Keywords
- Cirrhotic Patient
- Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt
- Ascitic Fluid
- Diuretic Therapy
- Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
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References
Pathogenesis
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Bernardi, M., Trevisani, F., Gasbarrini, G.: Mechanisms involved in ascites formation: renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Gastroenterol. Internat. 1992; 5: 237–241
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Kuntz, E.: Störungen des Wasser-und Salzhaushaltes bei Lebererkrankungen. 1. Teil: Einführung, 2. Teil: Klinisches Bild, 3. Teil: Therapie. Münch. Med. Wschr. 1982; 124: 415–418; 447–451; 465–467
La Villa, G., Salmeron, J.M., Arroyo, V., Bosch, J., Gines, P., Garcia-Pagan, J.C., Gines, A., Asbert, M., Jimenez, W., Rivera, F., Rodes, J.: Mineralocorticoid escape in patients with compensated cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Gastroenterology 1992; 102: 2114–2119
Lieberman, F.L., Denison, E.K., Reynolds, T.B.: The relationship of plasma volume, portal hypertension, ascites, and renal sodium retention in cirrhosis: the overflow theory of ascites formation. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1970; 170: 202–206
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Clinical aspects
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Asbert, M., Gines, A., Gines, P., Jimenez, W., Claria, J., Salo, J., Arroyo, V., Rivera, F., Rodes, J.: Circulating levels of endothelin in cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 1993; 104: 1485–1491
Attali, P., Turner, K., Pelletier, G., Ink, O., Etienne, J.P.: pH of ascetic fluid: diagnostic and prognostic value in cirrhotic and noncirrhotic patients. Gastroenterology 1986; 90: 1255–1260
Baele, G., Rasquin, K., Barbier, F.: Coagulant, fibrinolytic, and aggregating activity in ascitic fluid. Amer. J. Gastroenterol. 1986; 81: 440–443
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Black, M., Friedman, A.C.: Ultrasound examination in the patient with ascites. Ann. Intern. Med. 1989; 110: 253–255
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Cardenas, A., Chopra, S.: Chylous ascites. Amer. J. Gastroenterol. 2002; 97: 1896–1900
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Chopra, S., Dodd, G.D., Chintapalli, K.N., Esola, C.C., Ghiatas, A.A.: Mesenteric, omental, and retroperitoneal edema in cirrhosis: frequency and spectrum of CT findings. Radiology 1999; 211: 737–742
Colli, A., Buccino, G., Cocciolo, M., Parravicini, R., Mariani, F., Scaltrini, G.: Diagnostic accuracy of fibronectin in the differential diagnosis of ascites. Cancer 1986; 58: 2489–2493
Colli, A., Buccino, G., Cocciolo, M., Parravicini, R., Mariani, F., Scaltrini, G.: Diagnostic accuracy of sialicacid in the diagnosis of malignant ascites. Cancer 1989; 63: 912–916
Edell, S.L., Gefter, W.B.: Ultrasonic differentiation of types of ascetic fluid. Amer. J. Roentgenol. 1979; 133:111–114
Elis, A., Meisel, S., Tishler, T., Kitai, Y., Lishner, M.: Ascitic fluid to serum bilirubin concentration ratio for the classification of transudates or exudates. Amer. J. Gastroenterol. 1998; 93: 401–403
Emerson, P.A., Davies, J.H.: Hydrothorax complicating ascites. Lancet 1995; 1: 487–488
Fernandez-Esparrach, G., Sanchez-Fueyo, A., Gines, P., Uriz, J., Quinto, L., Ventura, P.-J., Cardenas, A., Guevara, M., Sort, P., Jimenez, W., Bataller, R., Arroyo, V., Rodes, J.: A prognostic model for predicting survival in cirrhosis with ascites. J. Hepatol. 2001; 34: 46–52
Gerbes, A.L., Xie, Y., Mezger, J., Jüngst, D.: Ascitic fluid concentrations of fibronectin and cholesterol:comparison of differential diagnostic value with the conventional protein determination. Liver 1990; 10: 152–157
Gerbes, A.L., Jüngst, D., Xie, Y., Permanetter, W., Paumgartner, G.: Ascitic fluid analysis for the differentiation of malignancy-related and nonmalignant ascites. Proposal of a diagnostic sequence. Cancer 1991; 68: 1808–1814
Hurst, R.D., Butler, B.N., Soybel, D.I., Wright, H.K.: Management of groin hernias in patients with ascites. Ann. Surg. 1992; 216: 696–700
Jolles, H., Coulam, C.M.: CT of ascites: differential diagnosis. Amer. J. Roentgenol. 1980; 135: 315–322
Jüngst, D., Gerbes, A.L., Martin, R., Paumgartner, G.: Value of ascetic lipids in the differentiation between cirrhotic and malignant ascites. Hepatology 1986; 6: 239–243
Kakizaki, S., Katakai, K., Yoshinaga, T., Higuchi, T., Takayama, H., Takagi, H., Nagamine, T., Mori, M.: Hepatic hydrothorax in the absence of ascites. Liver 1998; 18: 216–220
Kuntz, E.: Hepatitis oedematosa. Med. Klin. 1975; 70:274–278
Lawson, J.D., Weissbein, A.S.: The puddle sign — an aid in the diagnosis of minimal ascites. New Engl. J. Med. 1959; 260: 652–654
Lazaridis, K.N., Frank, J.W., Krowka, M.J., Kamath, P.S.: Hepatic hydrothorax: pathogenesis, diagnosis and management. Amer. J. Med. 1999; 107: 262–267
Lemmer, J.H., Strodel, W.E., Eckhauser, F.E.: Umbilical hernia incarceration: a complication of medical therapy of ascites. Amer. J. Gastroenterol. 1983; 78: 295–296
Lim, Y.S., Han, J.S., Kim, K.A., Yoon, J.H., Kim, C.Y., Lee, H.S.: Monitoring of transtubular potassium gradient in the diuretic management of patients with cirrhosis and ascites. Liver 2002; 22: 426–432
McCullough, A.J., Mullen, K.D., Kalhan, S.C.: Measurements of total body and extracellular water in cirrhotic patients with and without ascites. Hepatology 1991; 14:1102–1111
Mindelzun, R.E., Jeffery, R.B., Lane, M.J., Silverman, P.M.: The misty mesentery on CT: differential diagnosis. Amer. J. Roentgenol. 1996; 167: 61–65
Mirouze, D., Juttner, H.-U., Reynolds, T.B.: Left pleural effusion in patients with chronic liver disease and ascites. Prospective study of 22 cases. Dig. Dis. Sci. 1981; 26: 984–988
Molina, M., Ortega, G., Vidal, L., Montoya, J.J., Perez, A., Garcia, B.: Ascitis y derrame pleural. Estudio y seguimiento de 79 enfermos. Rev. Esp. Enf. Ap. Digest. 1989; 76: 375–378
Morrow, C.S., Kantor, M., Armen, R.N.: Hepatic hydrothorax. Ann. Intern. Med. 1958; 49: 193–203
Rector, W.G., Reynolds, T.B.: Superiority of the serum-ascites albumin difference over the ascites total protein concentration in separation of “transudative” and “exudative” ascites. Amer. J. Med. 1984; 77: 83–85
Rubinstein, D., McInnes, I.E., Dudley, F.J.: Hepatic hydrothorax in the absence of clinical ascites. Diagnosis and management. Gastroenterology 1985; 88: 188–191
Runyon, B.A., Juler, G.L.: Natural history of repaired umbilical hernias in patients with and without ascites. Amer. J. Gastroenterol. 1985; 80: 38–39
Runyon, B.A., Antillon, M.R.: Ascitic fluid pH and lactate: intensitive and nonspecific tests in detecting ascitic fluid infection. Hepatology 1991; 13: 929–935
Runyon, B.A., Montano, A.A., Akriviadis, E.A., Antillon, M.R., Irving, M.A., McHutchison, J.G.: The serum-ascites albumin gradient is superior to the exudate-transudate concept in the differential diagnosis of ascites. Ann. Intern. Med. 1992; 117: 215–220
Salerno, F., Borroni, G., Moser, P., Badalamenti, S., Cassara, L., Maggi, A., Fusini, M., Cesana, B.: Survival and prognostic factors of cirrhotic patients with ascites: a study of 134 outpatients. Amer. J. Gastroenterol. 1993; 88: 514–519
Salvioli, G., Tata, C., Panini, R., Pellati, M., Lugli, R., Gaetti, E.: Composition of ascitic fluid in liver cirrhosis: bile acid and lipid content. Europ. J. Clin. Invest. 1993; 23: 534–539
Sanchez Lombrana, J.L., Rodrigo, L., Linares, A., Aparicio, M.J., Vigil, E., Perez, R., Arribas Castrillo, J.M.: Utilidad de la determinacion de colinesterasa enliquido ascitico para la diferenciacion entre ascitis cirrotica y no cirrotica. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 1992; 15: 553–559
Satz, N.: Laborchemische Untersuchungen im Aszites. Schweiz. Med. Wschr. 1991; 121: 536–547
Simmons, W.W., Warren, R.E.: Eosinophilic pleural effusion associated with recovery from viral hepatitis A. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 1994; 19: 143–145
Skorecki, K.L., Wai Ming Leung, Campbell, P., Warner, L.C., Wong, P.Y., Bull, S., Logan, A.G., Blendis, L.M.: Role of a trial natriuretic peptide in the natriuretic response to central volume expansion induced by head-outwater immersion in sodium-retaining cirrhotic subjects. Amer. J. Med. 1988; 85: 375–382
Strauss, R.M., Boyer, T.D.: Hepatic hydrothorax. Semin. Liver Dis. 1997; 17: 227–232
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Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
Akriviadis, A., Runyon, B.A.: Utility of an algorithm in differentiating spontaneous from secondary bacterial peritonitis. Gastroenterology 1990; 98: 127–133
Arroyo, V., Navasa, M., Rimola, A.: Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in liver cirrhosis. Treatment and prophylaxis. Infection 1994; 22(Suppl. 31): 167–175
Bac, D.-J., Siersema, P.D., Mulder, P.G.H., de Marie, S., Wilson, J.H.P.: Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: outcome and predictive factors. Europ. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 1993; 5: 635–640
Bhuva, M., Ganger, D., Jensen, D.: Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: an update on evaluation, management, and prevention. Amer. J. Med. 1994; 97: 169–175
Boixeda, D., Luis de, D.A., Aller, R., Martin de Argila, C.: Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Clinical and microbiological study of 233 episodes. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 1996; 23: 275–279
Conte, D., Bolzoni, P., Bodini, P., Mandelli, C., Ranzi, M.L., Cesarini, L., Fraquelli, M., Penagini, R., Bianchi, P.A.: Frequency of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in 265 cirrhotics with ascites. Europ. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 1993; 5: 41–45
De Leeuw, P., de Mot, H., Dugernier, T., Wautelet, J., Bohy, E., Delmée, M.: Primary infection of ascitic fluid with Clostridium difficile. J. Infect. 1990; 21: 77–80
Dinis-Ribeiro, M., Cortez-Pinto, H., Marinho, R., Valente, A., Raimundo, M., Salgado, M.J., Ramalho, F., Alexandrino, P., Carneiro-de-Moura, M.: Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in patients with hepatic cirrhosis: evaluation of a treatment protocol at specialized units. Rev. Espan. Enferm. Dig. 2002; 94: 478–481
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Gitlin, N., Stauffer, J.L., Silvestri, R.C.: The pH of ascitic fluid in the diagnosis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in alcoholic patients. Hepatology 1992; 2:406–411
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Haight, J.B., Ockner, St. A.: Chlamydia trachomatis perihepatitis with ascites. Amer. J. Gastroenterol. 1988; 83: 323–325
Holland, D.J., Sorrell, T.C.: Antimicrobial therapy and prevention of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 1993; 8: 370–374
Hurwich, D.B., Lindor, K.D., Hay, J.E., Gross, J.B. jr., Kaese, D., Rakela, J.: Prevalence of peritonitis and the ascitic fluid protein concentration among chronic liver disease patients. Amer. J. Gastroenterol. 1993; 88:1254–1257
Jayaraj, K., di Bisceglie, A.M., Gibson, S.: Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis caused by infection with Listeria monocytogenes: a case report and review of the literature. Amer. J. Gastroenterol. 1998; 93: 1556–1558
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Llach, J., Rimola, A., Navasa, M., Gines, P., Salmeron, J.M., Gines, A., Arroyo, V., Rodes, J.: Incidence and predictive factors of first episode of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhosis with ascites: relevance of ascitic fluid protein concentration. Hepatology 1992; 16: 724–727
Llovet, J.M., Rodriguez-Iglesias, P., Moitinho, E., Planas, R, Bataller, R., Navasa, M., Menacho, M., Pardo, A., Castells, A., Cabré, E., Arroyo, V., Gassull, M.A., Rodés, J.: Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in patients with cirrhosis undergoing selective intestinal decontamination. J. Hepatol. 1997; 26: 88–95
Mihas, A.A., Toussaint, J., Sh Hsu, H., Dotherow, P., Achord, J.L.: Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhosis: clinical and laboratory features, survival and prognostic indicators. Hepato-Gastroenterol. 1992; 39: 520–522
Nolla-Salas, J., Almela, M., Gasser, I., Latorre, C., Salvado, M., Coll, P.: Spontaneous Listeria monocytogenes peritonitis: a populationbased study of 13 cases collected in Spain. Amer. J. Gastroenterol. 2002; 97: 1507–1511
Pelletier, G., Salmon, D., Ink, O., Hannoun, S., Attali, P., Buffet, C., Etienne, J.P.: Culture-negative neutrocytic ascites: a less severe variant of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. J. Hepatology 1990; 10: 327–331
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Runyon, B.A., Antillon, M.R., McHutchison, J.G.: Diuresis increases ascitic fluid opsonic activity in patients who survive spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. J. Hepatol. 1992; 14: 249–252
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Sort, P., Navasa, M., Arroyo, V., Aldeguer, X., Planas, R., Luiz-del-Arbol, L., Castells, L., Vargas, V., Soriano, G., Guevara, M., Gines, P., Rodes, J.: Effect of intravenous albumin on renal impairment and mortality in patients with cirrhosis and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. New Engl. J. Med. 1999; 341: 403–409
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Storgaard, J.S., Svendsen, J.H., Hegnhoj, J., Krintel, J.J., Nielsen, P.B.: Incidence of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in patients with ascites. Diagnostic value of white blood cell count and pH measurement in ascitic fluid. Liver 1991; 11: 248–252
Tapiz Reula, A., Torné Cachot, J., Bassols Perez, M., Vila Lolo, C., Soriano Gimenez, J.C., Tomas Vecina, S., Andreu Garcia, M.: Bacteriemia en pacientes con hepatopatia cronica: estudio de 54 casos. Rev. Esp. Enf. Dig. 1990; 78: 145–149
Venturelli, R., Bonzi, G., Bortoli, A., Corbellini, A., Casiraghi, M.-A., Ferrara, A., Jean, G., Prada, A., Rocca, F., Terruzzi, V., Minoli, G.: Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: a prospective multicentre study. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 1991; 3: 149–152
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Xiol, X., Castellvi, J.M., Guardiola, J., Sesé, E., Castellote, J., Perello, A., Cervantes, X., Iborra, M.J.: Spontaneous bacterial empyema in cirrhotic patients: a prospective study. Hepatology 1996; 23: 719–723
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Conservative therapy
Angeli, P., Pria, M.D., de Bei, E., Albino, G., Caregaro, L., Merkel, C., Ceolotto, G., Gatta, A.: Randomized clinical study of the efficacy of amiloride and potassium canrenoate in nonazotemic cirrhotic patients with ascites. Hepatology 1994; 19: 72–79
Applefeld, J.J., Kasmer, R.J., Hak, L.J., Dukes, G.E., Wermeling, D.P., McClain, C.J.: A dose-response study of orally administered torasemide in patients with ascites due to cirrhosis. Aliment. Pharm. Therap. 1994; 8: 397–402
Bernardi, M., Santini, C., Trevisani, F., Baraldini, M., Ligabue, A., Gasbarrini, G.: Renal function impairment induced by change in posture in patients with cirrhosis and ascites. Gut 1985; 26: 629–635
Brunner, G., Bergmann, von, K., Häcker, W., Möllendorff, von, E.: Comparison of diuretic effects and pharmacokinetics of torasemid and furosemid after a single oral dose in patients with hydropically decompensated cirrhosis of the liver. Arzneim. Forsch. 1988; 38: 176–179
Campra, J.L., Reynolds, T.B.: Effectiveness of high-dose spironolactone therapy in patients with chronic liver disease and relatively refractory ascites. Dig. Dis. Sci. 1978; 23: 1025–1030
Descos, L., Gauthier, A., Levy, V.G., Michel, H., Quinton, A., Rueff, B., Fermanian, J., Frombonne, E., Durbec, J.P.: Comparison of six treatments of ascites in patients with liver cirrhosis. A clinical trial. Hepato-Gastroenterol. 1983; 30: 15–20
Dudley, F.J., Watanabe, A.: Management of ascites. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 1992; 7: 439–446
Fevery, J., Roey, van, G., Steenbergen, van, W.: Ascites: medical therapy and paracentesis. Acta Gastroenterol. Belg. 1996; 59: 198–201
Fogel, M.R., Sawhney, V.K., Neal, E.A., Miller, R.G., Knauer, C.M., Gregory, P.B.: Diuresis in the ascitic patient: a randomized controlled trial of three regimens. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 1981; 3(Suppl. 1): 73–80
Frakes, J.T.: Physiologic considerations in the medical management of ascites. Arch. Intern. Med. 1980; 140:620–623
Fuller, R.K., Khambatta, P.B., Gobezie, G.C.: An optimal diuretic regimen for cirrhotic ascites. A controlled trial evaluating safety and efficacy of spironolactone and furosemide. J. Amer. Med. Ass. 1977; 237: 972–975
Gatta, A., Angeli, P., Caregaro, L., Menon, F., Sacerdoti, D., Merkel, C.: A pathophysiological interpretation of unresponsiveness to spironolactone in a stepped-care approach to the diuretic treatment of ascites in nonazotemic cirrhotic patients. Hepatology 1991; 14: 231–236
Gentilini, P., Casigni-Raggi, V., di Fiore, G., Romanelli, R.G., Buzzelli, G., Pinzani, M., la Villa, G., Laffi, G.: Albumin improves the response to diuretics in patients with cirrhosis and ascites: results of a randomized, controlled trial. J. Hepatol. 1999; 30: 639–645
Gerbes, A.L., Bertheau-Reitha, U., Falkner, C., Jüngst, D., Paumgartner, G.: Advantages of the new loop diuretic torasemide over furosemide in patients with cirrhosis and ascites. J. Hepatol. 1993; 17: 353–358
Guyader, D., Patat, A., Ellis-Grosse, E.J., Orczyk, G.P.: Pharmacodynamic effects of a nonpeptide antidiuretic hormone V2 antagonist in cirrhotic patients with ascites. Hepatology 2002; 36: 1197–1203
Hagège, H., Ink, O., Ducreux, M., Pelletier, G., Buffet, C., Etienne, J.-P.: Traitement de l’ascite chez les malades atteints de cirrhose sans hyponatrémie ni insuffisance rénale. Résultats d’une étude randomisée comparant les diurétiques et les ponctions compensées par l’albumine. Gastroenterol. Clin. Biol. 1992; 16: 751–755
Karnad, D.R., Abraham, P., Tembulkar, P., Desai, N.K.: Head-down tilt as a physiological diuretic in normal controls and in patients with fluid-retaining states. Lancet 1987/II: 525–528
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Parazentesis
Acharya, S.K., Balwinder, S., Padhee, A.K., Nijhawan, S., Tandon, B.N.: Large volume paracentesis and intravenous dextran to treat tense ascites. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 1992; 14: 31–35
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Cadranel, J.F., Gargot, D., Grippon, P., Lunel, F., Bernard, B., Valla, D., Opolon, P.: Spontaneous dialytic ultrafiltration with intraperitoneal reinfusion of the concentrate versus large paracentesis in cirrhotic patients with intractable ascites: a randomized study. Int. J. Artif. Org. 1992; 15: 432–435
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Gines, A., Fernandez-Esparrach, G., Monescillo, A., Vila, C., Domenech, E., Abecasis, R., Angeli, P., Ruiz-del-Arbol, L., Planas, R., Sola, R., Gines, P., Terg, R., Inglada, L., Vaque, P., Salerno, F., Vargas, V., Clemente, G., Quer, J.C., Jimenez, W., Arroyo, V., Rodes, J.: Randomized trial comparing albumin dextran 70, and polygeline in cirrhotic patients with ascites treated by paracentesis. Gastroenterology 1996; 111: 1002–1010
Kravetz, Kao, H.W., Rakov, N.E., Savage, E., Reynolds, T.B.: The effect of large volume paracentesis on plasma volume — a cause of hypovolemia? Hepatology 1985; 5: 403–407
Lai, K.N., Li, P.K.T., Law, E., Swaminathan, R., Nicholls, M.G.: Largevolume paracentesis versus dialytic ultrafiltration in the treatment of cirrhotic ascites. Quart. J. Med. 1991; 78: 33–41
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Martinez Odriozola, P., Miguel de la Villa, F., Solano Lopez, D., de las Heras, B., Franco Vicario, R., Bilbao Goitia, P., Garcia Jimenez, N., Munoz Sanchez, J.: Repercusiones hemodinamicas de la ascitis a tension y de la paracentesis evacuadora. Rev. Clin. Esp. 1992; 191: 245–251
Pinto, P.C., Amerian, J., Reynolds, T.B.: Large-volume paracentesis in nonedematous patients with tense ascites: its effect on intravascular volume. Hepatology 1988; 8: 207–210
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Pozzi, M., Osculati, G., Boari, G., Serboli, P., Colombo, P., Lambrughi, C., de Ceglia, S., Roffi, L., Piperno, A., Negro Cusa, E., D’Amico, P., Grassi, G., Mancia, G., Fiorelli, G.: Time course of circulatory and humoraleffects of rapid total paracentesis in cirrhotic patients with tense, refractory ascites. Gastroenterology 1994; 106: 709–719
Qureshi, W.A., Harshfield, D., Shah, H., Netchvolodoff, C., Banerjee, B.: An unusual complication of paracentesis. Amer. J. Gstroenterol. 1992; 87: 1209–1211
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Sola-Vera, J., Minana, J., Ricart, E., Planella, M., Gonzáles, N., Torras, X., Rodríguez, J., Such, J., Pascual, S., Soriano, G., Pérez-Mateo, M., Guarner, C.: Randomized trial comparing albumin and saline in the prevention of paracentesis-induced circulatory dysfunction in cirrhotic patients with ascites. Hepatology 2003; 37: 1147–1153
Terg, R., Berreta, J., Abecasis, R., Romero, G., Boerr, L.: Dextran administration avoids hemodynamic changes following paracentesis in cirrhotic patients. A safe and inexpensive option. Dig. Dis. Sci. 1992; 37: 79–83
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Wilcox, C.M., Woods, B.L., Mixon, H.T.: Prospective evaluation of a peritoneal dialysis catheter system for large volume paracentesis. Amer. J. Gastroenterol. 1992; 87: 1443–1446
Therapie-refractory ascites
Gentilini, P., Laffi, G., La Villa, G., Marra, F., Pinzani, M., Carloni, V., Foschi, M., Raggi, V.C.: Refractory ascites. Gastroenterol. Internat. 1993; 6: 33–39
Gines, P., Uriz, J., Calahorra, B., Garcia-Tsao, G., Kamath, P.S., Ruizdel-Arbol, L., Planas, R., Bosch, J., Arroyo, V., Rodes, J.: Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunting versus paracentesis plus albumin for refractory ascites in cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 2002; 123: 1839–1847
Lebrec, D., Giuily, N., Hadengue, A., Vilgrain, V., Moreau, R., Poynard, T., Gadano, A., Lassen, C., Benhamou, J.-P., Erlinger, S.: Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts: comparison with paracentesis in patients with cirrhosis and refractory ascites: a randomized trial. J. Hepatol. 1996; 25: 135–144
Loeb, J.M., Hauger, P.H., Carney, J.D., Cooper, A.D.: Refractory ascites due to POEMS syndrome. Gastroenterology 1989; 96: 247–249
Morali, G.A., Tobe, S.W., Skorecki, K.L., Blendis, L.M.: Refractory ascites: modulation of a trial natriuretic factor unresponsiveness by mannitol. Hepatology 1992; 16: 42–48
Sanyal, A.J., Genning, C., Reddy, K.R., Wong, F., Kowdley, K.V., Benner, K., McCashland, T.: The North American study for the treatment of refractory ascites. Gastroenterology 2003; 124: 634–641
Schindler, C., Ramadori, G.: Albumin substitution to improve renal excretion function in patients with refractory ascites. — An empirical account. Leber Magen Darm 1999; 29: 183–187
Ascites reinfusion
Adlercreutz, E.: Intraperitoneal infusion of ultrafiltered aszites in decompensated cirrhosis of the liver. Acta Med. Scand. 1958; 161: 9–20
Amerio, A., Mastrangelo, F., Pastore, G.: Reinfusion entsalzter und konzentrierter Asziteslösung in der Therapie der dekompensierten Leberzirrhose. Schweiz. Med. Wschr. 1972; 102: 1795–1799
Arroyo, V., Mas, W., Vilardell, F.: Clinical experience with the Rhone-Poulenc ascites reinfusion apparatus. Postgrad. Med. J. 1975; 51: 571–572
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Graziotto, A., Rossaro, L., Inturri, P., Salvagnini, M.: R. infusion of concentrated ascitic fluid versus total paracentesis. A randomized prospective trial. Dig. Dis. Sci. 1997; 42: 1708–1714
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Parbhoo, S.P., Ajdukiewic, A., Sherlock, S.: Treatment of ascites by continuous ultrafiltration and reinfusion of protein concentrate. Lancet 1974/I: 949–952
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Wilde, J.T., Cooper, P., Kennedy, H.J., Triger, D.R., Preston, F.E.: Coagulation disturbances following ascites recirculation. J. Hepatol. 1990; 10: 217–222
Peritoneovenous shunt
Agishi, T., Suzuki, T., Ota, K.: Clinical evaluation of implanted ascites pump. Trans. Amer. Soc. Artif. Intern.Org. 1981; 27: 423–427
Berkowitz, H.D., Mullen, J.L., Miller, L.D., Rosato, E.F.: Improved renal function and inhibition of renin andaldosterone secretion following peritoneovenous (LeVeen) shunt. Surgery 1978; 84: 120–125
Bernhoft, R.A., Pellegrini, C.A., Way, L.W.: Peritoneovenous shunt for refractory ascites: operative complications and long-term results. Arch. Surg. 1982; 117: 631–635
Billmann, P., Volk, B.A., Schölmerich, J., Hasler, K., Wilms, H.: Lokale Lysetherapie bei thrombotischen Komplikationen des peritoneovenösen Shunts. Z. Gastroenterol. 1986; 24: 426–429
Blei, E.D., Abrahams, C.: Diffuse phlegmonous gastroenterocolitis in a patient with an infected peritoneo-jugular venous shunt. Gastroenterology 1983; 84: 636–639
Blendis, L.M., Harrison, J.E., Russell, D.M., Miller, C., Taylor, B.R., Greig, P.D., Langer, B.: Effects of peritoneovenous shunting on body composition. Gastroenterology 1986; 90: 127–134
Bories, P., Garcia Compean, D., Michel, H., Bourel, M., Capron, J.P., Gauthier, A., Lafon, J., Levy, V.G., Pascal, J.P., Quiton, A., Toumieux, B., Weill, J.P.: The treatment of refractory ascites by the LeVeen shunt: a multicentre controlled trial (57 patients). J. Hepatol. 1986; 3: 212–218
Chang, A.G.Y., Moore, J.: Shunt migration: an unusual complication of peritoneovenous shunts. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 1994; 19: 178–179
Darsee, J.R., Fulenwider, J.T., Rikkers, L.F., Ansley, J.D., Nordlinger, B.F., Ivey, G., Heymsfield, S.B.: Hemodynamics of LeVeen shunt pulmonary edema. Ann. Surg. 1981; 194: 189–192
Dupas, J.-L., Remond, A., Vermynck, J.-P., Capron, J.-P., Lorriaux, A.: Superior vena cava thrombosis as a complication of peritoneovenous shunt. Gastroenterology 1978; 75: 899–900
Eckhauser, F.E., Strodel, W.E., Girardy, J.W., Turcotte, J.G.: Bizarre complications of peritoneovenous shunts. Ann. Surg. 1981; 193: 180–184
Epstein, M.: Peritoneovenous shunt in the management of ascites and the hepatorenal syndrome. Gastroenterology 1982; 82: 790–799
Franco, D., Cortesse, A., Castro e Sousa, F., Bismuth, H.: Dérivation péritonéo-jugulaire dans le traitement de l’ascite irréductible du cirrhotique: résultats chez 88 malades. Gastroentérol. Clin. Biol. 1981; 5: 393–402
Fulenwider, J.T., Galambos, J.D., Smith, R.B., Henderson, J.M., Warren, W.D.: LeVeen vs Denver peritoneovenous shunts for intractable ascites of cirrhosis. A randomized, prospective trial. Arch. Surg. 1986; 121: 351–355
Gibson, P.R., Dudley, F.J., Jakobovits, A.W., Salem, H.H., McInnes, I.E.: Disseminated intravascular coagulation following peritoneovenous (LeVeen)-shunt. Aust. N. Z. J. Med. 1981; 11: 8–12
Gmähle, E.: Axillaris-und Subclavia-Thrombose bei LeVeen-Shunt. Dtsch. Med. Wschr. 1984; 109: 36.
Greenlee, H.B., Stanley, M.M., Reinhardt, G.F.: Intractable ascites treated with peritoneovenous shunts (LeVeen): A 24-to 64-month follow up of results in 52 alcoholic cirrhotics. Arch. Surg. 1981; 116: 518–524
Greig, P.D., Langer, B., Blendis, L.M., Taylor, B.R., Glynn, M.F.X.: Complications after peritoneovenous shunting for ascites. Amer. J. Surg. 1980; 139: 125–131
Greig, P.D., Blendis, L.M., Langer, B., Taylor, B.R., Colapinto, R.F.: Renal and hemodynamic effects of the peritoneovenous shunt. II. Long-term effects. Gastroenterology 1981; 80: 119–125
Grischkan, D.M., Cooperman, A.M., Hermann, R.E., Carey, W.D., Ferguson, D.R., Cook, S.A.: Failure in LeVeen shunting in refractory ascites-A view from the other side. Surgery 1981; 89: 304–307
Hillaire, S., Labianca, M., Borgonovo, G., Smadja, C., Grange, D., Franco, D.: Peritoneovenous shunting of intractable ascites in patients with cirrhosis: improving results and predictive factors of failure. Surgery 1993; 113: 373–379
Hirst, A.E., Saunders, F.C.: Fatal air embolism following perforation of the cecum in a patient with peritoneovenous shunt for ascites. Amer. J. Gastroenterol. 1981; 76: 453–455
Hyde, G.L., Dillon, M., Bivins, B.A.: Peritoneal venous shunting for ascites: a 15-year perspective. Amer. Surg. 1982; 48: 123–127
Jacobsen, W.K., Briggs, B.A., Thorp, R., Zemwalt, J.R.: Air embolism in association with LeVeen shunt. Crit. Care Med. 1980; 8: 659–660
Klepetko, W., Müller, C., Hartter, E., Miholics, J., Schwarz, C., Woloszczuk, W., Moeschl, P.: Plasma atrial natriuretic factor in cirrhotic patients with ascites. Effect of peritoneovenous shunt implantation. Gastroenterology 1988; 95: 764–770
Kravetz, D., Arroyo, V., Bosch, J., Visa, J., Pera, C., Rodes, J.: Tratamiento de la ascitis refractaria mediante el shunt peritoneoyugular. Efica cia complicaciones y supervivencia. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 1982; 5: 347–358
Kreuzer, W.: 12 Jahre Erfahrung mit dem kontinuierlichen, peritoneovenösen Shunt in der Behandlung des therapieresistenten Aszites und des hepatorenalen Versagens — Nutzen und Gefahren. Wien. Klin. Wschr. 1989; 101: 87–91
LeVeen, H.H., Christoudias, G., Moon Ip, Luft, R., Falk, G., Grosberg, S.: Peritoneo-venous shunting for ascites. Ann. Surg. 1974; 180: 580–591
LeVeen, H.H., Ahmed, N., Hutto, R.B., Moon Ip, LeVeen, E.G.: Coagulopathy post peritoneovenous shunt. Ann. Surg. 1987; 205: 305–311
Lund, R.H., Moritz, M.W.: Complications of Denver peritoneovenous shunting. Arch. Surg. 1982; 117: 924–928
Markey, W., Payne, J.A., Straus, A.: Hemorrhage from oesophageal varices after placement of the LeVeen shunt. Gastroenterology 1979; 77: 341–343
Moskovitz, M.: The peritoneovenous shunt: expectations and reality. Amer. J. Gastroenterol. 1990; 85: 917–929
Prokesch, R.C., Rimland, D.: Infectious complications of the peritoneovenous shunt. Amer. J. Gastroenterol. 1983; 78: 235–240
Ragni, M.V., Lewis, J.H., Spero, J.A.: Ascites-induced LeVeen shunt coagulopathy. Ann. Surg. 1983; 198: 91–95
Rubinstein, D., McInnes, I., Dudley, F.: Morbidity and mortality after peritoneovenous shunt surgery for refractory ascites. Gut 1985; 26: 1070–1073
Schumpelick, V., Riesener, K.-P.: Peritoneo-venöser Shunt — Indikation, Grenzen, Ergebnisse. Chirurg 1993; 64: 11–15
Smadja, C., Franco, D.: The LeVeen shunt in the elective treatment of intractable ascites in cirrhosis. A prospective study on 140 patients. Ann. Surg. 1985; 201: 488–493
Söderlund, C.: Denver peritoneovenous shunting for malignant or cirrhotic ascites. A prospective consecutive series. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 1986; 21: 1161–1172
Tobe, S.W., Morali, G.A., Greig, P.D., Logan, A., Blendis, L.M.: Peritoneovenous shunting restores atrial natriuretic factor responsiveness in refractory hepatic ascites. Gastroenterology 1993; 105: 202–207
Unger, P., Moran, R.M.: Ascitic pseudocyst obstructing superior vena cava as a complication of a peritoneo-venous shunt. Gastroenterology 1981; 81: 1137–1139
Vaida, G.A., Laucius, J.R.: LeVeen shunt dislodgement. J. Amer. Med. Ass. 1980; 243: 149–150
Van Deventer, G.M., Snyder, N. III., Patterson, M.: Superior vena cava syndrome. A complication of the LeVeen shunt. J. Amer. Med. Ass. 1979; 242: 1655–1656
Warren, W.H., Altman, J.S., Gregory, St.A.: Chylothorax secondary to obstruction of the superior vena cava: a complication of the LeVeen shunt. Thorax 1990; 45: 978–979
Wormser, G.P., Hubbard, R.C.: Peritonitis in cirrhotic patients with LeVeen shunts. Amer. J. Med. 1981; 71: 358–362
TIPS
Degawa, M., Hamasaki, K., Yano, K., Kanao, K., Kato, Y., Sakamoto, I., Nakata, K., Eguchi, K.: Refractory hepatic hydrothorax treated with transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt. J. Gastroenterol. 1999; 34: 128–131
Ferral, H., Bjarnason, H., Wegryn, S.A., Rengel, G.J., Nazarian, G.K., Rank, J.M., Tadavarthy, S.M., Hunter, D.W., Castaneda-Zuniga, W.R.: Refractory ascites: early experience in treatment with transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt. Radiology 1993; 189: 795–801
Gerbes, A.L., Gülberg, V., Waggershauser, T., Holl, J., Reiser, M.: Renal effects of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in cirrhosis: comparison of patients with ascites, with refractory ascites, or without ascites. Hepatology 1998; 28: 683–688
Rössle, M., Ochs, A., Gülberg, V., Siegerstetter, V., Holl, J., Deibert, P., Olschewski, M., Reiser, M., Gerbes, A.L.: A comparison of paracentesis and transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunting in patients with ascites. New Engl. J. Med. 2000; 342: 1701–1707
Thuluvath, P.J., Bal, J.S., Mitchell, S., Lund, G., Venbrux, A.: TIPS for management of refractory ascites. Response and survival are both unpredictable. Dig. Dis. Sci. 2003; 48: 542–550
Trotter, J.F., Suhocki, P.W., Rockey, D.C.: Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) in patients with refractory ascites: effect on body weight and Child-Pugh score. Amer. J. Gastroenterol. 1998; 93: 1891–1894
Younossi, Z.M., McHutchison, J.G., Broussard, C., Cloutier, D., Sedghi-Vaziri, A.: Portal decompression by transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt and changes in serum-ascites albumin gradient. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 1998; 27: 149–151
Surgical treatment
Baronofsky, I.D., Canter, J.W.: The effect of endocrinectomy on ascites with especial reference to adrenalectomy and thyroidectomy. Amer. J. Surg. 1960; 99: 512–518
Belli, L., Pisani, F., Forti, D., Parmeggiani, A.: Une nouvelle technique de traitement chirurgical de l’ascite par sténose de la veine cave inférieure: l’hépatopexie par substances adhésives et plastifiantes. Lyon Chir. 1965; 61: 182–193
Burchell, A.R., Rousselot, L.M., Panke, W.F.: A seven-year experience with side-to-side portacaval shunt for cirrhotic ascites. Ann. Surg. 1968; 168: 655–668
Canter, J.W., Kreel, I., Segal, R.L., Frankel, A., Baronofsky, I.D.: Influence of thyroidectomy on experimental ascites. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 1959; 100: 771–774
Coodley, E.L., Matsumoto: Thoracic duct-subclavian vein anastomosis in management of cirrhotic ascites. Amer. J. Med. Sci. 1980; 279: 163–168
Crosby, R.C., Cooney, E.A.: Surgical treatment of ascites. New Engl. J. Med. 1946; 235: 581–585
Drummond, D., Morison, R.: A case of ascites due to cirrhosis of liver cured by operation. Brit. Med. J. 1896; 2: 728–729
El-Toraei, I.: Surgical treatment of cirrhotic ascites with a new operation (Pleuroperitoneostomy). J. Int. Coll. Surg. 1961; 35: 436–445
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(2006). Oedema and ascites. In: Hepatology Principles and Practice. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-28977-1_16
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