This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abuhammad A (2003) Color and pulsed Doppler ultrasonography of the fetal coronary arteries: Has the time come for its clinical application? Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 21:423–425
Williams PL, Warwick R (eds) (1983) Gray’s anatomy. Churchill Livingstone, New York
McAlpine WA (1975) Heart and coronary arteries. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
Ganong WF (1989) Review of medical physiology. Appleton Lange, Norwalk, Connecticut
Larsen WJ (1993) Human embryology. Churchill Livingstone, New York
Tomanek RJ (1996) Formation of the coronary vasculature: a brief review. Cardiovasc Res 31:E46–E51
Poole TJ, Coffin JD (1989) Vasculogenesis and angiogenesis: two distinct morphogenetic mechanisms establish embryonic vascular pattern. J Exp Zool 251:224–231
Hudlicka O, Brown MD (1996) Postnatal growth of the heart and its blood vessels. J Vasc Res 33:266–287
Skalak TC, Price RJ (1996) The role of mechanical stresses in microvascular remodeling. Microcirculation 3:143–165
Engelmann GL, Dionne CA, Jaye MC (1993) Acidic fibroblast growth factor and heart development. Role in myocyte proliferation and capillary angiogenesis. Circ Res 72:7–19
Banai S, Shweiki D, Pinson A, Chandra M, Lazarovici G, Keshet E (1994) Upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor expression induced by myocardial ischaemia: implications for coronary angiogenesis. Cardiovasc Res 28:1176–1179
Levy AP, Levy NS, Loscalzo (1995) Regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor in cardiac myocytes. Circ Res 76:758–766
Ratajska A, Torry RJ, Kitten GT (1995) Modulation of cell migration and vessel formation by vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor in cultured embryonic heart. Dev Dyn 203:399–407
Scheel KW, Eisenstein BW, Ingram LA (1984) Coronary, collateral and perfusion territory responses to aortic banding. Am J Physiol 246:H768–H775
Reller MD, Morton MJ, Giraud GD (1992) Maximal myocardial flow is enhanced by chronic hypoxaemia in late gestational fetal sheep. Am J Physiol 263:H1327–H1329
Baschat AA, Love JC, Stewart PA, Gembruch U, Harman CR (2001) Prenatal diagnosis of ventriculocoronary fistula. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 18:39–43
Ascuitto RJ, Ross-Ascuitto NT (1996) Substrate metabolism in the developing heart. Semin Perinatol 20:542–563
Bartelds B, Knoester H, Beaufort-Krol GCM, Smid GB, Takens J, Zijlstra WG, Heymans HSA, Kuipers JRG (1999) Myocardial lactate metabolism in fetal and newborn lambs. Circulation 99:1892–1897
Fisher DJ, Heymann MA, Rudolph AM (1982) Fetal myocardial oxygen and carbohydrate consumption during acutely induced hypoxemia. Am J Physiol 242:H657–H661
Spahr R, Probst I, Piper HM (1985) Substrate utilization of adult cardiac myocytes. Basic Res Cardiol 80(Suppl 1):53–56
Rudolph AM (1985) Distribution and regulation of blood flow in the fetal and neonatal lamb. Circ Res 57:811–821
Kiserud T, Rasmussen S, Skulstad S (2000) Blood flow and the degree of shunting through the ductus venosus in the human fetus. Am J Obstet Gynecol 182:147–153
Bassenge E (1978) Direct autonomic control of the coronary system. Pflügers Arch Suppl 373:R6
Krajcar M, Heusch G (1993) Local and neurohumoral control of coronary blood flow. Basic Res Cardiol 88(Suppl 1):25–42
Cannon PJ, Sciacca RR, Fowler DL, Weiss MB, Schmidt DH, Casarella WJ (1975) Measurement of regional myocardial blood flow in man: description and critique of the method using xenon-133 and a scintillation camera. Am J Cardiol 36:783–792
Mantero S, Pietrabissa R, Fumero R (1992) The coronary bed and its role in the cardiovascular system: a review and an introductor single-branch model. J Biomed Eng 14:109–116
Thornburg KL, Reller MD (1999) Coronary flow regulation in the fetal sheep. Am J Physiol 277:R1249–R1260
Guyton AC, Ross JH, Carrier OJ (1964) Evidence for tissue oxygen demand as the major factor causing autoregulation. Circ Res 14:60–69
Mosher P, Ross J, McFate PA (1964) Control of coronary blood flow by an autoregulatory mechanism. Circ Res 14:250–259
Barnea O, Santamore WP (1992) Coronary autoregulation and optimal myocardial oxygen utilization. Basic Res Cardiol 87:290–301
Hoffman JIE (1984) Maximal coronary blood flow and the concept of coronary vascular reserve. Circulation 70:153–159
Campbell SE, Kuo CJ, Hebert B, Rakusan K, Marshall HW, Faithfull NS (1991) Development of the coronary vasculature in hypoxic fetal rats treated with a purified perfluorocarbon emulsion. Can J Cardiol 7:234–244
Holmes G, Epstein ML (1993) Effect of growth and maturation in a hypoxic environment on maximum coronary flow rates of isolated rabbit hearts. Pediatr Res 33:527–532
Muller JM, Davis MJ, Chilian WM (1996) Integrated regulation of pressure and flow in the coronary microcirculation. Cardiovasc Res 32:668–678
Reller MD, Morton MJ, Giraud GD (1992) Severe right ventricular pressure loading in fetal sheep augments global myocardial blood flow to submaximal levels. Circulation 86:581–588
Thompson LP, Pinkas G, Weiner CP (2000) Chronic hypoxic inhibits acetylcholine induced vasodililatation in constant pressure perfused fetal guinea pig hearts (Abstract). J Soc Gynecol Invest 7(Suppl 1):192a
Oberhoffer R, Land D, Feilen K (1989) The diameters of coronary arteries in infants without coronary disease. Eur J Pediatr 148:389–392
Meyer RA (1984) Kawasaki syndrome: coronary artery disease in the young. Echocardiography 1:75–86
Gembruch U, Baschat AA (1996) Demonstration of fetal coronary blood flow by color-coded and pulsed wave Doppler sonography: a possible indicator of severe compromise and impending demise in intrauterine growth retardation. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 7:10–15
Baschat AA, Gembruch U, Reiss I, Gortner L, Diedrich K (1997) Demonstration of fetal coronary blood flow by Doppler ultrasound in relation to arterial and venous flow velocity waveforms and perinatal outcome: the “heart-sparing effect”. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 9:162–172
Mielke G, Wallwiener D (2001) Visualization of fetal arterial and venous coronary blood flow. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 18:407
Yoo SJ, Min JY, Lee YH (2001) Normal pericardial fluid in the fetus: color and spectral Doppler analysis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 18:248–252
Baschat AA, Muench MV, Gembruch U (2003) Coronary artery blood flow velocities in various fetal conditions. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 21:426–429
Rein AJ, Nir A, Nadjari M (2000) The coronary sinus in the fetus. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 15:468–472
Abello KC, Stewart PA, Baschat AA (2002) Grey scale and M-mode echocardiography of the fetal coronary sinus. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 20:137–141
Chaoui R (1996) The fetal coronary system in prenatal diagnosis (Abstract). Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 8 (Suppl):158
Baschat AA, Gembruch U (1998) Examination of fetal coronary sinus blood flow by Doppler ultrasound. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 11:410–414
Mundigler G, Zehetgruber M, Christ G (1997) Comparison of transesophageal coronary sinus and left anterior descending coronary artery Doppler measurements for the assessment of coronary flow reserve. Clin Cardiol 20:225–231
Zehetgruber M, Mundigler G, Christ G (1995) Estimation of coronary flow reserve by transesophageal coronary sinus Doppler measurements in patients with syndrome X and patients with significant left coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 25:1039–1045
Hecher K, Campbell S, Doyle P (1995) Assessment of fetal compromise by Doppler ultrasound investigation of the fetal circulation. Circulation 91:129–138
Weiner CP (1990) The relationship between the umbilical artery systolic/diastolic ratio and umbilical blood gas measurements in specimens obtained by cordocentesis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 162:1198–1202
Nicolaides KH, Bilardo CM, Soothill PW (1988) Absence of end-diastolic frequencies in umbilical artery: a sign of fetal hypoxic and acidosis. Br Med J 297:1026–1027
Hecher K, Snijders R, Campbell S (1995) Fetal venous, intracardiac and arterial blood flow measurements in intrauterine growth retardation: relationship with fetal blood gases. Am J Obstet Gynecol 173:10–15
Rizzo G, Capponi A, Arduini D (1996) Doppler indices from inferior vena cava and ductus venosus in predicting pH and oxygen tension in umbilical blood at cordocentesis in growth-retarded fetuses. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 7:401–410
Al-Ghazali W, Chita SK, Chapman MG, Allan LD (1989) Evidence of redistribution of cardiac output in asymmetrical growth retardation. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 96:697–704
Reed KL, Anderson CF, Shenker L (1987) Changes in intracardiac Doppler flow velocities in fetuses with absent umbilical artery diastolic flow. Am J Obstet Gynecol 157:774–779
Rizzo G, Arduini D (1991) Fetal cardiac function in intrauterine growth retardation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 165:876–882
Tchirikov M, Eisermann K, Rybakowski C, Schröder HJ (1998) Doppler ultrasound evaluation of ductus venosus blood flow during acute hypoxemia in fetal lambs. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 11:426–431
Tchirikov M, Rybakowski C, Hunecke B, Schröder HJ (1998) Blood flow through the ductus venosus in singleton and multifetal pregnancies and in fetuses with intrauterine growth restriction. Am J Obstet Gynecol 178:943–949
Baschat AA, Gembruch U (1996) Triphasic umbilical venous blood flow with prolonged survival in severe intrauterine growth retardation: a case report. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 8:201–205
Baschat AA, Gembruch U, Reiss I, Gortner L, Weiner CP, Harman CR (2000) Coronary blood flow visualization indicates cardiovascular compromise in IUGR fetuses. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 16:425–431
Makikallio K, Jouppila P, Rasanen J (2002) Retrograde net blood flow in the aortic isthmus in relation to human fetal arterial and venous circulation. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 19:147–152
Chaoui R, Heling KS, Kalache KD (2003) Caliber of the coronary sinus in fetuses with cardiac defects with and without left persistent superior vena cava and in growth restricted fetuses with “heart sparing effect”. Prenat Diagn 23:552–557
Baschat AA, Harman CR, Alger LS, Weiner CP (1998) Fetal coronary and cerebral blood flow in acute fetomaternal hemorrhage. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 12:128–131
Gembruch U, Baschat AA (2000) Circulatory effects of acute bradycardia in the human fetus as studied by Doppler ultrasound. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 15:424–427
Maeno YV, Boutin C, Hornberger LK, McCrindle BW, Cavallé-Garrido T, Gladman G, Smallhorn JF (1999) Prenatal diagnosis of right ventricular outflow tract obstruction with intact ventricular septum and detection of ventriculocoronary connections. Heart 81:661–668
Coles JG, Freedom RM, Lightfoot NE et al. (1989) Long-term results in neonates with pulmonary atresia and intact ventricular septum. Ann Thorac Surg 47:213–217
Giglia TM, Mandell VS, Connor AR, Mayer JEJ, Lock JE (1992) Diagnosis and management of right ventricle-dependent coronary circulation in pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum. Circulation 86:1516–1528
Hanley FL, Sade RM, Blackstone EH, Kirklin JW, Freedom RM, Nanda NC (1993) Outcomes in neonatal pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum. A multiinstitutional study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 105:406–427
Arabin B, Aardenburg R, Schasfoort-van Leeuwen M, Elzenga N (1996) Prenatal diagnosis of ventriculocoronary arterial communications combined with pulmonary atresia (Letter). Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 7:461–462
Chaoui R, Tennstedt C, Göldner B, Bollmann R (1997) Prenatal diagnosis of ventriculo-coronary communications in a second-trimester fetus using transvaginal and transabdominal color Doppler sonography. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 9:194–197
Liberthson RR, Sagar K, Berkoben JP, Weintraub RM, Levine FH (1979) Congenital coronary arteriovenous fistula: report of 13 patients, review of the literature and delineation of management. Circulation 59:849–854
Sharland GK, Tynan M, Qureshi SA (1996) Prenatal detection and progression of right coronary artery to right ventricle fistula. Heart 76:79–81
Mielke G, Sieverding L, Borth-Bruns T, Eichhorn K, Wallwiener D, Gembruch U (2002) Prenatal diagnosis and perinatal management of left coronary artery to right atrium fistula. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 19: 612–615
Hajdu J, Marton T, Papp C, Hruby E, Papp Z (1998) Calcification of the fetal heart: four case reports and a literature review. Prenat Diagn 18:1186–1190
Crum AK, Lenington W, Jeanty P (1992) Idiopathic infantile arterial calcifications. Fetus 2:74781–74786
Juul S, Ledbetter D, Wright TN, Woodrum D (1990) New insights into idiopathic infantile arterial calcinosis. Am J Dis Child 144:229–233
Bellah RD, Zawodniak L, Librizzi RJ, Harris MC (1992) Idiopathic arterial calcification of infancy: prenatal and postnatal effects of therapy in an infant. J Pediatr 121:930–933
Schmider A, Henrich W, Dahnert I, Dudenhausen JW (2000) Prenatal therapy of non-immunologic hydrops fetalis caused by severe aortic stenosis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 16:275–278
Snider AR, Ports TA, Silverman NH (1979) Venous anomalies of the coronary sinus: detection by M-mode, two-dimensional and contrast echocardiography. Circulation 60:721–727
Rostagno C, Diricatti G, Galanti G, Dabizzi RP, Dabizzi L, Giglioli C, Rega L, Gensini GF (1999) Partial anomalous venous return associated with intact atrial septum and persistent left superior vena cava: a case report and literature review. Cardiologia 44:203–206
Papa M, Camesasca C, Santoro F, Zoia E, Fragasso G, Giannico S, Chierchia SL (1995) Fetal echocardiography in detecting anomalous pulmonary venous connection: four false positive cases. Br Heart J 73:355–358
Nsah EN, Moore GW, Hutchins GM (1991) Pathogenesis of persistent left superior vena cava with a coronary sinus connection. Pediatr Pathol 11:261–269
Gembruch U, Knopfle G, Bald R, Hansmann M (1993) Early diagnosis of fetal congenital heart diseases by transvaginal echocardiography. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 3:310–317
Allan LD, Sharland GK (2001) The echocardiographic diagnosis of totally anomalous pulmonary venous connection in the fetus. Heart 85:433–437
Park JK, Taylor DK, Skeels M, Towner DR (1997) Dilated coronary sinus in the fetus: misinterpretation as an atrioventricular canal defect. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 10:126–129
Baschat AA, Gembruch U (2002) Evaluation of the fetal coronary circulation. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 20: 405–412
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2005 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Baschat, A.A. (2005). Doppler Ultrasound Examination of the Fetal Coronary Circulation. In: Maulik, D. (eds) Doppler Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-28903-8_29
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-28903-8_29
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-23088-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-28903-6
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)