Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Determining Etiology: Biopsy and Laboratory Investigation

  • Chapter
Wound Healing and Ulcers of the Skin

  • 2121 Accesses

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Ackerman AB, Chongchitnant N, Sanchez Y, Guo Y, Benin B, Reichel M, Randall MB (eds) Proceeding to specific diagnoses. Basic patterns and analysis of them. In: Histologic Diagnosis of Inflammatory Skin Diseases: An Algorithmic Method Based on Pattern Analysis, 2nd edn. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. 1997; pp 107–144

    Google Scholar 

  2. Barnhill RL, Busam KJ: Vascular diseases. In: Elder D, Elenitsas R, Jaworsky C, Johnson B (eds) Lever's Histopathology of the Skin. 8th edn. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven. 1997; pp 185–208

    Google Scholar 

  3. Diggs LW, Ching RE: Pathology of sickle cell anemia. South Med J 1934; 27:839–845

    Google Scholar 

  4. Lima-Maribona J, Kirsner RS, Kerdel FA: Answers to self-assessment examination of the American Academy of Dermatology. J Am Acad Dermatol 1993; 29: 807

    Google Scholar 

  5. Chan YC, Valenti D, Mansfield AO, et al: Warfarin-induced skin necrosis. Br J Surg 2000; 87:266–272

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Schleicher SM, Fricker MP: Coumarin necrosis. Arch Dermatol 1980; 116:444–445

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Gold JA, Watters AK, O'Brien E: Coumadin versus heparin necrosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1987; 16: 148–150

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Kirsner RS, Eaglstein WH, Katz MH, et al: Stanozolol causes rapid pain relief and healing of cutaneous ulcers caused by cryofibrinogenemia. J Am Acad Dermatol 1993; 28:71–74

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Beightler E, Diven DG, Sanchez RL, et al: Thrombotic vasculopathy associated with cryofibrinogenemia. J Am Acad Dermatol 1991; 24:342–345

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Wagner DR, Eckert F, Gresser U, et al: Deposits of paraprotein in small vessels as a cause of skin ulcers in Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia. Clin Investig 1993; 72:46–49

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Vanscheidt W, Leder O, Vanscheidt E, et al: Leg ulcers in a patient with spherocytosis: A clinicopathological report. Dermatologica 1990; 181:56–59

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Rietschel RL, Lewis CW, Simmons RA, et al: Skin lesions in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Arch Dermatol 1978; 114:560–563

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Stevanovic DV: Atrophie blanche. A sign of dermal blood occlusion. Arch Dermatol 1974; 109:858–862

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Shornick JK, Nicholes BK, Bergstresser PR, et al: Idiopathic atrophie blanche. J Am Acad Dermatol 1983; 8:792–798

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Maessen-Visch MB, Koedam MI, Hamulyak K, et al: Atrophie blanche. Int J Dermatol 1999; 38:161–172

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Gibson GE, Su WP, Pittelkow MR: Antiphospholipid syndrome and the skin. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997; 36:970–982

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Gilson RT, Milum E: Calciphylaxis: case report and treatment review. Cutis 1999; 63:149–153

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Oh DH, Eulau D, Tokugawa DA, et al: Five cases of calciphylaxis and a review of the literature. J Am Acad Dermatol 1999; 40:979–987

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Essary LR, Wick MR: Cutaneous calciphylaxis: An underrecognized clinicopathologic entity. Am J Clin Pathol 2000; 113:280–287

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Zaytsev P, Miller K, Pellettiere EV: Cutaneous cholesterol emboli with infarction clinically mimicking heparin necrosis: a case report. Angiology 1986; 37: 471–476

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Falanga V, Fine MJ, Kapoor WN: The cutaneous manifestations of cholesterol crystal embolization. Arch Dermatol 1986; 122:1194–1198

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Kalter DC, Rudolph A, McGavran M: Livedo reticularis due to multiple cholesterol emboli. J Am Acad Dermatol 1985; 13:235–242

    Google Scholar 

  23. Altmeyer P, Welke S, Renger A, et al: Zur pathogenese der sogenannten Cumarin-Nekrose. Aktuel Dermatol 1976; 2:65–68

    Google Scholar 

  24. Slutzki S, Bogokowsky H, Gilboa Y, et al: Coumadin induced skin necrosis. Int J Dermatol 1984; 23: 117–119

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Deschamps P, Leroy D, Mandard J: Cutaneous crystal cholesterol emboli. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1980; 60:266–269

    Google Scholar 

  26. Rosansky SJ: Multiple cholesterol emboli syndrome. South Med J 1982; 75:677–680

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Fauci AS: The vasculitis syndromes. In: Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Isselbacher KJ, Wilson JD, Martin JB, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL (eds) Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 14th edn. New York: McGraw-Hill. 1998; pp 1910–1922

    Google Scholar 

  28. Fiorentino DF: Cutaneous vasculitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2003; 48:311–340

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Jennette JC, Falk RJ, Andrassy K, et al: Nomenclature of systemic vasculitides. Proposal of an international consensus conference. Arthritis Rheum 1994; 37: 187–192

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Soter NA: Cutaneous necrotizing venulitis. Freedberg IM, Eisen AZ, Wolff K, Austen KF, Goldsmith LA, Katz SI (eds) In: Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine, 6th edn. New York: McGraw-Hill. 2003; pp 1727–1735

    Google Scholar 

  31. McDonald J, Stewart J, Urowitz MB, et al: Peripheral vascular disease in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis 1992; 51:56–60

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Magro C, Crowson AN, Mihm M: Cutaneous manifestation of nutritional deficiency states and gastrointestinal disease. In: Lever's Histopathology of the Skin. Elder D, Elenitsas R, Jaworsky C, Johnson B (eds) 8th edn. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven. 1997; pp 353–368

    Google Scholar 

  33. Grunwald MH, Avinoach I, Amichai B, et al: Leukocytoclastic vasculitis — correlation between different histologic stages and direct immunofluorescence results. Int J Dermatol 1997; 36:349–352

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Herrick SE, Sloan P, McGurk M, et al: Sequential changes in histologic pattern and extracellular matrix deposition during the healing of chronic venous ulcers. Am J Pathol 1992; 141:1085–1095

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Burnand KG, Whimster I, Clemenson G, et al: The relationship between the number of capillaries in the skin of the venous ulcer bearing area of the lower leg and the fall in foot vein pressure during exercise. Br J Surg 1981; 68:297–300

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Falanga V, Moosa HH, Nemeth AJ, et al: Dermal pericapillary fibrin in venous disease and venous ulceration. Arch Dermatol 1987; 123:620–623

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Burnand KG, Whimster I, Naidoo A, et al: Pericapillary fibrin in the ulcer-bearing skin of the leg: the cause of lipodermatosclerosis and venous ulceration. Br Med J 1982; 285:1071–1072

    Google Scholar 

  38. Ferguson MW, Herrick SE, Spencer MJ, et al: The histology of diabetic foot ulcers. Diabetic Med 1996; 13:S30–S33

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Vande Berg JS, Rudolph R: Pressure (Decubitus) ulcer: Variation in histopathology — A light and electron microscope study. Hum Pathol 1995; 26: 195–200

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Harris B, Eaglstein WH, Falanga V: Basal cell carcinoma arising in venous ulcers and mimicking granulation tissue. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1993; 19:150–152

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Phillips TJ, Salman SM, Rogers GS: Nonhealing leg ulcers: a manifestation of basal cell carcinoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 1991; 25:47–49

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Kofler H, Fritsch P: Ulcers due to tumors. In: Westerhof W (ed) Leg Ulcers: Diagnosis and Treatment, 1st edn. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 1993; pp 183–198

    Google Scholar 

  43. Kirkham N: Tumors and cysts of the epidermis. In: Elder D, Elenitsas R, Jaworsky C, Johnson B (eds) Lever's Histopathology of the Skin, 8th edn. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven. 1997; pp 685–746

    Google Scholar 

  44. Simmons MA, Edwards JM, Nigam A: Marjolin's ulcer presenting in the neck. J Laryngol Otol 2000; 114:980–982

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Steffen C: Marjolin's ulcer. Report of two cases and evidence that Marjolin did not describe cancer arising in scars of burns. Am J Dermatopathol 1984; 6: 187–193

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Blank AA, Schnyder UW: Squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma within the clinical picture of a chronic venous insufficiency in the third stage. Dermatologica 1990; 181:248–250

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Lanehart WH, Sanusi ID, Misra RP, et al: Metastasizing basal cell carcinoma originating in a stasis ulcer black woman. Arch Dermatol 1983; 119:587–591

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Black MM, Walkden VM: Basal cell carcinomatous changes on the lower leg: a possible association with chronic stasis. Histopathology 1983; 7:219–227

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Martin-Sanchez J, Lopez-Lopez MC, Acedo-Sanchez C, et al: Diagnosis of infections with Leishmania infantum using PCR-ELISA. Parasitology 2001; 122: 607–615

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Salotra P, Sreenivas G, Pogue GP, et al: Development of a species-specific PCR assay for detection of Leishmania donovani in clinical samples from patients with kalaazar and post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39:849–854

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Oliveira-Neto MP, Mattos M, Souza CS, et al: Leishmaniasis recidiva cutis in New World cutaneous leishmaniasis. Int J Dermatol 1998; 37:846–849

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Uezato H, Hagiwara K, Hosokawa A, et al: Comparative studies of the detection rates of Leishmania parasites from formalin, ethanol-fixed, frozen human skin specimens by polymerase chain reaction and Southern blotting. J Dermatol 1998; 25:623–631

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Smith HR, Connor MP, Beer TW, et al: The use of polymerase chain reaction in New World cutaneous leishmaniasis. Br J Dermatol 1998; 139:539–540

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Schubach A, Haddad F, Oliveira-Neto MP et al: Detection of Leishmania DNA by polymerase chain reaction in scars of treated human patients. J Infect Dis 1998; 178:911–914

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Turin L, Riva F, Galbiati G, et al: Fast, simple and highly sensitive double-rounded polymerase chain reaction assay to detect medically relevant fungi in dermatological specimens. Eur J Clin Invest 2000; 30:511–518

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Brandt ME, Hutwagner LC, Klug LA, et al: Molecular subtype distribution of Cryptococcus neoformans in four areas of the United States. Cryptococcal Disease Active Surveillance Group. J Clin Microbiol 1996; 34:912–917

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Van Burik J, Myerson D, Schreckhise RW, et al: Panfungal PCR assay for detection of fungal infection in human blood specimens. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36: 1169–1175

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Mayer J, Kovarik A, Vorlicek J, et al: Efficacy of polymerase chain reaction for detection of deep mycotic infections: confirmation by autopsy. Mycoses 1998; 41:471–475

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Baek SC, Chae HJ, Houh D, et al: Detection and differentiation of causative fungi of onychomycosis using PCR amplification and restriction enzyme analysis. Int J Dermatol 1998; 37:682–686

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Mert A, Bilir M, Tabak F, et al: Miliary tuberculosis: Clinical manifestations, diagnosis and outcome in 38 adults. Respirology 2001; 6:217–224

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Su WJ, Huang CY, Perng RP: Utility of PCR assays for rapid diagnosis of BCG infection in children. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2001; 5:380–384

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Tan SH, Tan HH, Sun YJ et al: Clinical utility of polymerase chain reaction in the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in different types of cutaneous tuberculosis and tuberculids. Ann Acad Med Singapore 2001:30:3–10

    Google Scholar 

  63. Nenoff P, Rytter M, Schubert S, et al: Multilocular inoculation tuberculosis of the skin after stay in Africa: detection of mycobacterial DNA using polymerase chain reaction. Br J Dermatol 2000; 143:226–228

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Arora SK, Kumar B, Sehgal S: Development of a polymerase chain reaction dot-blotting system for detecting cutaneous tuberculosis. Br J Dermatol 2000; 142:72–76

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Nolte FS, Metchock B: Mycobacterium. In: Murray PR, Baron EJ, Pfaller MA, Tenover FC, Yolken RH (eds) Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 6th edn. Washington DC: ASM Press. 1995; pp 400–437

    Google Scholar 

  66. Kern ME, Blevins KS: Laboratory procedures for fungal culture and isolation. In: Medical Mycology: A Self-Instructional Text. 2nd edn. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Company. 1997; pp 27–72

    Google Scholar 

  67. Tappeiner G, Wolff K: Tuberculosis and other mycobacterial infections. Fitzpatrick TB, Eisen AZ, Wolff K, Freedberg IM Austen KF, and (eds) In: Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine, 4th edn. New York: McGraw-Hill. 1993; pp 2370–2395

    Google Scholar 

  68. Schwaegerle SM, Bergfeld WF, Senitzer D, et al: Pyoderma gangrenosum: A review. J Am Acad Dermatol 1988;18:559–568

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Ackerman AB, Chongchitnant N, Sanchez Y, Guo Y, Benin B, Reichel M, Randall MB (eds) Pyoderma gangrenosum. In: Histologic Diagnosis of Inflammatory Skin Diseases: An Algorithmic Method Based on Pattern Analysis, 2nd edn. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. 1997; pg 674

    Google Scholar 

  70. English JS, Fenton DA, Barth J, et al: Pyoderma gangrenosum and leukocytoclastic vasculitis in association with rheumatoid arthritis: a report of two cases. Clin Exp Dermatol 1984; 9:270–276

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Wong E, Greaves MW: Pyoderma gangrenosum and leukocytoclastic vasculitis. Clin Exp Dermatol 1985; 10:68–72

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Su WP, Schroeter AL, Perry HO, et al: Histopathologic and immunopathologic study of pyoderma gangrenosum. J Cutan Pathol 1986; 13:323–330

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2005 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

(2005). Determining Etiology: Biopsy and Laboratory Investigation. In: Wound Healing and Ulcers of the Skin. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-26761-1_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-26761-1_6

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-21275-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-26761-4

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation