Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Hydrogen Retention in and Release from Carbon Materials

  • Chapter
Nuclear Fusion Research

Part of the book series: Springer Series in Chemical Physics ((CHEMICAL,volume 78))

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. G. Federici, R.A. Anderl, P. Andrew et al., In-vessel tritium retention and removal in ITER, J. Nucl. Mater. 266–269 (1999) 14

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. G. Federici, R.A. Anderl, J.N. Brooks et al., Tritium inventory in the ITER PFCs: predictions, uncertainties, R&D status and priority needs, Fusion Eng. Design 39–40 (1998) 445–464

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. J.N. Brooks, G. Federici, D. Ruzic et al., Erosion/redeposition analysis: status of modeling and code validation for semi-detached tokamak edge plasmas, J. Nucl. Mater. 266–269 (1999) 58

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. C.H. Skinner, W. Blanchard, J.N. Brooks et al., Tritium experience in the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor, Proc. 20th Symp. on Fusion Technology, Marseille, Sept. 1–11, 1998, Vol. 1, p. 153

    Google Scholar 

  5. D. Mueller et al., Tritium removal from TFTR, J. Nucl. Mater. 241–243 (1997) 897–901

    Google Scholar 

  6. P. Andrew, J.P. Coad, J. Ehrenberg et al., Experiments on the release of tritium from the first wall of JET, Nucl. Fusion 33 (1993) 1389–1404

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  7. P. Andrew, D. Brennan, J.P. Coad et al., Tritium retention and cleanup in JET, Fusion Eng. Design 47 (1999) 233

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. R. Seigele, J. Roth, B.M.U. Scherzer, S.J. Pennycook, Damage and deuterium trapping in highly-oriented pyrolytic graphite, J. Appl. Phys. 73 (1993) 2225

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  9. A.A. Haasz, J.W. Davis, Fluence dependence of deuterium trapping in graphite, J. Nucl. Mater. 209 (1994) 155

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  10. W.R. Wampler, C.W. Magee, Depth resolved measurements of hydrogen isotope exchange in carbon, J. Nucl. Mater. 103–104 (1981) 509

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. J. Roth, unpublished data. In: W. Moller, B.M.U. Scherzer, Modeling of hydrogen implantation in graphite, J. Appl. Phys. 64 (1988) 4860

    Google Scholar 

  12. W. Moller, P. Borgensen, B.M.U. Scherzer, Thermal and ion-induced release of hydrogen atoms implanted into graphite, Nucl. Instr. Meth. B 19/20 (1987) 826

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. M. Braun, B. Emmoth, Deuterium implantation in carbon at elevated temperatures, J. Nucl. Mater. 128–129 (1984) 657

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. B.L. Doyle, W.R. Wampler, D.K. Brice, Temperature dependence of H saturation and isotope exchange, J. Nucl. Mater. 103–104 (1981) 513

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. J.W. Davis, unpublished data, University of Toronto 1991

    Google Scholar 

  16. J.W. Davis, A.A. Haasz, Thermal desorption of graphite during deuterium ion bombardment, J. Nucl. Mater. 217 (1994) 206

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  17. A.A. Haasz, J.W. Davis, Deuterium retention in doped graphites, J. Nucl. Mater. 232 (1996) 219

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  18. G. Staudenmaier, J. Roth, R. Behrisch, J. Bohdansky, W. Eckstein, P. Staib, S.K. Erents, Trapping of deuterium implanted in carbon and silicon: a calibration for particle-energy measurements in the plasma boundary of tokamaks, J. Nucl. Mater. 84 (1979) 149

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  19. R.A. Causey, M.I. Baskes, K.L. Wilson, The retention of deuterium and tritium in POCO AXF-5Q graphite, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 4 (1986) 1189

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  20. V.N. Chernikov, A.E. Gorodetsky, S.L. Kanashenko, A.P, Zakharov, W.R. Wampler, B.L. Doyle, Trapping of deuterium in boron and titanium modified graphites before and after carbon ion irradiation, J. Nucl. Mater. 217 (1994) 250

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  21. P.C. Stangeby, O. Auciello, A.A. Haasz, B.L. Doyle, Trapping of sub-eV hydrogen and deuterium atoms in graphite, J. Nucl. Mater. 122–123 (1984) 1592

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. B. Emmoth, M. Rubel, E. Franconi, Deep penetration of deuterium in carbon based substrates exposed to the PISCES-A plasma, Nucl. Fusion 30 (1990) 1140

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. R.D. Penzhorn, N. Bekris, U. Berndt, J.P. Coad, H. Ziegler, W. Nagele, Tritium depth profiles in graphite and carbon fibre composite materials exposed to tokamak plasmas, J. Nucl. Mater. 288 (2001) 170

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  24. J.W. Davis, A.A. Haasz, D.S. Walsh, Flux and fluence dependence of H+ trapping in graphite, J. Nucl. Mater. 176–177 (1990) 992

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. M. Mayer, M. Balden, R. Behrisch, Deuterium retention in carbides and doped graphites, J. Nucl. Mater. 252 (1998) 55

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  26. B.E. Mills, D.A. Buchenauer, A.E. Pontau, M. Ulrickson, Characterization of deposition and erosion of the TFTR bumper limiter and wall, J. Nucl. Mater. 162–164 (1989) 343

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. W.R. Wampler, B.L. Doyle, S.R. Lee et al., Deposition of carbon, deuterium and metals on the wall and limiters of the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 6 (1988) 2111–2115

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  28. C.H. Skinner et al., Plasma—wall interactions and tritium retention in TFTR, J. Nucl. Mater. 241–243 (1997) 214

    Google Scholar 

  29. G. Federici, C.H. Skinner, J.N. Brooks, J.P. Coad, C. Grisolia, A.A. Haasz, A. Hassanein, V. Philipps, C.S. Pitcher, J. Roth, W.R. Wampler, D.G. Whyte, Plasma-material interactions in current tokamaks and their implications for next-step fusion reactors, Nucl. Fusion 41 (2001) 1967

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  30. R.A. Causey, K.L. Wilson, W.R. Wampler, B.L. Doyle, The effects of neutron irradiation on the trapping of tritium in graphite, Fusion Technology 19 (1991) 1585

    Google Scholar 

  31. H. Atsumi, M. Iseki, T. Shikama, Trapping and detrapping of hydrogen in carbon-based materials exposed to hydrogen gas, J. Nucl. Mater. 212–215 (1994) 1478

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. H. Atsumi, M. Iseki, T. Shikama, Hydrogen behaviour in carbon-based materials and its neutron irradiation effect, J. Nucl. Mater. 233–237 (1996) 1128

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. W.R. Wampler, B.L. Doyle, R.A. Causey, K.L. Wilson, Trapping of deuterium at damage in graphite, J. Nucl. Mater. 176–177 (1990) 983

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. H. Atsumi, M. Iseki, T. Shikama, Hydrogen solubility and diffusivity in neutron-irradiated graphite, J. Nucl. Mater. 191–194 (1992) 368

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. J._W. Davis, C.S. Pitcher, A.A. Haasz, Re-emission of deuterium from graphite as a function of D+ flux density, J. Appl. Phys. 76 (1994) 4511

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  36. A.A. Haasz, P. Franzen, J.W. Davis, S. Chiu, C.S. Pitcher, Two-region model for hydrogen trapping in and release from graphite, J. Appl. Phys. 77 (1995) 66

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  37. P. Franzen, E. Vietzke, A.A. Haasz, J.W. Davis, V. Philipps, Atomic reemission of hydrogen from pure and boronized graphites at temperatures above 1000 K, J. Nucl. Mater. 196–198 (1992) 967

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. P. Franzen, E. Vietzke, Atomic release of hydrogen from pure and boronized graphites, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 12 (1994) 820

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  39. J.W. Davis, A.A. Haasz, Reemission and thermal desorption of D°, D2 and CD4 from graphite, J. Nucl. Mater. 220–222 (1995) 832

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. J.W. Davis, A.A. Haasz, Reemission of deuterium atoms from Mo, Ta and W during D+ irradiation, J. Nucl. Mater. 223 (1995) 312

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  41. V. Philipps, E. Vietzke, M. Erdweg, K. Flaskamp, Thermal desorption of hydrogen and various hydrocarbons from graphite bombarded with thermal and energetic hydrogen, J. Nucl. Mater. 145–147 (1987) 292

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Y. Gotoh, T. Yamaki, K. Tokiguchi, H. Shimizu, Thermal desorption spectroscopy of pyrolytic graphite cleavage faces after keV deuterium irradiation at 330–1000 K, J. Nucl. Mater. 191–194 (1992) 360

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. G. Hansali, J.B. Biberian, M. Bienfait, Ion beam implantation and thermal desorption of deuterium ion in graphite, J. Nucl. Mater. 171 (1990) 395

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  44. K. Ashida, K. Ichimura, M. Matsuyama, K. Watanabe, Thermal desorption of hydrogen, deuterium and tritium from pyrolytic graphite, J. Nucl. Mater. 128–129 (1984) 792

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. H. Atsumi, S. Yamanaka, P. Son, M. Miyake, Thermal desorption of deuterium and helium from ion irradiated graphite, J. Nucl. Mater. 133–134 (1985) 268

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. K. Nakayama, S. Fukuda, T. Hino, T. Yamashina, Thermal desorption process and surface roughness of POCO graphite irradiated by hydrogen ion beam, J. Nucl. Mater. 145–147 (1987) 301

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. J.A. Sawicki, J. Roth, L.M. Howe, Thermal release of tritium implanted in graphite studied by T(d,α)n nuclear reaction depth profiling analysis, J. Nucl. Mater. 162–164 (1989) 1019

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. S. Chiu, A.A. Haasz, Thermal release of simultaneously implanted H+ and D+ from graphite, J. Nucl. Mater. 210 (1994) 34

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  49. K. Ashida, K. Ichimura, M. Matsuyama, K. Watanabe, Thermal desorption of deuterium from graphite doped with iron, J. Nucl. Mater. 148 (1987) 217

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  50. D.G. Whyte, J.P. Coad, P. Franzen et al., Similarities in divertor erosion/redeposition and deuterium retention patterns between the tokamaks ASDEX Upgrade, DIII-D and JET, Nucl. Fusion 39 (1999) 1025

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  51. C.H. Skinner, W. Blanchard, J. Kamperschroer et al., Measurements of tritium retention and removal on the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 14 (1996) 3267–3274

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  52. D. Mueller, W. Blanchard, B.L. Doyle et al., Tritium retention and removal on TFTR, Proc. 17th IEEE/NPSS Symp. on Fusion Engineering, San Diego, CA, October 6–10, 1997

    Google Scholar 

  53. C.H. Skinner, J.T. Hogan, J.N. Brooks et al., Modeling of tritium retention in TFTR, J. Nucl. Mater. 266–269 (1999) 940

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. W.L. Hsu, Glow-discharge removal of codeposited carbon films in graphite-lined tokamak reactors, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A7 (1989) 1047

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  55. M. Keilhacker, D–T experiments in the JET tokamak, J. Nucl. Mater. 266–269 (1999) 1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. P. Andrew, D. Brennau, J.P. Coad et al., Tritium recycling and retention in JET, J. Nucl. Mater. 266–269 (1999) 153

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. R. Nygren, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, personal communication

    Google Scholar 

  58. A.A. Haasz, J.W. Davis, The removal of codeposited layers from TFTR tiles by O2 gas exposure, J. Nucl. Mater. 256 (1998) 65–68

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  59. C.H. Skinner, C.A. Gentile, A. Carpe et al., Tritium removal from codeposits on carbon tiles by a scanning laser, J. Nucl. Mater. 301 (2002) 98

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  60. A.A. Haasz, S. Chiu, J.E. Pierre, Y.I. Gudimenko, Thermo-oxidative erosion of amorphous hydrogenated carbon films, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 14 (1996) 184–191

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  61. J.W. Davis, A.A. Haasz, Oxygen removal of codeposited a-C:D layers from tokamak tiles, J. Nucl. Mater. 266–269 (1999) 478

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. W. Wang, W. Jacob, J. Roth, Oxidation and hydrogen isotope exchange in amorphous deuterated carbon films, J. Nucl. Mater. 245 (1997) 66

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  63. S. Chiu, A.A. Haasz, Chemical release of implanted deuterium in graphite, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 9 (1991) 747

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  64. S. Alberici, H.K. Hinssen, R. Moormann, C.H. Wu, Deuterium release rates in a-C:D layers during oxygen attack, J. Nucl. Mater. 266–269 (1999) 754

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. R.A. Causey, W.R. Wampler, D. Walsh, Comparison of the thermal stability of the codeposited carbon/hydrogen layer to that of the saturated implant layer, J. Nucl. Mater. 176–177 (1990) 987

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. R. Moormann, H.K. Hinssen, C.H. Wu, Oxidation of carbon based first wall materials of ITER, Proc. 18th IAEA Fusion Energy Conference, Sorrento, Italy, October 4–10, 2000, paper FTP1/29

    Google Scholar 

  67. C.J. Orchard, A.T. Peacock, G. Saibene, JET experience in recovery from large air leak incidents, J. Nucl. Mater. 200 (1993) 395

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  68. V. Philipps, H.G. Esser, J. von Seggern et al., Removal of redeposited layers and hydrogen release by oxygen ventilation of TEXTOR, J. Nucl. Mater. 266–269 (1999) 386

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. B.V. Mech, A.A. Haasz, J.W. Davis, Isotopic effects in hydrocarbon formation due to low-energy H+/D+ impact on graphite, J. Nucl. Mater. 255 (1998) 153

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute for Aerospace Studies, University of Toronto, 4925 Dufferin St., Toronto, ON, M3H 5T6, Canada

    A.A. Haasz & J.W. Davis

Authors
  1. A.A. Haasz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. J.W. Davis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. IAEA Atomic and Molecular Data Unit, Wagramstraße 5, P.O.Box 100, 1400, Vienna, Austria

    Robert E.H. Clark

  2. Institut für Plasmaphysik, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany

    Detlev H. Reiter

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2005 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Haasz, A., Davis, J. (2005). Hydrogen Retention in and Release from Carbon Materials. In: Clark, R.E., Reiter, D.H. (eds) Nuclear Fusion Research. Springer Series in Chemical Physics, vol 78. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-27362-X_10

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation