M., Riggio, O.: Effect of lactitol on blood ammonia response to oral glutamine challenge in cirrhotic patients: evidence for an effect of nonabsorbable disaccharides on small intestine ammonia generation. Amer. J. Gastroenterol. 1999; 94: 3323–3327
Özaslan, C., Türkcapar, A.g., Kesenci, M., Karayalcin, K., Yerdel, M.A., Bengisun, S., Törüner, A.: Effect of lactulose on bacterial translocation. Eur. J. Surg. 1997; 163: 463–467
Uribe-Esquivel, M., Moran, S., Poo, J.L., Munoz, R.M.: In vitro and in vivo lactose and lactulose effects on colonic fermentation and portalsystemic encephalopathy parameters. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 1997; 32(Suppl. 222): 49–52
Vagianos, C., Koureleas, S., Arvaniti, A., Kirkilesis, J., Scopa, C.D., Dervenis, C., Stavropoulos, M.: Bacterial translocation and endotoxemia in obstructive jaundice: the protective effect of lactulose. Dig. Surg. 1995; 12: 321–326
Watanabe, A., Sakai, T., Sato, S., Imai, F., Ohto, M., Arakawa, Y., Toda, G., Kobayashi, K., Muto, Y., Tsujii, T., Kawasaki, H., Okita, K., Tanikawa, K., Fujiyama, S., Shimada, S.: Clinical efficacy of lactulose in cirrhotic patients with and without subclinical hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatology 1997; 26: 1410–1414
Weber, F.L.jr.: Effects of lactulose on nitrogen metabolism. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 1997; 32(Suppl. 222): 83–87
Branched-chain amino acids
Charlton, M.R.: Branched chains revisited. Gastroenterology 1996; 111: 252–255
Fabbri, A., Magrini, N., Bianchi, G., Zoli, M., Marchesini, G.: Overview of randomized clinical trials of oral branched-chain amino acid treatment in chronic hepatic encephalopathy. J. Parenter. Enter. Nutr. 1996; 20: 159–164
Fischer, J.E.: Branched-chain-enriched amino acid solutions in patients with liver failure: an early example of nutritional pharmacology. J. Parenter. Enter. Nutr. 1990; 14(Suppl. 5): 249–256
Harris, R.A., Joshi, M., Jeoung, N.H.: Mechanisms responsible for regulation of branched-chain amino acid metabolism. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Com. 2004; 313: 391–396
Higashiguchi, T., Ito, A., Kitagawa, M., Taoka, H., Kawarada, Y.: Administration of branched-chain amino acids prevents bacterial translocation after liver resection in the cirrhotic rat. Hepat. Bil. Pancr. Surg. 1996; 3: 291–296
Ichida, T., Shibasaki, K., Muto, Y., Satoh, S., Watanabe, A., Ichida, F.: Clinical study of an enteral branched-chain amino acid solution in decompensated liver cirrhosis with hepatic encephalopathy. Nutrition 1995; 11(Suppl. 2): 238–244
Kajiwara, K., Okuno, M., Kobayashi, T., Honma, N., Maki, T., Kato, M., Ohnishi, H., Muto, Y., Moriwaki, H.: Oral supplementation with branched-chain amino acids improves survival rate of rats with carbon tetrachloride-induced liver cirrhosis. Dig. Dis. Sci. 1998; 43: 1572–1579
Kimball, S.R., Jefferson, L.S.: Regulation of global and specific mRNA translation by oral administration of branched-chain amino acids. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Com. 2004; 313: 423–427
Marchesini, G., Marzocchi, R., Noia, M., Bianchi, G.: Branched-chain amino acid supplementation in patients with liver diseases. J. Nutz. 2005; 135(Suppl.): 1596–1601
Miwa, Y., Kato, M., Moriwaki, H., Okuno, M., Sugihara, J., Ohnishi, H., Yoshida, T., Muto, Y., Nakayama, M., Morioka, Y., Asagi, K.: Effects of branched-chain amino acid infusion on protein metabolism in rats with acute hepatic failure. Hepatology 1995; 22: 291–296
Moriwaki, H., Miwa, Y., Tajika, M., Kato, M., Fukushima, H., Shiraki, M.: Branched-chain amino acids as a protein-and energy-source in liver cirrhosis. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Com. 2004; 313: 405–409
Muto, Y., Sato, S., Watanabe, A., Moriwaki, H., Suzuki, K., Kato, A., Kato, M., Nakamura, T., Higuchi, K., Nishigudu, S., Kumada, H.: Effects of oral branched-chain amino acids granules on event-free survival in patients with liver cirrhosis. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2005; 3: 705–713
Platell, C., Kong, S.E., McCauley, R., Hall, J.C.: Branched-chain amino acids. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2000; 15: 706–717
Tabaru, A., Shirohara, H., Moriyama, A., Otsuki, M.: Effects of branched-chain-enriched amino acid solution on insulin and glucagons secretion and blood glucose level in liver cirrhosis. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 1998; 33: 853–859
Tessari, P., Zanetti, M., Barazzoni, R., Biolo, G., Orlando, R., Vettore, M., Inchiostro, S., Perini, P., Tiengo, A.: Response of phenylalanine and leucine kinetics to branched chain-enriched amino acids and insuline in patients with cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 1996; 111: 127–137
Tomiya, T., Omata, M., Fujiwara, K.: Significance of branched-chain amino acids as possible stimulators of hepatocyte growth factor. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Com. 2004; 313: 411–416
Amino acids of the urea cycle
Bessmann, S.P.: The reduction of blood ammonia levels by certain amino acids. J. Clin. Invest. 1956; 35: 690
Cohen, N.S., Cheung, C.-W., Raijman, L.: The effects of ornithine on mitochondrial carbamylphosphate synthesis. J. Biol. Chem. 1980; 255: 10248–10255
Cynober, L., Vaubourdolle, M., Dore, A., Giboudeau, J.: Kinetics and metabolic effects of orally administered ornithine α-ketoglutarate in healthy subjects fed with a standardized regimen. Amer. J. Clin. Nutr. 1984; 39: 514–519
Gebhardt, R., Backers, G., Gaunitz, F., Haupt, W., Jonitza, D., Klein, S., Scheja, L.: Treatment of cirrhotic rats with L-ornithine-L-aspartate enhances urea synthesis and lowers serum ammonia levels. J. Pharmacol. Exper. Ther. 1997; 283: 1–6
Greenstein, J.P., Winitz, M., Gullino, P., Birnbaum, S.M., Otey, M.C.: Studies on the metabolism of amino acids and related compounds in vivo. III. Prevention of ammonia toxicity by arginine and related compounds. Arch. Biochem. 1956; 64: 342–354
Krebs, H.A., Henseleit, K.: Untersuchungen über die Harnstoffbildung im Tierkörper. Hoppe-Seyler’s Z. Physiol. Chem. 1932; 210: 33–66
Kuntz, E. (Hrsg.): Die hepatische Enzephalopathie. Aspekte der Diagnose und Behandlung. Univ. Verlag Jena, 1992; 125 Seiten
Lescoat, G., Desvergne, B., Loreal, O., Pasdeloup, N., Deugnier, Y., Bourel, M., Brissot, P.: Modulation of albumin secretion by ornithine alpha-ketoglutarate in adult rat hepatocyte cultures and a human hepatoma cell line (Hep G2). Ann. Nutrit. Metab. 1989; 33: 252–260
Najarian, J.-S., Harper, H.A.: A clinical study of the effect of arginine on blood ammonia. Amer. J. Med. 1956; 21: 832–842
O’sullivan, D., Brosnan, J.T., Brosnan, M.E.: Hepatic zonation of the catabolism of arginine and ornithine in the perfused rat liver. Biochem. J. 1998; 330: 627–632
Rose, C., Michalak, A., Rama Rao, K.V., Quack, G., Kircheis, G., Butterworth, R.F.: L-ornithine-L-aspartate lowers plasma and cerebrospinal fluid ammonia and prevents brain edema in rats with acute liver failure. Hepatology 1999; 30: 636–640
Staedt, U., Leweling, H., Gladisch, R., Kortsick, C., Hagmüller, E., Holm, E.: Effects of ornithine aspartate on plasma ammonia and plasma amino acids in patients with cirrhosis. A double-blind, randomized study using a four-fold crossover design. J. Hepatol. 1993; 19: 424–430
Vogels, B.A.P.M., Karlsen, O.T., Maas, M.A.W., Boveé, W.M.M.J., Chamuleau, R.A.F.M.: L-Ornithine vs. L-ornithine-L-aspartate as a treatment for hyperammonemia-induced encephalopathy in rats. J. Hepatol. 1997; 26: 174–182
Zieve, L., Lyftogt, C., Raphael, D.: Ammonia toxicity: comparative protective effect of various arginine and ornithine derivatives, aspartate, benzoate, and carbamyl glutamate. Metab. Brain Dis. 1986; 1: 25–35
D-penicillamine
Bavdekar, A.R., Bhave, S.A., Pradhan, A.M., Pandit, A.N., Tanner, M.S.: Long term survival in Indian childhood cirrhosis treated with D-penicillamine. Arch. Dis. Childh. 1996; 74: 32–35
Bodenheimer, H.C., Charland, C., Thayer, W.R., Schaffner, F., Staples, P.J.: Effects of penicillamine on serum immunoglobulins and immune complex-reactive material in primary biliary cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 1985; 88: 412–417
Chan, C.-Y., Baker, A.L.: Penicillamine hypersensitivity: successful desensitization of a patient with severe hepatic Wilson’s disease. Amer. J. Gastroenterol. 1994; 89: 442–443
Kukovetz, W.R., Beubler, E., Kreuzig, F., Moritz, A.J., Nirnberger, G., Werner-Breitenecker, L.: Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of Dpenicillamine. J. Rheumat. 1983; 10: 90–94
Somatostatin
Cicera, I., Feu, F., Luca, A., Garcia-Pagan, J.C., Fernandez, M., Escorsell, A., Bosch, J., Rodes, J.: Effects of bolus injections and continuous infusions of somatostatin and placebo in patients with cirrhosis: a double-blind hemodynamic investigation. Hepatology 1995; 22: 106–111
Hadengue, A.: Somatostatin or octreotide in acute variceal bleeding. Digestion 1999; 60(Suppl. 2): 31–41
Nevens, F., Sprengers, D., Fevery, J.: The effect of different doses of a bolus injection of somatostatin combined with a slow infusion on transmural oesophageal variceal pressure in patients with cirrhosis. J. Hepatol. 1994; 20: 27–31
Villanueva, C., Ortiz, J., Sabat, M., Gallego, A., Torras, X., Soriano, G., Sainz, S., Boadas, J., Cusso, X., Guarner, C., Balanzo, J.: Somatostatin alone or combined with emergency sclerotherapy in the treatment of acute esophageal variceal bleeding: A prospective randomized trial. Hepatology 1999; 30: 384–389
Terlipressin
Escorsell, A., Bandi, J.C., Moitinho, E., Feu, F., Garcia-Pagan, J.C., Bosch, J., Rodes, J.: Time profile of the haemodynamic effects of terlipressin in portal hypertension. J. Hepatol. 1997; 26: 621–627
Halimi, C., Bonnard, P., Bernard, B., Mathurin, P., Mofredj, A., di M, V., Demontis, R., Henry-Blabaud, E., Flevet, P., Opolon, P., Poynard, T., Cadranel, J.F.: Effect of terlipressin (Glypressin) on hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhotic patients: results of a multicentre pilot study. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2002; 14: 153–158
Levacher, S., Letoumelin, P., Pateron, D., Blaise, M., Lapandry, C., Pourriat, J.-L.: Early administration of terlipressin plus glyceryl trinitrate to control active upper gastrointestinal bleeding in cirrhotic patients. Lancet 1995; 346: 865–868
Moller, S., Bendtsen, F., Henriksen, J.H.: Splanchnic and systemic hemodynamic derangement in decompensated cirrhosis. Can. J. Gastroenterol. 2001; 15: 94–106
Nevens, F., van Steenbergen, W., Yap, S.H., Fevery, J.: Assessment of variceal pressure by continuous non-invasive endoscopic registration: a placebo controlled evaluation of the effect of terlipressin and octreotide. Gut 1996; 38: 129–134
Soderlund, C., Magnusson, I., Torngren, S., Lundell, L.: Terlipressin (triglycyl-lysine vasopressin) controls acute bleeding oesophageal varices. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 1990; 25: 622–630
Vachiery, F., Moreau, R., Gadano, A., Yang, S., Sogni, P., Hadengue, A., Cailmail, St., Soupison, T., Lebrec, D.: Hemodynamic and metabolic effects of terlipressin in patients with cirrhosis receiving a nonselective β-Blocker. Dig. Dis. Sci. 1996; 41: 1722–1726
Walker, S., Kreichgauer, H.-P., Bode, J.C.: Terlipressin (Glypressin) versus somatostatin in the treatment of bleeding esophageal varices. — Final report of a placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Z. Gastroenterol. 1996; 34: 692–698
S-adenosyl-L-methionine
Alvaro, D., Gigliozzi, A., Piat, C., Carli, L., Bini, A., La Rosa, T., Furfaro, S., Capocaccia, L.: Effect of S-adenosyl-L-methionine on ethanol cholestasis and hepatotoxicity in isolated perfused rat liver. Dig. Dis. Sci. 1995; 40: 1592–1600
Bontemps, F., van den Berghe, G.: Metabolism of exogenous S-adenosylmethionine in isolated rat hepatocyte suspensions: methylation of plasma-membrane phospholipids without intracellular uptake. Biochem. J. 1997; 327: 383–389
Bottiglieri, T.: S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe): from the bench to the bedside. Molecular basis of a pleiotrophic molecule. Amer. J. Clin. Nutr. 2002; 76: 1151–1157
Cincu, F.N., Rodriguez-Ortigosa, C.M., Vesperinas, I., Quiroga, J., Prieto, J.: S-adenosyl-L-methionine protects the liver against the cholestatic, cytotoxic, and vasoactive effects of leukotriene D-4: a study with isolated and perfused rat liver. Hepatology 1997; 26: 330–335
Colell, A., Garcia-Ruiz, C., Morales, A., Ballesta, A., Ookhtens, M., Rodes, J., Kaplowitz, N., Fernandez-Checa, J.C.: Transport of reduced glutathione in hepatic mitochondria and mitoplasts from ethanoltreated rats effect of membrane physical properties and S-adenosyl-Lmethionine. Hepatology 1997; 26: 699–708
Fricker, G., Landmann, L., Meier, P.J.: Ethinyl-estradiol-induced structural and functional alterations of rat liver plasma membrane and their reversal by SAME in vitro. Hepatology 1988; 8: 1224.
Friedel, H.A., Goa, K.L., Benfield, P.: S-adenosyl-L-methionine. A review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic potential in liver dysfunktion and affective disorders in relation to its physiological role in cell metabolism. Drugs 1989; 38: 389–416
Gasso, M., Rubio, M., Varela, G., Cabre, M., Caballeria, J., Alonso, E., Deulofem, R., Camps, J., Gimenez, A., Pajares, M., Pares, A., Mato, J.M., Rodes, J.: Effects of S-adenosylmethionine on lipid peroxidation and liver fibrogenesis in carbon tetrachloride-induced cirrhosis. J. Hepatol. 1996; 25: 200–205
Gonzalez-Correa, J.A., De la Cruz, J.P., Martin-Aurioles, E., Lopez-Egea, M.A., Ortiz, P., De la Cuesta, F.S.: Effects of S-adenosyl-Lmethionine on hepatic and renal oxidative stress in an experimental model of acute biliary obstruction in rats. Hepatology 1997; 26: 121–127
Horne, D.W., Holloway, R.S., Wagner. C.: Transport of S-adenosyl-Lmethionine in isolated rat liver mitochondria. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1997; 343: 201–206
Jeon, B.R., Lee, S.M.: S-adenosylmethionine protects post-ischemic mitochondrial injury in rat liver. J. Hepatol. 2001; 34: 395–401
Lieber, C.S., Packer, L.: S-adenosyl-L-methionine: molecular, biological, and clinical aspects — an introduction. Amer. J. Clin. Nutr. 2002; 76: 1148–1150
Lieber, C.S.: S-adenosyl-L-methionine: Its role in the treatment of liver disorders. Amer. J. Clin. Nutr. 2002; 76: 1183–1187
Martinez-Chantar, M.L., Garcia-Trevijano, E.R., Latasa, M.U., Perez-Mato, I., Sanchez-del-Pino, M.M., Corrales, F.J., Avila, M.A., Mato, J.M.: Importance of a deficiency in S-adenosyl-L-methionine synthesis in the pathogenesis of liver injury. Amer. J. Nutr. 2002; 76: 1177–1182
Muriel, P., Suarez, O.R., Gonzalez, G., Zuniga, L.: Protective effect of S-adenosyl-L-methionine on liver damage induced by biliary obstruction in rats: a histological, ultrastructural and biochemical approach. J. Hepatol. 1994; 21: 95–102
Pastor, A., Collado, P.S., Almar, M., Gonzalez-Gallego, J.: Microsonal function in biliary obstructed rats: effects of S-adenosyl-methionine. J. Hepatol. 1996; 24: 353–359
Roman, I.D., Johnson, G.D., Coleman, R.: S-adenosyl-L-methionine prevents disruption of canalicular function and pericanalicular cytoskeleton integrity caused by cyclosporine A in isolated rat hepatocyte couplets. Hepatology 1996; 24: 134–140
Simile, M.M., Saviozzi, M., De Miglio, M.R., Muroni, M.R., Nufris, A., Pascale, R.M., Malvaldi, G., Feo, F.: Persistent chemopreventive effect of S-adenosyl-L-methionine on the development of liver putative preneoplastic lesions induced by thiobenzamide in diethylnitrosamineinitiated rats. Carcinogenesis 1996, 17: 1533–1537
Wu, J., Söderbergh, H., Karlsson, K., Danielsson, A.: Protective effect of S-adenosyl-L-methionine on bromobenzene-and D-galactosamineinduced toxicity to isolated rat hepatocytes. Hepatology 1996; 23: 359–365
Haemarginate
Herrick, A., McLellan, A., Brodie, M.J., McColl, K.E.L., Moore, M.R., Goldberg, A.: Effect of haem arginate therapy on porphyrin metabolism and mixed function oxygenase activity in acute hepatic porphyria. Lancet 1987/II: 1178–1179
Manning, D.J., Gray, T.A.: Haem arginate in acute hereditary coproporphyria. Arch. Dis. Child. 1991; 66: 730–731
Mustajoki, P., Nordmann, Y.: Early administration of haem arginate for acute porphyric attacks. Arch. Intern. Med. 1993; 153: 2004–2008
Tenhunen, R., Tokola, O., Linden, I.B.: Haem arginate: a new stabl haem compound. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1987; 39: 780–786
Phytotherapeutics
Concepcion-Navarro, M., Pilar-Montilla, M., Martin, A., Jimenez, J., Pilar-Utrilla, M.: Free radical scavenger and antihepatotoxic activity of Rosmarinus tomentosus. Planta Med. 1993; 59: 312–314
Sharma, A., Singh, R.T., Sehgal, V., Handa, S.S.: Antihepatotoxic activity of some plants used in herbal formulations. Fitoterapia. 1991; 62: 131–138
Thabrew, M.I., Hughes, R.D.: Phytogenic agents in the therapy of liver disease. Phytother. Res. 1996; 10: 461–467
Wasser, S., Ho, J.M.S., Ang, H.K., Tan, C.E.L.: Salvia miltorrhiza reduces experimentally-induced hepatic fibrosis in rats. J. Hepatol. 1998; 29: 760–771
Essential phospholipids
Kuntz, E.: Die “essentiellen” Phospholipide als Lebertherapeutikum. · Monography, carried out for Nattermann (Cologne) (as per 31.12.1988). 16 figures, 19 tables; 288 EPL references
Aleynik, S.I., Leo, M.A., Ma, X., Aleynik, M.K., Lieber, C.S.: Polyenylphosphatidylcholine prevents carbon tetrachloride-induced lipid peroxidation while it attenuates liver fibrosis. J. Hepatol. 1997; 27: 554–561
Aleynik, A.I., Leo, M.A., Aleynik, M.K., Lieber, C.S.: Polyenylphosphatidylcholine protects against alcohol but not iron-induced oxidative stress in the liver. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 2000; 24: 196–206
Aleynik, S.I., Lieber, C.S.: Polyenylphosphatidylcholine corrects the alcohol-induced hepatic oxidative stress by restoring S-adenosylmethionine. Alcohol Alcoholisms 2003; 38: 208–212
Baraona, E., Zeballos, G.A., Shoichet, L., Mal, K.M., Lieber, C.S.: Ethanol consumption increases nitric oxide production in rats, and its peroxynitrite-mediated toxicity is attenuated by polyenylphosphatidylcholine. Alcoh. Clin. Exp. Res. 2002; 26: 883–889
Brady, L.M., Fox, E.S., Fimmel, C.J.: Polyenylphosphatidylcholine inhibits PDGF-induced proliferation in rat hepatic stellate cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 1998; 248: 174–179
Buko, V., Artsukevich, A., Maltsev, A., Nikitin, V., Ignatenko, V., Gundermann, K.-J., Schumacher, R.: Effect of polyunsaturated phosphatidylcholine on lipid structure and camp-dependent signal transduction in the liver of rats chronically intoxicated with ethanol. Exp. Toxic. Pathol. 1994; 46: 375–382
Chirkin, A.A., Konevalova, N.Y., Grebennikov, I.N., Kulikov, V.A., Saraev, Y.V., Buko, V.U., Chirkina, I.A., Danchenko, E.O., Gundermann, K.-J.: Effect of polyunsaturated phosphatidylcholine on lipid transport system in alcoholic liver injury. Addiction Biol. 1998; 3: 65–70
Geetha, J., Manjula, R., Malathi, S., Usha, K.: Efficacy of essential phospholipid substance of Soya bean oil and Phyllanthus niruri in acute viral hepatitis. J. Gen. Med. (India) 1992; 4: 53–58
Gonciarz, Z., Besser, P., Lelek, E., Gundermann, K.J., Johannes, K.J.: Randomized placebo-controlled double blind trial on “essential” phospholipids in the treatment of fatty liver associated with diabetes. Med. Chir. Dig. 1988; 17: 61–65
Holecek, M., Mraz, J., Koldova, P., Skopec, F.: Effect of polyunsaturated phosphatidylcholine on liver regeneration onset after hepatectomy in the rat. Drug. Res. 1992; 42: 337–339
Holoman, J., Glasa, J., Hlavaty, I., Veningerova, M., Prachar, V., Lukacsova, M.: Favourable effects of essential phospholipids and the arrangement of life routine in patients with toxic damage liver. Bratisl. Lek Listy 1998; 99: 75–81
Ilic, V., Kordac, V., Alvarez, S.Z.: Clinical experience with long-term administration of “essential” phospholipids in chronic active hepatitis. Review of 3 double-blind studies. (tschech.) Cas. Lek. Ces. 1992; 131: 801–804
Koga, S., Irisa, T., Miyata, Y., Sakai, H., Tsuji, Y., Fujimoto, Y., Masumoto, A., Matsuura, T., Sato, M., Yokota, M., Yamamoto, F., Tokumatso, M.: Clinical progress of 51 fatty liver cases analyzed by liver function tests and ultrasonic screening and results of EPL administered cases. Prog. Med. 1991; 11: 1891–1899
Kuntz, E.: Pilotstudie mit Polyenylphosphatidylcholin bei schwerer Leberinsuffizienz. Med. Welt 1989; 40: 1327–1329
Kuntz, E.: “Essentielle” Porpholipide in der Hepatologie — 50 Jahre experimentelle und klinische Erfahrung. Z. Gastroenterol. 1991; 29(Suppl. 2): 7–13
Kuntz, E.: The “essential” phospholipids in hepatology. Experimental and clinical experiences. Progr. Hepatol. Pharmacol. 1995; 1: 156–167
Li, J., Kim, C.-I., Leo, M.A., Mak, K.M., Rojkind, M., Lieber, C.S.: Polyunsaturated lecithin prevents acetaldehyde-mediated hepatic collagen accumulation by stimulating collagenase activity in cultured lipocytes. Hepatology 1992; 15: 373–381
Lieber, C.S., DeCarli, L.M., Mak, K.M., Kim, C.-I., Leo, M.A.: Attenuation of alcohol-induced hepatic fibrosis by polyunsaturated lecithin. Hepatology 1990; 12: 1390–1398
Lieber, C.S., Robins, S.J., Li, J., DeCarli, L.M., Mak, K.M., Fasulo, J.M., Leo, M.A.: Phosphatidylcholine protects against fibrosis and cirrhosis in the baboon. Gastroenterology 1994; 106: 152–159
Lieber, C.S., Robins, S.J., Leo, M.A.: Hepatic phosphatidyl ethanolamine methyltransferase activity is decreased by ethanol and increased by phosphatidylcholine. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. 1994; 18: 592–595
Lieber, C.S., Leo, M.A., Aleynik, S.I., Aleynik, M.K., DeCarli, L.M.: Polyenylphosphatidylcholine decreases alcohol-induced oxidative stress in the baboon. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 1997; 21: 375–379
Lieber, C.S.: Alcoholic liver disease: new insights in pathogenesis lead to new treatments. J. Hepatol. 2000; 32(Suppl. 1): 113–128
Ma., X., Zhao, J., Lieber, C.S.: Polyenylphosphatidylcholine attenuates non-alcoholic hepatic fibrosis and accelerates its regression. J. Hepatol. 1996; 24: 604–613
Machoy-Mokrzynska, A., Put, A., Ceglecka, M., Mysliwie, Z.: Influence of essential phospholipids (EPL) on selected biochemical parameters of lipid metabolism in rats chronically exposed to ammonium fluoride vapours. Fluoride 1994; 27: 201–204
Mak, K.M., Wen; K., Ren, C., Lieber, C.S.: Dilinoleoylphosphatidylcholine reproduces the antiapoptotic actions of polyenylphosphatidylcholine against ethanol-induced hepatocyte apoptosis. Alcoh. Clin. Exp. Res. 2003; 27: 997–1005
Mathur, S.N., Simon, I., Lokesh, B.R., Spector, A.A.: Phospholipid fatty acid modification of rat liver microsomes affects acylcoenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase activity. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 1983; 751: 401–411
Mi, L.-J., Mak, K.M., Lieber, C.S.: Attenuation of alcohol-induced apoptosis of hepatocytes in rat livers by polyenylphosphatidylcholine (PPC). Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 2000; 24: 207–212
Navder, K.P., Baraona, E., Lieber, C.S.: Polyenylphosphatidylcholine attenuates alcohol-induced fatty liver and hyperlipemia in rats. J. Nutr. 1997; 127: 1800–1806
Navder, K.P., Baraona, E., Leo, M.A., Lieber, C.S.: Oxidation of LDL in baboons is increased by alcohol and attenuated by polyenylphosphatidylcholine-J. Lipid Res. 1999; 40: 983–987
Niederau, C., Strohmeyer, G., Heintges, T., Peter, K., Göpfert, E.: Polyunsaturated phosphatidyl-choline and interferon alpha for treatment of chronic hepatitis B and C: a multi-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Hepato-Gastroenterol. 1998; 45: 797–804
Nolan, B., Sentementes, J., Bankey, P.: Hepatocyte polyunsaturated fatty acid enrichment increases acute phase protein synthesis. Surgery 1998; 124: 471–476
Oette, K., Kühn, G., Römer, A., Niemann, R., Gundermann, K.-J., Schumacher, R.: The absorption of dilinoleoyl-phosphatidylcholine after oral administration. Drug. Res. 1995; 45: 875–879
Oneta, C.M., Mak, K.M., Lieber, C.S.: Dilinoleoylphosphatidylcholine selectively modulates lipopolysaccharide-induced Kupffer cell activation. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1999; 134: 466–470
Poniachik, J., Baraona, E., Zhao, J., Lieber, C.S.: Dilinoleoylphosphatidylcholine decreases hepatic stellate cell activation. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1999; 133: 342–348
Put, A., Samochowiec, L., Ceglecka, M., Tustanowski, S., Birkenfeld, B., Zaborek, B.: Clinical efficacy of “essential” phospholipids in patients chronically exposed to organic solvents. J. Int. Med. Res. 1993; 21: 185–191
Wang, X.D., Andersson, R., Soltesz, V., Wang, W.Q., Ar’Rajab, A., Bengmark, S.: Pospholipids prevent enteric bacterial translocation in the early stage of experimental acute liver failure in the rat. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 1994; 29: 1117–1121
Silymarin
Kuntz, E.: Die Wirksubstanz Silymarin in der Behandlung von Lebererkrankungen. 75 Seiten, 10 Abb., 8 Tab.; 247 (komplett zitierte) Silymarin-Publikationen; 1994. • Addendum 1995, English edition 1998 • Falk-Foundation e.V. Freiburg
Bartholomaeus, A.R., Bolton, R., Ahokas, J.T.: Inhibition of rat liver cytosolic glutathione S-transferase by silybin. Xenobiotica 1994; 24: 17–24
Basaga, H., Poli, G., Tekkaya, C., Aras, I.: Free radical scavenging and antioxidative properties of “silibin” complexes on microsomal lipid peroxidation. Cell Biochem. Funct. 1997; 15: 27–33
Beckmann-Knopp, S., Rietbrock, S., Weyhenmeyer, R., Böker, R.H., Beckurts, K.T., Lang, W., Hunz, M., Fuhr, U.: Inhibitory effects of silibinin on cytochrome P-450 enzymes in human liver microsomes. Pharm. Toxicol. 2000; 86: 250–256
Boigk, G., Stroedter, L., Herbst, H., Waldschmidt, J., Riecken, E.O., Schuppan, D.: Silymarin retards collagen accumulation in early and advanced biliary fibrosis secondary to complete bile duct obliteration in rats. Hepatology 1997; 26: 643–649
Carducci, R., Armellino, M.F., Volpe, C., Basile, G., Caso, N., Apicella, A., Basile, V.: Silibinina e intossicazione acuta da Amanita phalloides. Min. Anest. 1996; 62: 187–193
Chrungoo, V.J., Reen, R.K., Singh, K., Singh, J.: Effects of Silymarin on UDP-glucuronic acid and glucuronidation activity in the rat isolated hepatocytes and liver in relation to D-galactosamine toxicity. Ind. J. Exp. Biol. 1997; 35: 256–263
Chrungoo, V.J., Singh, K., Singh, J.: Silymarin mediated differential modulation of toxicity induced by carbon tetrachloride, paracetamol and D-galactosamine in freshly isolated rat hepatocytes. Ind. J. Exp. Biol. 1997; 35: 611–617
Crocenci, F.A., Sanchez-Pozzi, E.J., Pellegrino, J.M., Rodriguez-Garay, E.A., Mottino, A.D., Roma, M.G.: Preventive effect of silymarin against taurolithocholate-induced cholestasis in the rat. Biochem. Pharmacol. 2003; 66: 355–364
Dehmlow, C., Erhard, J., de Groot, H.: Inhibition of Kupffer cell functions as an explanation for the hepatoprotective properties of silibinin. Hepatology 1996; 23: 749–754
Dehmlow, C., Murawski, N., de Groot, H.: Scavenging of reactive oxygen species and inhibition of arachidonic acid metabolism by silibinin in human cells. Life Sci. 1996; 58: 1591–1600
Dvorak, Z., Kosina, P., Walterova, D., Simanek, V., Bachteda, P., Ulrichova, J.: Primary cultures of human hepatocytes as a tool in cytotoxicity studies: Cell protection against model toxins by flavonolignans obtained from Silybum marianum. Toxicol. Letters 2003; 137: 201–212
Farghali, H., Kamenikowa, L., Hynie, S., Kmonickova, E.: Silymarin effects on intracellular calcium and cytotoxicity: a study in perfused rat hepatocytes after oxidative stress injury. Pharm. Res. 2000; 41: 231–237
Favari, L., Perez-Alvarez, V.: Comparative effects of colchicine and silymarin on CCl4-chronic liver damage in rats. Arch. Med. Res. 1997; 28: 11–17
Favari, L., Soto, C., Mourelle, M.: Effect of portal vein ligation and silymarin treatment on aspirin metabolism and disposition in rats. Biopharm. Drug Dispos. 1997; 18: 53–64
Flora, K., Hahn, M., Rosen, H., Benner, K.: Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) for the therapy of liver disease. Amer. J. Gastroenterol. 1998; 93: 139–143
Fraschini, F., Demartini, G., Esposti, D.: Pharmacology of silymarin. Clin. Drug Invest. 2002; 22: 51–65
Fuchs, E.C., Weyhenmeyer, R., Weiner, O.H.: Effects of silibinin and of a synthetic analogue on isolated rat hepatic stellate cells and myofibroblasts. Drug Res. 1997; 47: 1383–1387
Gonzales-Correa, J.A., de la Cruz, J.P., Cordillo, J., Urena, I., Redondo, L., de la Cuesta, F.S.: Effects of silymarin MZ-80 on hepatic oxidative stress in rats with biliary obstruction. Pharmacology 2002; 64: 18–27
Gyorgy, I., Antus, S., Blazovics, A., Foldiak, G.: Substituent effects in the free radical reactions of silybin: radiation-induced oxidation of the flavonoid at neutral pH. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 1992; 61: 603–609
Ignatowicz, E., Szaefer, H., Zielinska, M., Korczowska, I., Fenrych, W.: Silybin and silydianin diminish the oxidative metabolism of human polymorphnuclear neutrophils. Acta Biochim. Polon. 1997; 44: 127–130
Jia, J.D., Bauer, M., Cho, J.J., Ruehl, M., Milani, S., Boigk, G., Riecken, E.O., Schuppan, D.: Antifibrotic effect of silymarin in rat secondary biliary fibrosis is mediated by downregulated of procollagen alpha 1 (I) and TIMP-1. J. Hepatol. 2001; 35: 392–398
Katiyar, S.K., Korman, N.J., Mukhtar, H., Agarwal, R.: Protective effects of silymarin against photocarcinogenesis in a mouse skin model. J. Natl. Canc. Inst. 1997; 89: 556–566
Kim, D.H., Jin, Y.H., Park, J.B., Kobashi, K.: Silymarin and its components are inhibitors of beta-glucuronidase. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 1994; 17: 443–445
Lang, I., Deak, G., Muzes, G., Pronai, L., Feher, J.: Effect of the natural bioflavonoid antioxidant silymarin on superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and expression in vitro. Biotechnol. Ther. 1993; 4: 263–270
Lieber, C.S., Leo, M.A., Cao, Q., Ren, C.L., deCarli, L.M.: Silymarin retards the progression of alcohol-induced hepatic fibrosis in baboons. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 2003; 37: 336–339
Mira, L., Silva, M., Manso, C.F.: Scavenging of reactive oxygen species by silibinin dihemisuccinate. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1994; 48: 753–759
Muriel, P., Garciapina, T., Perez-Alvarez, V., Mourelle, M.: Silymarin protects against paracetamol-induced lipid peroxidation and liver damage. J. Appl. Toxicol. 1992; 12: 439–442
Palasciano, G., Portincasa, P., Palmieri, V., Ciani, D., Vendemiale, G., Altomare, E.: The effect of silymarin on plasma levels of malon-dialdehyde in patients receiving long-term treatment with psychotropic drugs. Curr. Ther. Res. 1994; 55: 537–545
Pares, A., Planas, R., Torres, M., Caballeria, J., Viver, J.M., Acero, D., Panes, J., Rigau, J., Santos, J., Rodes, J.: Effects of silymarin in alcoholic patients with cirrhosis of the liver: results of a controlled, doubleblind, randomized and multicenter trial. J. Hepatol. 1998; 28: 615–621
Pietrangelo, A., Borella, F., Casalgrandi, G., Montosi, G., Ceccarelli, D., Gallesi, D., Giovannini, F., Gasparetto, A., Masini, A.: Antioxidant activity of silybin in vivo during long-term iron overload in rats. Gastroenterology 1995; 109: 1941–1949
Ramadan, L.A., Roushdy, H.M., Abu-Senna, G.M., Amin, N.E., El-Deshw, O.A.: Radioprotective effect of silymarin against radiationinduced hepatotoxicity. Pharmacol. Res. 2002; 45: 447–454
Schürmann, J., Prockl, J., Kremer, A.K., Vollmar, A.M., Bang, R., Tiegs, G.: Silibinin protects mice from T cell-dependent liver injury. J. Hepatol. 2003; 39: 333–340
Takahara, E., Ohta, S., Hirobe, M.: Stimulatory effects of silibinin on the DNA synthesis in partially hepatectomized rat livers: Nonresponse in hepatoma and other malignant cell lines. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1986; 35: 538–541
Thamsborg, S.M., Jorgensen, R.J., Brummerstedt, E., Bjerregard, J.: Putative effect of silymarin on Sawfly (Arge pullata) — induced hepatotoxicosis in sheep. Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 1996; 38: 89–91
Valenzuela, A., Garrido, A.: Biochemical bases of the pharmacological action of the flavonoid silymarin and of its structural isomer silibinin. Biol. Res. 1994; 27: 105–112
Velussi, M., Cernigoi, A.M., de Monte, A., Dapas, F., Caffau, C., Zilli, M.: Long-term (12 month) treatment with an anti-oxidant drug (silymarin) is effective on hyperinsulinemia, exogenous insulin need and malondialdehyde levels in cirrhotic diabetic patients. J. Hepatol. 1997; 26: 871–879
Venkataramanan, R., Ramachandran, V., Komoroski, B.J., Zhang, S.M., Schiff, P.L., Strom, S.C.: Milk thistle, a herbal supplement decreases the activity of CYP3A4 and uridine diphosphoglucuronosyl transferase in human hepatocyte cultures. Drug Metabol. Dispos. 2000; 28: 1270–1273
Wang, M., La Grange, L., Tao, J., Reyes, E.: Hepatoprotective properties of Silybum marianum herbal preparation on ethanol-induced liver damage. Fitoterapia 1996; 67: 166–171
Wenzel, S., Stolte, H., Soose, M.: Effects of silibinin and antioxidants on high glucose-induced alterations of fibronectin turnover in human mesangial cell cultures. J. Pharmacol. Exper. Therap. 1996; 279: 1520–1526
Wu, C.G., Chamuleau, R.A., Bosch, K.S., Frederiks, W.M.: Protective effect of silymarin on rat liver injury induced by ischemia. Virch. Arch. B. Cell Pathol. Mol. Pathol. 1993; 64: 259–263
EPL/Silymarin combination
Barzaghi, N., Crema, F., Gatti, G., Pifferi, G., Perucca, E.: Pharmacokinetic studies on IdB 1016, a silybin-phosphatidylcholine complex, in healthy human subjects. Eur. J. Drug Met. Pharmacokinet. 1990: 15: 333–338
Buzzelli, G., Moscarella, S., Giusti, A., Duchini, A., Marena, C., Lampertico, M.: A pilot study on the liver protective effect of silybin-phosphatidylcholine complex (IdB 1016) in chronic active hepatitis. Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. Toxicol. 1993; 31: 456–460
Carini, R., Comoglio, A., Albano, E., Poli, G.: Lipid peroxidation and irreversible damage in the rat hepatocyte model. Protection by the silybin-phospholipid complex IdB 1016. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1992; 43: 2111–2115
Comoglio, A., Tomasi, A., Malandrino, S., Poli, G., Albano, E.: Scavenging effect of silipide, a new silybin-phospholipid complex, on ethanol-derived free radicals. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1995; 50: 1313–1316
Morazzoni, P., Montalbetti, A., Malandrino, S., Pifferi, G.: Comparative pharmacokinetics of silipide and silymarin in rats. Eur. J. Drug. Metab. Pharmacokinet. 1993; 18: 289–297
Schandalik, R., Perrucca, E.: Pharmacokinetics of silybin following oral administration of silipide in patients with extrahepatic biliary obstruction. Drugs Exp. Clin. Res. 1994; 20: 37–42
Glycyrrhizin
Acharya, S.K., Dasarathy, S., Tandon, A., Joshi, Y.K., Tandon, B.N.: A preliminary open trial on interferon stimulator (SNMC) derived from Glycyrrhiza glabra in the treatment of sub-acute hepatic failure. Ind. J. Med. Res. 1993; 98: 69–74
Crance, J.M., Leveque, F., Biziagos, E., Vancuyckgandre, H., Jouan, A., Deloince, R.: Studies on mechanism of action of glycyrrhizin against hepatitis A virus replication in vitro. Antiviral Res. 1994; 23: 63–76
Ismair, M.G., Stanca, C., Ha, H.R., Renner, E.L., Meier, P.J., Kullak-Ublick: Interactions of glycyrrhizin with organic anion transporting polypeptides of rat and human liver. Hepatol. Res. 2003; 26: 343–347
Takahara, T., Watanabe, A., Shiraki, K.: Effects of glycyrrhizin on hepatitis B surface antigen: a biochemical and morphological study. J. Hepatol 1994; 21: 601–609
Van Rossum, T.G.J., Vulto, A.G., de Man, R.A., Brouwer, J.T., Schalm, S.W.: Review article: glycyrrhizin as a potential treatment for chronic hepatitis C. Aliment. Pharm. Ther. 1998; 12: 199–205
Colchicine
Cedillo, A., Mourelle, M., Muriel, P.: Effect of colchicine and trimethylcolchicinic acid on CCl4-induced cirrhosis in the rat. Pharm. Toxicol. 1996; 79: 241–246
Dällenbach, A., Renner, E.L.: Colchicine does not inhibit secretininduced choleresis in rats exhibiting hyperplasia of bile ductules: evidence against a pivotal role of exocytic vesicle insertion. J. Hepatol. 1995; 22: 338–348
Ikeda, T., Tozuka, S., Noguchi, O., Kobayashi, F., Sakamoto, S., Marumo, F., Sato, C.: Effects of additional administration of colchicine in ursodeoxycholic acid-treated patients with primary biliary cirrhosis: a prospective randomized study. J. Hepatol. 1996; 24: 88–94
Iwai, M., Ishii, Y., Tada, K., Kitagawa, Y., Kashiwadani, M., Kashima, K., Ibata, Y.: Effects of colchicine on the synthesis and transport of albumin: a combined electron cytochemical and autoradiographic study. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 1994; 9: 257–263
Lin, D.-Y., Sheen, I.-S., Chu, C.-M., Liaw, Y.-F.: A prospective randomized trial of colchicine in prevention of liver cirrhosis in chronic hepatitis B patients. Aliment. Pharmacol. Therap. 1996; 10: 961–966
Muriel, P., Quintanar, E., Perez-Alvarez, V.: Effect of colchicine on acetaminophen-induced liver damage. Liver 1993; 13: 217–221
Olsson, R., Broomé, U., Danielsson, A., Hägerstrand, I., Järnerot, G., Lööf, L., Prytz, H., Ryden, B.-O., Wallerstedt, S.: Colchicine treatment of primary sclerosing cholangitis. Gastroenterology 1995; 108: 1199–1203
Poo, J.L., Feldmann, G., Moreau, A., Gaudin, C., Lebrec, D.: Early colchicine administration reduces hepatic fibrosis and portal hypertension in rats with bile duct ligation. J. Hepatol. 1993; 19: 90–94
Rao, V.C., Mehendale, H.M.: Effect of antimitotic agent colchicine on carbon tetrachloride toxicity. Arch. Toxicol. 1993; 67: 392–400
Rudi, J., Raedsch, R., Gerteis, C., Schlenker, T., Plachky, J., Walter-Sack, I., Sabouraud, A., Scherrmann, J.M., Kommerell, B.: Plasma kinetics and biliary excretion of colchicine in patients with chronic liver disease after oral administration of a single dose and after longterm treatment. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 1994; 29: 346–351
Sabouraud, A., Rochdi, M., Urtizberea, M., Christen, M.O., Achtert, G., Scherrmann, J.M.: Pharmacokinetics of colchicine: a review of experimental and clinical data. Z. Gastroenterol. 1992; 30(Suppl. 1): 35–39
Solis-Herruzo, J.A., De Gando, M., Ferrer, M.P., Hernandez Munoz, I., Fernandez-Boya, B., De La Torre, M.P., Munoz-Yague, M.T.: Reversal of carbon tetrachloride induced changes in microviscosity and lipid composition of liver plasma membrane by colchicine in rats. Gut 1993; 34: 1438–1442
Wang, Y.-J., Lee, S.-D., Hsieh, M.-C., Lin, H.-C., Lee, F.-Y., Tsay, S.-H., Tsai, Y.-T., Hu, O.Y.-P., King, M.-L., Lo, K.-J.: A double-blind randomized controlled trial of colchicine in patients with hepatitis B virus-related postnecrotic cirrhosis. J. Hepatol. 1994; 21: 872–877
Bupleurum falcatum
Kayano, K., Sakaida, I., Uchida, K., Okita, K.: Inhibitory effects of the herbal medicine Sho-saiko-to (TJ-9) on cell proliferation and procollagen gene expressions in cultured rat hepatic stellate cells. J. Hepatol. 1998; 29: 642–649
Sakaida, I., Matsumura, Y., Akiyama, S., Hayashi, K., Ishige, A., Okita, K.: Herbal medicine Sho-saiko-to (TJ-9) prevents liver fibrosis and enzyme-altered lesions in rat liver cirrhosis induced by a cholinedeficient L-amino acid-defined diet. J. Hepatol. 1998; 28: 298–306
Shimizu, I., Ma, Y.-R., Mizobuchi, Y., Liu, F., Miura, T., Nakai, Y., Yasuda, M., Shiba, M., Horie, T., Amagaya, S., Kawada, N., Hori, H., Ito, S.: Effects of Sho-saiko-to, a Japanese herbal medicine, on hepatic fibrosis in rats. Hepatology 1999; 29: 149–160
Tajiri, H., Kozaiwa, K., Ozaki, Y., Miki, K., Shimuzu, K., Okada, S.: Effect of Sho-Saiko to (Xiao-Chai-Hu-Tang) on HBeAg clearance in children with chronic hepatitis B virus infection and with sustained liver disease. Amer. J. Chin. Med. 1991; 19: 121–129
Phyllanthus amarus
Doshi, J.C., Vaidya, A.B., Antarkar, D.S., Deolalikar, R., Antani, D.H.: A two-stage clinical trial of Phyllanthus amarus on hepatitis B carriers: Failure to eradicate the surface antigen. Indian J. Gastroenterol. 1994; 13: 7–8
Niu, J., Wang, Y., Quiao, M., Gowans, E., Edwards, P., Thyagarajan, S.P., Gust, I., Locarnini, S.: Effect of Phyllanthus amarus on duck hepatitis B virus replication in vivo. J. Med. Virol. 1990; 32: 212–218
Ott, M., Thyagarajan, S.P., Gupta, S.: Phyllantus amarus suppresses hepatitis B virus by interrupting interactions between HBV enhancer I and cellular transcription factors. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 1997; 27: 908–915
Thyagarajan, S.P., Jayaram, S., Valliamma, T., Madanagopalan, N.: Phyllanthus amarus and hepatitis B. Lancet 1990; 2: 949–950
Venkateswaran, P.S., Millman, I., Blumberg, S.: Effects of an extract from Phyllanthus niruri on hepatitis B and Woodchuck hepatitis viruses: in-vitro and in-vivo studies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1987; 84: 274–278
Schizandra chinensis
Hikino, H., Kiso, Y., Taguchi, H., Ikeya, Y.: Antihepatotoxic actions of lignoids from Schizandra chinensis fruits. Planta Med. 1984; 51: 213–218
Kiso, Y., Tohkin, M., Hikino, H., Ikeya, Y., Taguchi, H.: Mechanism of antihepatotoxic activity of Wuweizisu C and Gomisin A1. Planta Med. 1985; 52: 331–334
Langmead, L., Rampton, D.S.: Review article: Herbal treatment in gastrointestinal and liver disease: benefits and dangers. Aliment. Pharm. Ther. 2001; 15: 1239–1252
Liu, K.T., Lesca, P.: Pharmacological properties of Dibenzo (a,c) cyclooctene derivatives isolated from fructus Schizandra chinensis III. Inhibitory effects on carbon tetrachloride-induced lipid peroxidation, metabolism and covalent binding of carbon tetrachloride to lipids. Chem. Biol. Interact. 1982; 41: 39–47
Maeda, S., Takeda, S., Miyamoto, Y., Aburada, M., Harada, M.: Effects of Gomisin A on liver functions in hepatotoxic chemicalstreated rats. Jpn. J. Pharmacol. 1985; 38: 347–353
Miyamoto, K., Wakusawa, S., Nomura, M., Sanae, F., Sakai, R., Sudo, K., Ohtaki, Y., Takeda, S., Fujii, Y.: Effects of Gomisin A on hepatocarcinogenesis by 3’-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene in rats. Japan J. Pharmacol. 1991; 57: 71–77
Nagai, H., Yakuo, I., Aoki, M., Teshima, K., Ono, Y., Sengoku, T., Shimazawa, T., Aburada, M., Koda, A.: The effect of Gomisin A on immunologic liver injury in mice. Planta Med. 1989; 55: 13–17
Thyagarajan, S.P., Subramanian, S., Thirunalasundari, T., Venkateswaran, P.S., Blumberg, B.S.: Effect of Phyllanthus amarus on chronic carriers of hepatitis B virus. Lancet 1988; 2: 764–766
TIPS
Crenshaw, W.B., Gordon, F.D., McEniff, N.J., Perry, L.J., Hartnell, G., Anastopoulos, H., Jenkins, R.L., Lewis, W.D., Wheeler, H.G., Clouse, M.E.: Severe Ascites: efficacy of the transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in treatment. Radiology 1996; 200: 185–192
Kerlan, R.K., LaBerge, J.M., Gordon, R.L., Ring, E.J.: Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts: current status. Amer. J. Radiol. 1995; 164: 1059–1066
Rosemurgy, A.S., Goode, S.E., Zwiebel, B.R., Black, T.J., Brady, P.G.: A prospective trial of transjugular intrahepatic portasystemic stent shunt versus small-diameter prosthetic H-graft portacaval shunts in the treatment of bleeding varices. Ann. Surg. 1996; 224: 378–386
Sanyal, A.J., Freedman, A.M., Luketic, V.A., Purdum, P.P., Shiffman, M.L., Tisnado, J., Cole, P.E.: Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts for patients with active variceal hemorrhage unresponsive to sclerotherapy. Gastroenterology 1996; 111: 138–146
Somberg, K.A., Lake, J.R., Tomlanovich, S.J., LaBerge, J.M., Feldstein, V., Bass, N.M.: Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts for refractory ascites: assessment of clinical and hormonal response and renal function. Hepatology 1995; 21: 709–716
Shunt
Borgonovo, G., Costantini, M., Grange, D., Vons, C., Smadja, C., Franco, D.: Comparison of a modified Sugiura procedure with portal systemic shunt for prevention of recurrent variceal bleeding in cirrhosis. Surgery 1996; 119: 214–221
Capussotti, L., Vergara, V., Polastri, R., Bouzari, H., Galatola, G.: Liver function and encephalopathy after partial vs direct side-to-side portacaval shunt: a prospective randomized clinical trial. Surgery 2000; 127: 614–621
Hillebrand, D.J., Kojouri, K., Cao, S., Runyon, B.A., Ojogho, O., Conception, U.: Small-diameter portocaval H-graft shunt: a paradigm shift back to surgical shunting in the management of variceal bleeding in patients with preserved liver function. Liver Transplant. 2000; 6: 459–465
Mercado, M.A., Morales-Linares, J.C., Granados-Garcia, J., Gomez-Mendez, T.J.M., Chan, C., Orozco, H.: Distal splenorenal shunt versus 10 mm low-diameter mesocaval shunt for variceal hemorrhage. Amer. J. Surg. 1996; 171: 591–595
Orug, T., Soonawalla, Z.F., Tekin, K., Olliff, S.P., Buckels, J.A.C., Mayer, A.D.: Role of surgical portosystemic shunts in the era of interventional radiology and liver transplantation. Brit. J. Surg. 2004; 91: 769–773
Tajiri, T., Onada, M., Yoshida, H., Mamada, Y., Taniai, N., Umehara, M., Toba, M., Yamashita, K.: Long-term results of modified distal splenorenal shunts for the treatment of esophageal varices. Hepato-Gastroenterol. 2000; 47: 720–723
Wolff, M., Hirner, A.: Current state of portosystemic shunt surgery. Langenbecks Arch. Surg. 2003; 388: 141–149
Liver resection
Aldrighetti, L., Arru, M., Caterini, R., Finazzi, R., Comotti, L., Torri, G., Ferla, G.: Impact of advanced age on the outcome of liver resection. World J. Surg. 2003; 27: 1149–1154
Assy, N., Minuk, G.Y.: Liver regeneration: methods for monitoring and their applications. J. Hepatol. 1997; 26: 945–952
Belghiti, J., Hiramatsu, K., Benoist, S., Massault, P.P., Sauvanet, A., Farges, O.: Seven hundred forty-seven hepatectomies in the 1990s: an update to evaluate the actual risk of liver resection. J. Amer. Coll. Surg. 2000: 191: 38–46
Boeckl, O., Ortner, W., Galvan, G.: Komplette Regeneration der rechten Leber nach Hemihepatektomie. Dtsch. Med. Wschr. 1984; 109: 581–585
Buell, J.F., Rosen, S., Yoshida, A., Labow, D., Limsrichamrern, S., Cronin, D.C., Bruce, D.S., Wen, M., Michelassi, F., Millis, J.M., Posner, M.C.: Hepatic resection: effective treatment for primary and secondary tumors. Surgery 2000; 128: 686–692
Chouillard, E., Cherqui, D., Tayar, C., Brunetti, F., Fagniez, P.L.: Anatomical bi-and trisegmentectomies as alternatives to extensive liver resections. Arch. Surg. 2003; 238: 29–34
Couinaud, C.: Liver anatomy: portal (and suprahepatic) or biliary segmentation. Dig. Surg. 1999; 16: 459–467
Finch, M.D., Crosbie, J.L., Currie, E., Garden, O.J.: An 8-year experience of hepatic resection: indications and outcome. Brit. J. Surg. 1998; 85: 315–319
Higgins, G.M., Anderson, R.M.: Experimental pathology of the liver — I. Resection of the liver of the white rat following partial surgical removal. Arch. Pathol. 1931; 12: 186–202
Holt, D.R., van Thiel, D., Edelstein, S., Brems, J.J.: Hepatic resections. Arch. Surg. 2000; 135: 1353–1358
Imamura, H., Seyama, Y., Kokudo, N., Maema, A., Sugawara, Y., Sano, K., Takayama, T., Makuuchi, M.: One thousand fifty-six hepatectomies without mortality in 8 years. Arch. Surg. 2003; 138: 1198–1206
Kogure, K., Kuwano, H., Fujimaki, N., Ishikawa, H., Takada, K.: Reproposal for Hjortjo’s segmental anatomy on the anterior segment in human liver. Arch. Surg. 2002; 137: 1118–1124
Kooby, D.A., Fong, Y., Suriawinata, A., Gonen, M., Allen, P.J., Klimstra, D.S., DeMatteo, R.P., D’Angelica, M., Blumgart, L.H., Jarnagin, W.R.: Impact of steatosis on perioperative outcome following hepatic resection. J. Gastroenterol. Surg. 2003; 7: 1034–1044
Kubo, S., Nishiguchi, S., Hamba, H., Hirohashi, K., Tanaka, H., Shuto, T., Kinoshita, H., Kuroki, T.: Reactivation of viral replication after liver resection in patients infected with hepatitis B virus. Ann. Surg. 2001; 233: 139–145
Lam, C.M., Lo, C:M:; LIU; C.L., Fan, S.T.: Biliary complications during liver resection. World J. Surg. 2001; 25: 1273–1276
Lamadé, W., Glombitza, G., Demiris, A..M., Cardenas, C., Meinzer, H.P., Richter, G., Lehnert, Th., Herfarth, C.: Virtual operation planning in liver surgery. Chirurg 1999; 70: 239–245
Lang, H., Sotiropoulos, G.C., Dömland, M., Frühauf, N.R., Paul, A., Hüsing, J., Malago, M., Broelsch, C.E.: Liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma in non-cirrhotic liver without unterlying viral hepatitis. Brit. J. Surg. 2005; 92: 198–202
Mangnall, D., Bird, N.C., Majeed, A.W.: The molecular physiology of liver regeneration following partial hepatectomy (review). Liver Internat. 2003; 23: 124–138
Nanashima, A., Yamaguchi, H., Shibasaki, S., Morino, S., Ide, N., Takeshita, H., Sawai, T., Nakagoe, T., Nagayasu, T., Ogawa, Y.: Relationship between indocyanine green test and technetium-aam galactosyl serum albumin scintigraphy in patients scheduled for hepatectomy: Clinical evaluation and patient outcome. Hepatol. Res. 2004; 28: 184–190
Redaelli, C.A., Dufour, J.F., Wagner, M., Schilling, M., Hüsler, J., Krähenbühl, L., Büchler, M.W., Reichen, J.: Preoperative galactose elimination capacity predicts complications and survival after hepatic resection. Ann. Surg. 2002; 235: 77–85
Shamberger, R.C., Leichtner, A.M., Jonas, M.M., LaQuaglia, M.P.: Long-term hepatic regeneration and function in infants and children following liver resection. Amer. Coll. Surg. 1996; 182: 515–519
Shan, Y.S., Hsieh, Y.H., Sy, E.D., Chiu, N.T., Lin, P.W.: The influence of spleen size on liver regeneration after major hepatectomy in normal and early cirrhotic liver. Liver Internat. 2005; 25: 96–100
Liver injuries
Brammer, R.D., Bramhall, S.R., Mirza, D.F., Mayer, A.D., McMaster, P., Buckels, J.A.C.: A 10-year experience of complex liver trauma. Brit. J. Surg. 2002; 89: 1532–1537
Cox, E.F., Flancbaum, L., Dauterive, A.H., Paulson, R.L.: Blunt trauma to the liver. Analysis of management and mortality in 323 consecutive patients. Ann. Surg. 1988; 207: 126–134
Gao, J.M., Du, D.Y., Zhao, X.Y., Liu, G.L., Yang, J., Zhao, S.H., Lin, X.: Liver trauma: Experience in 348 cases. World J. Surg. 2003; 27: 703–708
Greco, L., Francioso, G., Pratichizzo, A., Testini, M., Impedovo, G., Ettorre, G.C.: Arterial embolization in the treatment of severe blunt hepatic trauma. Hepato-Gastroenterol. 2003; 50: 746–749
Gür, S., Örsel, A., Atahan, K., Hökmez, A., Tarcan, E.: Surgical treatment of liver trauma (analysis of 244 patients). Hepato-Gastroenterol. 2003; 50: 2109–2111
Hagiwara, A., Yukioka, T., Ohta, S., Tokunaga, T., Ohta, S., Matsuda, H., Shimazaki, S.: Nonsurgical management of patients with blunt hepatic injury: efficacy of transcatheter arterial embolization. Amer. J. Roentgenol. 1997; 169: 1151–1156
Marr, J.D.F., Krige, J.E.J., Terblanche, J.: Analysis of 153 gunshot wounds of the liver. Brit. J. Surg. 2000; 87: 1030–1034
Matthes, G., Stengel, D., Seifert, J., Rademacher, G., Mutze, S., Ekkernkamp, A.: Blunt liver injuries in polytrauma: Results from a cohort study with the regular use of whole-body helical computed tomography. World J. Surg. 2003; 27: 1124–1130
Richardson, J.D., Franklin, G.A., Lukan, J.K., Carrillo, E.H., Spain, D.A., Miller, F.B., Wilson, M.A., Polk, H.C., Flint, L.M.: Evolution in the management of hepatic trauma: a 25-year perspective. Ann. Surg. 2000; 232: 324–329
Romano, L., Giovine, S., Guidi, G., Tortora, G., Cinque, T., Romano, S.: Hepatic trauma: CT findings and considerations based on our experience in emergency diagnostic imaging. Eur. J. Radiol. 2004; 50: 59–66
Velmahos, G.C., Toutouzas, K., Radin, R., Chan, L., Rhee, P., Tillou, A., Demetriades, D.: High success with nonoperative management of blunt hepatic trauma. The liver is a sturdy organ. Arch. Surg. 2003; 138: 475–480
Liver transplantation
Adam, R., Cailliez, V., Majno, P., Karam, V., McMaster, P., Caine, R.Y., O’Grady, J., Pichlmayr, R., Neuhaus, P., Ottl, J.-B., Hoeckerstedt, K., Bismuth, H.: Normalised intrinsic mortality risk in liver transplantation: European Liver Transplant Registry study. Lancet 2000; 356: 621–627
Angus, P.W., McCaughan, G.W., Gane, E.J., Crawford, D.H.G., Harley, H.: Combination low-dose hepatitis B immune globulin and lamivudine therapy provides effective prophylaxis against posttransplantation hepatitis B. Liver Transplant. 2000; 6: 429–433
Ayata, G., Gordon, F.D., Lewis, W.D., Pomfret, E., Pomposelli, J.J., Jenkins, R.L., Khettry, U.: Liver transplantation for autoimmune hepatitis: a long-term pathologic study. Hepatology 2000; 32: 185–192
Bartlett, A.S., Ramadas, R., Furness, S., Gane, E., McCall, J.L.: The natural history of acute histologic rejection without biochemical graft dysfunction in orthotopic liver transplantation: A systematic review. Liver Transplant. 2002; 8: 1147–1153
Baumann, U., Rodeck, B.: Liver transplantation in tyrosinaemia type I (in German). Mschr. Kinderheilk. 2004; 152: 1102–1106
Beath, S.V., Brook, G.D., Kelly, D.A., Cash, A.J., McMaster, P., Mayer, A.D., Buckels, J.A.: Successful liver transplantation in babies under 1 year. Brit. Med. J. 1993; 307: 825–828
Ben-Ari, Z., Pappo, O., Mor, E.: Intrahepatic cholestasis after liver transplantation (review). Liver Transplant. 2003; 9: 1005–1018
Berger, J., Hart, J., Millis, M., Baker, A.L.: Fulminant hepatic failure from heat stroke requiring liver transplantation. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 2000; 30: 429–431
Bismuth, H., Samuel, D., Castaing, D., Williams, R., Pereira, S.P.: Liver transplantation in Europe for patients with acute liver failure. Semin. Liver Dis. 1996; 16: 415–425
Bizollon, T., Palazzo, U., Ducerf, C., Chevallier, M., Elliot, M., Baulieux, J., Pouyet, M., Trefo, C.: Pilot study of the combination of interferon alfa and ribavirin as therapy of recurrent hepatitis C after liver transplantation. Hepatology 1997; 26: 500–504
Broelsch, C.E., Malago, M., Testa, G., Gamazo, C.V.: Living donor liver transplantation in adults: outcome in Europe. Liver Transplant. 2000; 6(Suppl. 2): 64–65
Cirera, I., Navasa, M., Rimola, A., Garcia-Pagan, J.C., Grande, L., Garcia-Valdecasas, J.C., Fuster, J., Bosch, J., Rodes, J.: Ascites after liver transplantation. Liver Transplant. 2000; 6: 157–162
Colledan, M., Andorno, E., Segalin, A., Lucianetti, A., Spada, M., Corno, V., Valente, U., Antonucci, A., Gridelli, B.: Alternative split liver technique: The equal size split. Transplant. Proc. 2001; 33: 1335–1336
Compston, J.E.: Osteoporosis after liver transplantation (review). Liver Transplant. 2003; 9: 321–330
De Maria, N., Colantoni, A., van Thiel, D.: Liver transplantation for alcoholic liver disease. Hepato-Gastroenterol. 1998; 45: 1364–1368
Di Campli, C., Angelini, G., Armuzzi, A., Nardo, B., Zocco, M.A., Candelli, M., Santoliquido, A., Cavallari, A., Bernardi, M., Gasbarrini, A.: Quantitative evaluation of liver function by the methionine and aminopyrine breath tests in the early stages of liver transplantation. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2003; 15: 727–732
Farmer, D.G., Anselmo, D.M., Ghobrial, R.M., Yersiz, H., McDiarmid, S.V., Cao, C., Weaver, M., Figueroa, J., Khan, K., Vargas, J., Saab, S., Han, S., Durazo, F., Goldstein, L., Holt, C., Busuttil, R.W.: Liver transplantation for fulminant hepatic failure. Experience with more than 200 patients over a 17-year period. Ann. Surg. 2003; 237: 666–676
Feranchak, A.P., Tyson, R.W., Narkewicz, M.R., Karrer, F.M., Sokol, R.J.: Fulminant Epstein-Barr viral hepatitis: orthotopic liver transplantation and review of the literature. Liver Transplant. Surg. 1998; 4: 469–476
Fung, J., Kelly, D., Kadry, Z., Patel-Tom, K., Eghtesad, B.: Immunosuppression in liver transplantation beyond calcineurin inhibitors (review). Liver Transplant. 2005; 11: 267–280
Gopal, D.V., Rabkin, J.M., Berk, B.S., Corless, C.L., Chou, S.W., Olyaei, A., Orloff, S.L., Rosen, H.R.: Treatment of progressive hepatitis C recurrence after liver transplantation with combination interferon plus ribavirin. Liver Transplant. 2001; 7: 181–190
Goss, J.A., Shackleton, C.R., Farmer, D.G., Arnaout, W.S., Seu, P., Markowitz, J.S., Martin, P., Stribling, R.J., Goldstein, L.I., Busuttil, R.W.: Orthotopic liver transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis: a 12-year single center experience. Ann. Surg. 1997; 225: 472–481
Grabhorn, E., Schulz, A., Helmke, K., Hinrichs, B., Rogiers, X., Broering, D.C., Burdelski, M., Ganschow, R.: Short-and long-term results of liver transplantation in infants aged less than 6 months. Transplantation 2004; 78: 235–241
Hata, S., Sugawara, Y., Kishi, Y., Niiya, T., Kaneko, J., Sano, K., Imamura, H., Kokudo, N., Makuuchi, M.: Volume regeneration after right liver donation. Liver Transplant. 2004; 10: 65–70
Holt, C.D., Winston, D.J., Kubak, B., Imagawa, D.K., Martin, P., Goldstein, L., Olthoff, K., Millis, J.M., Shaked, A., Shackleton, C.R., Busuttil, R.W.: Coccidioidomycosis in liver transplant patients. Clin. Infect. Dis. 1997; 24: 216–221
Humar, A., Kumar, D., Caliendo, A.M., Moussa, G., Ashi-Sulaiman, A., Levy, G., Mazzulli, T.: Clinical impact of human herpesvirus G infection after liver transplantation. Transplantation 2002; 73: 599–604
Jain, A., Reyes, J., Kashyap, R., Forrest-Dodson, S., Demetris, A.J., Ruppert, K., Abu-Elmagd, K., Marsh, W., Madariaga, J., Mazariegos, G., Geller, D., Bonham, C.A., Gayowski, T., Cacciarelli, T., Fontes, P., Starzl, T.E., Fung, J.J.: Long-term survival after liver transplantation in 4,000 consecutive patients at a single center. Ann. Surg. 2000; 232: 490–500
Kaneko, J., Sugawara, Y., Makuuchi, M.: Aspergillus osteomyelitis after liver transplantation. Liver Transplant. 2002; 8: 1073–1075
Khettry, U., Keaveny, A., Goldar-Najafi, A., Lewis, W.D., Pomfret, E.A., Pomposelli, J.J., Jenkins, R.L., Gordon, F.D.: Liver transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis: A long-term clinicopathologic study. Hum. Pathol. 2003; 34: 1127–1136
Koch, S., Bresson-Hadni, S., Miguet, J.P., Crumbach, J.P., Gillet, M., Mantion, G.A., Heyd, B., Vuitton, D.A., Minello, A., Kurtz, S.: Experience of liver transplantation for incurable alveolar echinococcosis: A 45-case European collaborative report. Transplantation 2003; 75: 856–863
Koyama, I., Fuchinoue, S., Urashima, Y., Kato, Y., Tsuji, K., Kawase, T., Murakami, T., Tojimbara, T., Nakajima, I., Teraoka, S.: Living related liver transplantation for polycystic liver disease. Transplant Internat. 2002; 15: 578–580
Kurdow, R., Marks, H.G., Kraemer-Hansen, H., Luttges, J., Kremer, B., Henne-Bruns, D.: Recurrence of primary biliary cirrhosis after orthotopic liver transplantation. Hepato-Gastroenterol. 2003; 50: 322–325
Larson, A.M., Chan, G.C., Wartelle, C.F., McVicar, J.P., Carithers, R.L., Hamill, G.M., Kowdley, K.V.: Infection complicating percutaneous liver biopsy in liver transplant recipients. Hepatology 1997; 26: 1406–1409
Limaye, A.P., Perkins, J.D., Kowdley, K.V.: Listeria infection after liver transplantation: report of a case and review of the literature. Amer. J. Gastroenterol. 1998; 93: 1942–1944
MacLean, A.R., Lilly, L., Cohen, Z., O’Connor, B., McLeod, R.S.: Outcome of patients undergoing liver transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis. Dis. Col. Rect. 2003; 46: 1124–1128
Markmann, J.F., Markowitz, J.S., Yersiz, H., Morrisey, M., Farmer, D.G., Farmer, D.A., Goss, J., Ghobrial,. R., McDiarmid, S.V., Stribling, R., Martin, P., Goldstein, L.I., Seu, P., Shackleton, C., Busuttil, R.W.: Long-term survival after retransplantation of the liver. Ann. Surg. 1997; 226: 408–418
Mata, A., Bordas, J.M., Llach, J., Gines, A., Mondelo, F., Lopez Serrano, A., Valdecasas, J.C.G., Pique, J.M., Arroyo, V.: ERCP in orthotopic liver transplanted patients. Hepato-Gastroenterol. 2004; 51: 1801–1804
Mazzaferro, V., Tagger, A., Schiaro, M., Regalia, E., Pulvirenti, A., Ribero, M.L., Coppa, J., Romito, R., Burgoa, L., Zucchini, N., Urbanek, T., Bonino, F.: Prevention of recurrent hepatitis C after liver transplantation with early interferon and ribavirin treatment. Transplant. Proc. 2001; 33: 1355–1357
Menegaux, F., Keeffe, E.B., Baker, E., Egawa, H., Concepcion, W., Russell, T.R., Esquivel, C.O.: Comparison of transjugular and surgical portosystemic shunts on the outcome of liver transplantation. Arch. Surg. 1994; 129: 1018–1024
Miyagawa-Hayashino, A., Haga, H., Egawa, H., Hayashino, Y., Sakurai, T., Minamiguchi, S., Tanaka, K., Manabe, T.: Outcome and risk factors of de novo autoimmune hepatitis in living-donor liver transplantation. Transplantation 2004; 78: 128–135
Miyagawa-Hayashino, A., Tsuruyama, T., Haga, H., Oike, F., Il-Deok, K., Egawa, H., Hiai, H., Tanaka, K., Manabe, T.: Arteriopathy in chronic allograft rejection in liver transplantation. Liver Transplant. 2004; 10: 513–519
Molloy, R.M., Komorowski, R., Varma, R.R.: Recurrent nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and cirrhosis after liver transplantation. Liver Transplant. Surg. 1997; 3: 177–178
Nadalin, S., Testa, G., Malago, M., Beste, M., Frilling, A., Schroeder, T., Jochum, C., Gerken, G., Broelsch, C.E.: Volumetric and functional recovery of the liver after right hepatectomy for living donation. Liver Transplant. 2004; 10: 1024–1029
Nair, S., Cohen, D.B., Cohen, C., Tan, H., Maley, W., Thuluvath, P.J.: Postoperative morbidity, mortality, costs, and long-term survival in severely obese patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation. Amer. J. Gastroenterol. 2001; 96: 842–845
Neumann, U.P., Berg, T., Bahra, M., Puhl, G., Guckelberger, O., Langrehr, J.M., Neuhaus, P.: Long-term outcome of liver transplants for chronic hepatitis C.: A 10-year follow-up. Transplantation 2004; 77: 226–231
Painter, P., Krasnoff, J., Paul, S.M., Aascher, N.L.: Physical activity and health-related quality of life in liver transplant recipients. Liver Transplant. 2001; 7: 213–219
Pereira, S.P., Howard, L.M., Muiesan, P., Rela, M., Heaton, N., Williams, R.: Quality of life after liver transplantation for alcoholic liver disease. Liver Transplant. 2000; 6: 762–768
Pichlmayr, R., Ringe, B., Gubernatis, G.: Transplantation einer Spenderleber auf zwei Empfänger: Eine neue Methode in der Weiterentwicklung der Lebersegmenttransplantation. Langenbecks Arch. Chir. 1989; 373: 127–131
Pirenne, J., Aerts, R., Yoong, K., Gunson, B., Koshiba, T., Fourneau, I., Mayer, D., Buckels, J., Mirza, D., Roskams, T., Elias, E., Nevens, F., Fevery, J., McMaster, P.: Liver transplantation for polycystic liver disease. Liver Transplant. 2001; 7: 238–245
Poulos, J.E., Bacon, B.R.: Liver transplantation for hereditary hemochromatosis. Dig. Dis. Sci. 1996; 14: 316–322
Pruett, T.: Obesity and the liver transplant recipient. Liver Transplant. 2002; 8: 171–173
Rabkin, J.M., Oroloff, S.L., Corless, C.L., Benner, K.G., Flora, K.D., Rosen, H.R., Olyaei, A.J.: Association of fungal infection and increased mortality in liver transplant recipients. Amer. J. Surg. 2000; 179: 426–430
Ringe, B., Braun, F., Schütz, E., Füzesi, L., Lorf, T., Canelo, R., Oellerich, M., Ramadori, G.: A novel management strategy of steroid-free immunosuppression after liver transplantation: Efficacy and safety of tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil. Transplantation 2001; 71: 508–515
Riordan, S.M., Williams, R.: Tolerance after liver transplantation: does it exist and can immunsuppression be withdrawn? J. Hepatol. 1999; 31: 1106–1119
Roayaie, S., Schiano, T.D., Thung, S.N., Emre, S.H., Fishbein, T.M., Miller, C.M., Schwartz, M.E.: Results of retransplantation for recurrent hepatitis C. Hepatology 2003; 38: 1428–1436
Rosenthal, P., Roberts, J.P., Ascher, N.L., Emond, J.C.: Auxiliary liver transplant in fulminant failure. Pediatrics 1997; 100: 101–103
Samuel, D., Feray, C.: Recurrent hepatitis C after liver transplantation: clinical and therapeutical issues. J. Viral Hepat. 2000; 7: 87–92
Sans, M., Rimola, A., Navasa, M., Grande, L., Garcia-Valdecasas, J.-C., Andreu, H., Salmeron, J.M., Mas, A., Rodes, J.: Liver transplantation in patients with Caroli’s disease and recurrent cholangitis. Transplant. Intern. 1997; 10: 241–244
Schiano, T.D., Kim-Schluger, L., Gondolesi, G., Miller, C.: Adult living donor liver transplantation: the hepatologist’s perspective. Hepatology 2001; 33: 3–9
Seehofer, D., Rayes, N., Tullius, S.G., Schmidt, C.A., Neumann, U.P., Radke, C., Settmacher, U., Müller, A.R., Steinmüller, T., Neuhaus, P.: CMV hepatitis after liver transplantation. Incidence, clinical course, and long-term follow-up. Liver Transplant. 2002; 8: 1138–1146
Selby, R., Starzl, T.E., Yunis, E., Brown, B.I., Kendall, R.S., Tzakis, A.: Liver transplantation for type IV glycogen storage disease. New Engl. J. Med. 1991; 324: 39–42
Starzl, T.E., Marchioro, T.L., v. Kaulla, K.N., Hermann, G., Brittain, R.S., Waddell, W.R.: Homotransplantation of the liver in humans. Surg. Gynec. Obstetr. 1963; 117: 659–676
Stefanini, G.F., Biselli, M., Grazi, G.L., Moscatello, M.R., Marsigli, L., Foschi, F.G., Caputo, F., Mazziotti, A., Bernardi, M., Gasbarrini, G., Cavallari, A.: Orthotopic liver transplantation for alcoholic liver disease: rates of survival, complications and relapse. Hepatogastroenterol. 1997; 44: 1356–1359
Strong, R.W., Lynch, S.V., Ong, T.H., Matsunami, H., Koido, Y., Balderson, G.A.: Successful liver transplantation from a living donor to her son. New Engl. J. Med. 1990: 322: 1505–1507
Sudan, D.L., Shaw, B.W., Fox, I.J., Langnas, A.N.: Long-term follow-up of auxiliary orthotopic liver transplantation for the treatment of fulminant hepatic failure. Surgery 1997; 122: 771–778
Sundaram, S.S., Alonso, E.M., Whitington, P.E.: Liver transplantation in neonates (review). Liver Transplant. 2003; 9: 783–788
Sutcliffe, R.P., Maguire, D.D., Muiesan, P., Dhawan, A., MieliVergani, G., Ogrady, J.G., Rela, M., Heaton, N.D.: Liver transplantation for Wilson’s disease: Long-term results and quality-of-life assessment. Transplantation 2003; 75: 1003–1006
Sylvestre, P.B., Batts, K.P., Burgart, L.J., Poterucha, J.J., Wiesner, R.H.: Recurrence of primary biliary cirrhosis after liver transplantation: Histologic estimate of incidence and natural history. Liver Transplant. 2003; 9: 1086–1093
Tang, T.J., Janssen, H.L.A., van der Vlies, C.H., de Man, R.A., Metselaar, H.J., Tilanus, H.W., de Marie, S.: Aspergillus osteomyelitis after liver transplantation: conservative or surgical treatment. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2000; 12: 123–126
Teixeira, R., Pastacaldi, S., Davies, S., Dhillon, A.P., Emery, V.C., Rolles, K., Davidson, B., Patch, D., Burroughs, A.K.: The influence of cytomegalovirus viraemia on the outcome of recurrent hepatitis C after liver transplantation. Transplantation 2000; 70: 1454–1458
Ten Hove, W.R., van Hoek, B., Bajema, I.M., Ringers, J., van Krieken, J.H.J.M., Lagaaij, E.L.: Extensive chimerism in liver transplants: Vascular endothelium, bile duct epithelium, and hepatocytes. Liver Transplant. 2003; 9: 552–556
Verran, D., Kusyk, T., Painter, D., Fisher, J., Koorey, D., Strasser, S., Stewart, G., McCaughan, G.: Clinical experience gained from the use of 120 steatotic donor livers for orthotopic liver transplantation. Liver Transplant. 2003; 9: 500–505
Welch, C.S.: A note on transplantation of the whole liver in dogs. Transplant. Bull. 1955; 2: 54–55
Yersiz, H., Renz, J.F., Farmer, D.G., Hisatake, G.M., McDiarmid, S.V., Busuttil, R.W.: One hundred in situ split-liver transplantations. A single-center experience. Ann. Surg. 2003; 238: 496–507
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2006 Springer Medizin Verlag Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
(2006). Treatment of liver diseases. In: Hepatology Principles and Practice. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-28977-1_40
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-28977-1_40
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-28976-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-28977-7
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)