Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Spectroscopic Properties of Rare Earths in Optical Materials pp 266–319Cite as

Up-conversions in RE-doped Solids

  • Chapter

Part of the book series: Springer Series in Materials Science ((SSMATERIALS,volume 83))

Abstract

As for other fiuorescence light emitters, rare-earth-doped solids usually follow the well known principle of the Stokes law which simply states that excitation photons are ar higher energy than emitted ones, or in other words that out put photon energy is weak, less than input photon energy. Such a principle is valid of course only when one ion system is considered.

In this chapter, we want to discuss the “unconventional case” where the above principle is not respected in its simple statement. Ir will be shown that RE-doped solids may deviate rather easily from the above principle giving rise, under moderate to strong excitation density, to unconventional emissions of the anti-Stokes types.

Four mechanisms may be involved in up-conversion: Besides (1)multistep excitation due to classical excited state absorption (ESA), there is (2) the very efficient process of up-conversion by sequential energy transfers due to the fact that in many RE-doped solids, ions may be connected energetically by energy transfer diffusion. This last phenomenon has to be distinguished from (3)a third process, namely cooperative up-conversion either between two ions or between a pair of ions anda third one. Though some of their theoretical behaviors are rather analogous to those of up-conversion by energy transfers, their efficiencies are usually much lower because they involve virtual levels which have to be described in a higher order of perturbation. (4)A fourth process, the photon avalanche effect, will also be considered. It is also based on sequential energy transfers but of the down-conversion type (usually called cross-relaxation), whereas the up-conversion step itself is due to ESA.

Various experimental techniques that allow distinctions to be made between the behaviors of these various processes will be analyzed.

Finally, perspectives for applications of these processes in various types of RE-doped solids such as crystals and glasses in bulk or fiber form are given, and recent advances are encompassed and described.

At any rate this chapter is not intended to be a review; its purpose is to be a didactic description of the various processes that may be involved together with selected typical examples that may help in understanding further developments.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   349.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   449.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   449.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Allain, J.-Y., M. Monerie, and H. Poignant. Electron. Lett. 26, 261 (1990a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Allain, J.-Y., M. Monerie, and H. Poignant. Electron. Lett. 26, 166 (1990).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Auzel F., and P. Goldner. Opt. Mat. 16, 93 (2001).

    Google Scholar 

  • Auzel, F., Y. H. Chen. J. Lumin. 65, 45 (1995a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Auzel, F., Y. H. Chen. J. Non-Crystal. Sol. 184, 57 (1995b).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Auzel, F., D. Meichenin, F. Pellé, and P. Goldner. Opt. Mat. 4, 35 (1994).

    Google Scholar 

  • Auzel, F., Y. H. Chen, and D. Meichenin J. Lumin. 60/61, 692 (1994).

    Google Scholar 

  • Auzel, F. In: Defects in Insulating Materials (World Scientific, Singapore, 1993), p.43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Auzel, F., J. Lumin. 45, 341 (1990).

    Google Scholar 

  • Auzel, F., S. Hubert, and D. Meichenin. Appl. Phys. Lett. 54, 681 (1989).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Auzel, F., S. Hubert, and D. Meichenin. Europhys. Lett. 7, 459 (1988).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Auzel, F., In: Rare-Earth Spectroscopy (World Scientific, Singapore, 1985), p.502.

    Google Scholar 

  • Auzel, F., P. A. Santa-Cruz, and G. F. de Sa. Rev. Phys. Appl. (France) 20, 273 (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  • Auzel, F. J. Lumin. 31/32, 759 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  • Auzel, F. In: Radiationless Processes, eds. B. DiBartolo and V. Goldberg (Plenum Publishing Co., New York, 1980), p. 213.

    Google Scholar 

  • Auzel, F., Mat. Res. Bull. 14, 223 (1979).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Auzel F. Phys. Rev. B 13, 2809 (1976).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Auzel F., D. Pecile. J. Lumin. 11, 321 (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  • Auzel, F., C. R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 262, 1016 (1966), and 263, 819 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Auzel F., D. Pecile. J. Lumin. 11, 321 (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  • Auzel F., D. Pecile. De l’influence de la matrice sur l’addition de photons par transferts d’energie (APTE) dans les couples Yb3+-Er3+ et Yb3+-Tm3+ (Thèse, Université P. et M. Curie, Paris, 1976).

    Google Scholar 

  • Auzel, F., Pecile, and D. Morin. J. Electrochem. Soc. 122, 101 (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  • Auzel, F. Proc. IEEE, 61, 758 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  • Auzel F., and D. Pecile. J. Lumin. 8, 32 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  • Auzel F., D. Pecile, and C. R. Acad. Sc. Paris B bd155, 277 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  • Auzel F., and O. Deuschbein. Z. Namrfosch 24a, 1562 (1969).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Auzel, F. Ann. Telecom. (France) 24, 363 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  • Auzel, F. French Patent No1.532. 609 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  • Auzel, F. Document de Travail “PCM. 171”. Utilisation du transfert d’energie entre ions de terres-rares pour leur application eventuelles aux compteurs quantiques; addition de deux et trois photons, CNET, Issy-les Moulineaux (France), 13 Mars(1967), unpublished.

    Google Scholar 

  • Axe, J. D., P. F. Weller. J. Chem. Phys. 40, 3066 (1964).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Bagdasarov, K. S., V. I. Zhekov, V. A. Lobachev, J. M. Murina, and A. M. Prokhorov. Sov. J. Quantum Electron. 13, 262 (1983).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Basiev, T. T., M. E. Doroshenko, and V. V. Osiko. JETP Letters 71, 8 (2000).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Blätte, M., H. G. Danielmeyer, and R. Verich. Appl. Phys. (German.) 1, 275 (1973).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Blixt, P., J. Nilsson, J. Carlknäs, and B. Jaskorzynska. IEEE Trans. Photon. Techn. 3, 996 (1991).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Bloe mbergen. N. Phy S. Rev. Lett. 2, 84(1959).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Bonifacio R., L. A. Lugiato. In: Dissipative Systems in Quatum Optics (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1982), p.2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonneville R., and F. Auzel. Opt. Commun. 18, 51 (1976).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Brede, R., E. Heumann, J. Koltke, T. Danger, and G. Huber. Appl. Phys. Lett. 63, 2030 (1993).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Brenier, A., L. C. Courrol, C. Pédrini, C. Madej, G. Boulon. J. Lumin. 58, 285 (1994a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Brenier, A., L. C. Courrol, C. Pédrini, C. Madej, G. Boulon. Opt. Mat. 3, 25 (1994b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Brenier, A., G. Boulon, C. Madej, C. Pédrini, and L. Lou. J. Lumin. 54, 271 (1993).

    Google Scholar 

  • Breteau, J. M., J. L. Ayral, F. Micheron, and F. Auzel. J. Appl. Phys. 67, 1102 (1990)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Bril, A., J. L. Sommerdijk, and A. W.de Jager. J. Electrochem. Soc. 121, 660 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown M. R., H. Thomas, J. M. Williams, and R. J. Woodwards. J. Chem. Phys. 51, 3321 (1969).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Case, W. E., M. E. Koch, and A. W. Kueny. J. Lumin. 45, 351 (1990).

    Google Scholar 

  • Chamaro M. A., and R. Cases. J. Lumin. 46, 59 (1990).

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, Y. H., F. Auzel. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 28, 207 (1995).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, Y. H., F. Auzel. Electron. Lett. 30, 1602 (1994a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, Y. H., F. Auzel. Electron. Letters 30, 323 (1994b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Chivian, J. S., W. E. Case, and D. D. Eden. Appl. Phys. Lett. 35, 124 (1979).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Cockroft, N. J., G. D. Jones, and R. W. G. Syme. J. Lumin. 43, 275 (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  • Danielmeyer H. G., M. Blätte. Appl. Phys. (German.) 1, 269 (1973).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • de Leeuward, D. M., and G. W. ’t Hooft. J. Lumin. 28, 275 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  • Delevaque, E., T. Georges, M. Monerie, P. Lamouler, and J. F. Bayon. IEEE Photon. Techn. Lett. 5, 73 (1993).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Deutschbein O., F. Auzel. In: Quantum Electronics, eds. P. Grivet, and N. Bloembergen (Dunod, Paris and Columbia Univ. Press, NYC, 1963), p.85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dexter, D. L. J. Chem. Phys. 21. 836 (1953).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Downing, E., L. Hesselink, J. Ralston, and R. Macfarlane. Science 273, 1185 (1996).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Dyson, J. M., S. M. Jaffe, H. Eilers, M. L. Jones, W. M. Dennis, and W. M. Yen. J. Lumin. 60/61, 668 (1994).

    Google Scholar 

  • Förster, T. Ann. Physik 2, 55 (1948).

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Garlick, G. F. J. Contemp. Phys. 17, 127 (1976).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldner, P., F. Pellé, and F. Auzel. J. Lumin. 72/74, 901 (1997).

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldner, P., F. Pellé, D. Meichenin, and F. Auzel. J. Lumin. 71, 137 (1997).

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldner, P., and F. Pellé. Opt. Mat. 5, 239 (1995).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gosnell, T. R. Selected papers on Up-conversion Lasers, SPIE Milestone Series MS 161 (SPIE Optical Engineering Press, Bellingham, Washington, 2000).

    Google Scholar 

  • Grant, W. J. C. Phys. Rev. 109,648 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  • Grubb, S. G., K. W. Bennett, R. S. Cannon, and W. F. Humer. Electron. Lett. 28, 1243 (1992).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldner, P., M. Fesquet, and F. Auzel. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 15, 2688 (1998).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Gomes, A. S. L., G. S. Maciel, R. E.de Araujo, L. H. Acioli, and C. B. de Araujo. Opt. Comm. 103, 361 (1993).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Guy, S. L. Avalanche de photons; application á 1’ ion Tm3+ dans differents matériaux, Thèse, Université Claude-Bernard-Lyon I, 14 Décembre(1995).

    Google Scholar 

  • Heber, J. Z. Phys. B-Condensed Matter 68, 115 (1987).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hebert, T., R. Wannemacher, W. Lenth, and R. M. Macfarlane. Appl. Phys. Lett. 57, 1727 (1990).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hehlen, M. P., H. U. Güdel, Q. Shu, S. C. Rand. J. Chem. Phys. 104, 1232 (1996).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hehlen, M. P., H. U. Güdel, Q. Shu, S. Rai, S. C. Rand. Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 1103 (1994).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Heine, F., E. Heumann, T. Danger, T. Schweizer, and G. Huber. Appl. Phys. Lett. 65, 383 (1994).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Henderson, B., G. F. Imbusch. Optical Spectroscopy of Inorganic Solids (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1989), p.445.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hewes R. A., and J. F. Sarver. Phys. Rev. 182, 427 (1969).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hubert, S., Chong Li Song, M. Genet, and F. Auzel. J. Solid State Chem. 61, 252 (1986).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hubert, S., D. Meichenin, B. Zhou, and F. Auzel. J. Lumin. 50, 7 (1991).

    Google Scholar 

  • Inokuti M., and F. Hirayama. J. Chem. Phys. 43, 1978 (1965).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Joubert, M. F., S. Guy, C. Linares, B. Jacquier, and J. L. Adam. J. of Non-crystal. Sol. 184, 98 (1995).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Joubert, M. F., S. Guy, and B. Jacquier. Phys. Rev. B 48,10,031 (1993).

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, L. F., H. J. Guggenheim. Appl. Phys. Lett. 19, 44 (1971).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kermaoui, A., G. Özen, P. Goldner, J. P. Denis, and F. Pellé. J. Phys. Chem. Solids 55, 677 (1994).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Koch, M. E., A. W. Kueny, and W. E. Case. Appl. Phys. Lett. 56, 1083 (1990).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Komukai, T., T. Yamamoto, T. Sugawa, and Y. Miyajima. Electron. Lett. 28, 830 (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  • Krasutsky, N. J. J. Appl. Phys. 54, 1261 (1983).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kueny, A. W., W. E. Case, and M. E. Koch. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 10, 1834 (1993).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kük, S., A. Diening, E. Heumann, E. Mix, T. Sandrock, K. Sebald, and G. Huber. J. Alloys and Compounds 300/301, 65 (2000).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kurochkin. A. V., O. Ya. Manshisrov, D. K. Sattarov, V. B. Smirnov, and O. V. Tsyumpa. Svetotekhnika 5, 4 (1992) (Tranlated by Allerton Press Inc., 1993).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kurokin, A. V., L. M. Mailibaeva, O. Ya. Manashirov, D. K. Sattarov, and V. B. Smirnov. Part 1, Opt. Spectrosc. 73, 442 (1992); and Part 2, ibidem, 447.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kushida, T. J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 34, 1318 (1973).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, L. S., S. C. Rand, and A. L. Schawlow. Phys. Rev. B 29, 6901 (1984).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lenth, W., and R. M. Macfarlane. J. Lumin. 45, 346 (1990).

    Google Scholar 

  • Livanova, L. D., I. G. Saitkulov, and A. L. Stolov. Sov. Phys. Solid State 11, 750 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  • Leverenz, H. W. Introduction to Luminescence of Solids (Dover Publications, NYC, 1968).

    Google Scholar 

  • Macfarlane, R. M., F. Tong, A.J. Silversmith, and W. Lenth. Appl. Phys. Lett. 52, 1300 (1988).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Maurice, E., G. Monnom, B. Dussardier, and D. B. Ostrowsky. Optics Lett. 20, 2487 (1995).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • McGonigle, A. J. S., S. Girard, D. W. Coutts, and R. Moncorgé. Electon. Lett. 35, 1640 (1999).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mears, R. J., L. Reekie, S. B. Poole, and D. N. Payne. Electron. Lett. 22, 159 (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  • Milne, E. A. Lond. Math. Soc. 1, 1 (1926).

    MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Mita, Y., H. Yamamoto, K. Katayanagi, and S. Shionoya. J. Appl. Phys. 378, 1219 (1995).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Mita, Y., E. Nagasawa. NEC Research and Development, 33, 61 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  • Miyakawa, T., Dexter, D.L. Phys. Rev. B 1, 70 (1971).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Möbert, P.E.-A., E. Heumann, and G. Huber. Opt. Lett. 22, 1412 (1997).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Monerie, M., J.-Y. Allain, H. Poignant, and F. Auzel. Fluorescence, Up-conversion, and lasing in Er-doped quasi-single mode fluorozirconate fibres, In: Proceedings of ECOC’89 (Gothenburg, Sweden, 1989), paper TuB12-6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakazawa E., S. Shionoya. Phys. Rev. Lett. 25, 1710 (1970).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Ni, H., S. C. Rand. Opt. Lett. 17, 1222 (1992).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Nicolas, S., E. Descroix, Y. Guyot, M.-F. Joubert, R. Yu. Abdulsabirov, S. L. Korableva, A. K. Naumov, and V. V. Semashko. Optical Materials, Fev, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oetliker, U., M. J. Riley, P. S. May, and H. U. Güdel. J. Lumin. 53, 553 (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ohwaki J., Y. Wang. Appl. Phys. Lett. 65, 129 (1994a).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Ohwaki J., Y. Wang. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 33, L334 (1994b).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Orbach, R. In: Optical Properties of Ions in Solids, ed. B. DiBartolo (Plenum Press, New York, 1975), p.445.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ostermayer, F. W., Jr. and L. G. Van Uitert. Phys. Rev. B 1, 4208 (1970).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Ovsyankin, V. V. In: Spectroscopy of Solids Containing Rare-Earth Ions, ed. A. A. Kaplyanskii R. M. MacFarlane (North Holland, Amsterdam, 1987), p.405.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ovsyankin V. V., and A. A. Fedorov. Opt. Spectrosc. 50, 565 (1981).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Ovsyankin V. V., and P. P. Feofilov. Sov. Phys., JETP Lett. 4, 317 (1966).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Page, R. H., K. I. Schaffers, P. A. Waide, J. B. Tassano, S. A. Payne, W. F. Krupke, W. K. Bischel. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 15, 996 (1998).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Pelletier-Allard, N., R. Pelletier. Phys. Rev. B 26, 4425 (1987).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • “Photo-Turkey-l” (Sumita Optical Glass Inc., 4-7-25 Harigaya, Urawa-City, Saitama, Japan, 1994).

    Google Scholar 

  • Pollack, S. A., D. B. Chang. J. Appl. Phys. 64, 2885 (1988).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Pouradier, J. F., F. Auzel. J. Phys. (France) 39, 825 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  • Quimby, R. S., M. G. Drexhage, and M. J. Suscavage. Electron. Lett. 23, 32 (1987).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rand, S. C., L. S. Lee, and A. L. Schawlow. Opt. Comm. 42, 179 (1982).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Rois Leite J. R., and C. B. de Araujo. Chem. Phys. Lett. 73, 71 (1980).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Rubin, J., A. Brenier, R. Moncorgé, and C. Pédrini. J. Lumin. 36, 39 (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sandrock, T., H. Scheife, E. Heuman, and G. Huber. Opt. Lett. 22, 808 (1997).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Schaudel, B., P. Goldner, M. Prassas, and F. Auzel. J. Alloys and Compounds 300/301, 443 (2000).

    Google Scholar 

  • Scheps, R. IEEE QE31, 309 (1995).

    Google Scholar 

  • Scheps, R. IEEE QE30, 2914 (1994).

    Google Scholar 

  • Smart, R. G., D. C. Hanna, A. C. Tropper, S. T. Davey, S. F. Carter, and D. Szebesta. Electron. Lett. 27, 1308 (1991).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, D. J. Lumin. 23, 209 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  • Snitzer, E., and R. Woocock. Appl. Phys. Lett. 6, 5 (1965).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Stavola M., and D. L. Dexter. Phys. Rev. B 20, 1867 (1979).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • “Tokin IR Catcher” (Tokin America, 155 Nicholson Lane, San Jose, Calif. 95134, USA, 1987).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tong, F., W. P. Risk, R. M. Macfarlane, and W. Lenth. Electron. lett. 25, 1389 (1989).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Tverjanovich, A., Ya. G. Grioriev, S. V. Degtyarev, A. V. Kurochkin, A. A. Man’ shina, and Yu. S. Tver’yanovich. J. Non-Cryst. Sol. 286,89(2001).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Van der Weg W. F., M. W. Van Tol. Appl. Phys. lett. 38, 705 (1981).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Van Uitert L. G., L. F. Johnson. J. Chem. Phys. 44, 3514 (1966).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Varsanyi, F., D. L. Wood, and A. L. Schawlow. Phys. Rev. Lett. 3, 544 (1959).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Vial, J. C., R. Buisson, F. Madeore, and M. Poirier. J. Phys. (France) 40, 913 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang Y., and J. Ohwaki. Appl. Phys. Lett. 63, 3268 (1993a).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang Y., and J. Ohwaki. J. Appl. Phys. 74, 1272 (1993b).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Weber, M. J. Phys. Rev. B 4, 2932 (1971).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Wegh, R. T., H. Donker, K. D. Oskam, and A. Meijerink. Science 283, 663 (1999).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Whitley, T. J., C. A. Millar, R. Wyatt, M. C. Brierley, and D. Szebesta. Electron. Lett. 27, 1785 (1991).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Wright, J. In: Radiationless Processes in Molecules and Condensed Phases, Topics in Applied Physics 15, ed. F. K. Fong (Springer, NYC, 1976), p. 239.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yamada, N., S. Shionoya, and T. Kushida. J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 32, 1577 (1972).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Yeh, D. C., W. A. Sibley, and M. J. Suscavage. J. Appl. Phys. 63, 4644 (1988).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Yokota M., and O. Tanimoto. J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 22, 779 (1967).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. F. Auzel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, Thornton Hall, Charlottesville, VA, 22903-2442, USA

    Robert Hull

  2. Fachbereich Physik, Universität Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9-11, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany

    Jürgen Parisi

  3. Microelectronics Science Laboratory, Columbia University, Seeley W. Mudd Building, New York, NY, 10027, USA

    R. M. Osgood Jr.

  4. Institut für Festkörper und Werkstofforschung, Helmholtzstraßle 20, 01069, Dresden, Germany

    Hans Warlimont

  5. Chemistry Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA

    Guokui Liu

  6. Université Lyon1, 10 rue André Marie Ampère, 69622, Villeurbanne, France

    Bernard Jacquier

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2005 Tsinghua University Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Auzel, F. (2005). Up-conversions in RE-doped Solids. In: Hull, R., Parisi, J., Osgood, R.M., Warlimont, H., Liu, G., Jacquier, B. (eds) Spectroscopic Properties of Rare Earths in Optical Materials. Springer Series in Materials Science, vol 83. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-28209-2_5

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation