Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Aradottir AL, Arnolds O (2001) Ecosystem degradation and restoration of birch woodlands in Iceland. In: Wielgolaski FE (ed) Nordic mountain birch ecosystems. UNESCO, Paris and Parthenon New York, pp 293–306
Bakkestuen V, Stabbetorp OE, Eilertsen O, Often A, Brattbakk I (2000) Terrestrisk naturovervåking. Vegetasjonsøkologiske undersøkelser av boreal bjørkeskog i Øvre Dividal og Gutulia nasjonalparker-reanalyser 1998 (in Norwegian). (Monitoring terrestrial ecosystems: ecological investigations of vegetation in the boreal forest of Dividalen and Gutulia National Parks-reanalysis 1998.) NINA Oppdragsmelding 612:1–58
Bylund H, Nordell O (2001) Biomass proportion, production and leaf nitrogen distribution in a polycormic mountain birch stand (Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii) in northern Sweden. In: Wielgolaski FE (ed) Nordic mountain birch ecosystems. UNESCO, Paris and Parthenon New-York, pp 115–126
Chapin FS, Shaver GR (1996) Physiological and growth responses of arctic plants to a field experiment simulating climatic change. Ecology 77:822–840
Colpaert AJ, Kumpula J, Nieminen M (1995) Remote sensing, a tool for reindeer range land management. Polar Rec 31:235–244
Dahlberg U (2001) Quantification and classification of Scandinavian mountain vegetation based on field data and optical satellite images. Report 12-2001. Dep For Res Manag Geomat, Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Umeä, Sweden. ISBN 91-576-5581-2
Elkington TT, Jones MG (1974) Biomass and primary production of birch Betula pubescens s. lat.) in south-west Greenland. J Ecol 62:821–830
Fylkesmannen i Finnmark (2002) Årsmelding for skogbruket i Finnmark 2001 (in Norwegian), 24 pp
Gaare E, Tømmervik H (2000) Monitoring of lichen grazing areas in Finnmark. NINA Oppdragsmelding 638:1–33
Grace J, Berninger F, Nagy L (2002) Impacts of climate change on the tree line. Ann Bot 90:537–544
Hagner O (1990) Computer aided forest stand delineation and inventory based on satellite remote sensing, SNS/TUFRO workshop. The usability of remote sensing for forest inventory and planning, Umea, Sweden, pp 94–105
Hanssen-Bauer I, Førland E (2000) Temperature and precipitation variations in Norway 1900–1994 and their links to atmospheric circulation. Int J Climatol 20:1693–1708
Helland A (1912) Traegraendser og sommervarmen (in Norwegian). Tidsskr Skogbr 20:131–146, 169-175, 303-313
Høgda KA, Karlsen SR, Tømmervik H (2001) Onset of spring in Fennoscandia studied by a time series of NOAA AVHRR NDVI data. Poster:“The times they are a-changin’” — International Phenological Conference — Climate change, phenological responses and their consequences for biodiversity, agriculture, forestry, and human health, 5–7 Dec 2001,Wageningen University, the Netherlands
Johansen B, Tømmervik H (1990) Mapping winter grazing areas for reindeer in Finnmark county,northern Norway, using LANDSAT 5-TM data. IGARSS-90 Proceedings, Washington DC, 4 pp
Johansen B, Karlsen SR (1996) Reingjerder i Finnmark — virkning på flora, vegetasjon og endringer av vegetasjonsdekket (in Norwegian). Sluttrapport — NORUT IT, Tromsö, Norway, 123 pp
Johansen B, Karlsen SR (2000) Finnmarksvidda — kartlegging og overvåking av reinbeiter — status 1998 (in Norwegian). NORUT IT 546/1-00, 68 pp
Johansson T (1999) Biomass equations for determining fractions of pendula and pubescent birches growing on abandoned farmland and some practical applications. Biomass Bioenergy 16:223–238
Jonasson S, Lee JA, Callaghan TV, Havstrom M, Parsons AN (1996) Direct and indirect effects of increasing temperatures on subarctic ecosystems. Ecol Bull 45:180–191
Juntunen V, Neuvonen S, Norokorpi Y, Tasanen T (2002) Potential for timberline advance in northern Finland, as revealed by monitoring during 1983-1999. Arctic 55:348–361
Kallio P, Lehtonen J (1973) Birch forest damage caused by Oporinia autumnata (Bkh.) in 1965–1966 in Utsjoki, N-Finland. Rep Kevo Subarctic Res Stat 10:55–69
Kallio P, Lehtonen J (1975) On the ecocatastrophe of birch forests caused by Oporinia autumnata (Bkh.) and the problem of reforestation. In: Wielgolaski FE (ed) Fennoscandian tundra ecosystems, part 2. Animals and systems analysis. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 174–180
Keeling CD, Chin FS, Whorf TP (1996) Increased activity of northern vegetation inferred from atmospheric CO2 measurements. Nature 382:146–149
Kjelvik S, Kärenlampi L (1975) Plant biomass and primary production of Fennscandian subarctic and subalpine forests and of alpine willow and heath ecosystems. In:Wielgolaski FE (ed) Fennoscandian tundra ecosystems, part 1. Plants and microorganisms. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 111–120
Korsmo H (1995) Weight equations for determining biomass fractions of young hardwoods from natural regenerated stands. Scand J For Res 10:333–346
Kukkonen T (2002) Tunturikoivikoiden elpyminen tunturimittarin aiheuttamista tuhoista Kevon luonnonpuistossa (in Finnish). MS Thesis, Turun yliopisto, Finland. Maantiteen laitos, 131 pp + 3 App
Lipson DA, Bowman WD, Monson RK (1996) Luxury uptake and storage of nitrogen in the rhizomatous alpine herb, Bistorta bistortoides. Ecology 77:1277–1285
Lucht W, Prentice IC, Myneni RB, Sitch S, Friedlingstein P, Cramer W, Bousquet P, Buermann W, Smith B (2002) Climatic control of the high-latitude vegetation greening trend and Pinatubo effect. Science 296:1687–1689
Lyftingsmo E (1965) Norske fjellbeite Bind XV Oversyn over Fjellbeite i Finnmark (in Norwegian). Kgl Selsk Norges Vel, Oslo, Norway, 367 pp
Marklund LG (1988) Biomassafunktioner för tall, gran och björk i Sverige (in Swedish). Work Rep 45. Dept For Res Manag Geomatics, Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Umeä, Sweden
Mattsson J (1987) Ihmisen vaikutus Utsjoen metsärajametsiin (in Finnish). MS Thesis, Turun yliopisto, Finland.Maantiteen laitos, 123 pp
Menzel A, Fabian P (1999) Growing season extended in Europe. Nature 397:659
Myneni RB, Keeling, CD, Tucker CJ, Asrar G, Nemani RR (1997) Increased plant growth in the northern high latitudes from 1981 to 1991. Nature 386:698–702
Myneni RB, Dong J, Tucker CJ, Kaufmann RK, Kauppi PE, Liski, J, Zhou L, Alexeyev V, Hughes MK (2001) A large carbon sink in the woody biomass of Northern forests. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:14784–14789
Nordin A, Nasholm T, Ericson L (1998) Effects of simulated N deposition on understorey vegetation of a boreal coniferous forest. Funct Ecol 12:691–699
Odland A (1996) Differences in the vertical distribution pattern of Betula pubescens in Norway and its ecological significance. In: Frenzel B (ed) Holocene treeline oscillations, dendrochronology and paleoclimate. Fisher, Stuttgart, pp 43–59
Post E, Stenseth NC (1999) Climatic variability, plant phenology, and northern ungulates. Ecology 80:1322–1339
Raitio H, Paukkonen K, Kauppi A (1994) Effects of defoliation, nitrogen, and temperature on leafing and root carbohydrates of birch seedlings. Can J For Res 24:1914–1920
Reese H, Nilsson M (1999) Using Landsat TM and NF data to estimate wood volume, tree biomass and stand age in Dalarna. Work Rep 53. Dept For Res Manag Geomatics, Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Umeå, Sweden
Riksskogstaxeringen (2001) Forest inventory statistics for Norrbotten län (Tabular data in Excel format)
Robinson CH, Wookey PA, Lee JA, Callaghan TV, Press MC (1998) Plant community responses to simulated environmental change at a high arctic polar semi-desert. Ecology 79:856–866
Salmi O (1988) Tunturikoivun polttopuukäytön lisäämismahdollisuudet Enontekiön ja Utsjoen kunnissa. Maataloushallinnon aikakauskirja. Maatilahallituksne julkaisu 2:12–16. Valtion painatuskeskus/Helsingin paino Oy, Finland (in Finnish)
Senn J, Haukioja E (1994) Reactions of the mountain birch to bud removal — effects of severity and timing, and implications for herbivores. Funct Ecol 8:494–501
Senn J, Hanhimaki S, Haukioja E (1992) Among tree variation in leaf phenology and morphology and its correlation with insect performance in the mountain birch. Oikos 63:215–222
Sihvo J (2002) Ylä-Lapin luonnonhoitoalueen ja Urho Kekkosen kansallispuiston luontokartoitus. Loppuraportti osa 2: Ylä-Lapin luontotyypit. Metsähallituksen luonnonsuojelujulkaisuja. Sarja A137, 175 pp, Helsinki (in Finnish)
Ståhl G, Walheim M, Lofgren P (1999) Fjällinventering-En utredning av innehall och design (in Swedish). Work Rep 50. Dept Res Manage Geomatics, Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Umeå, Sweden
Starr M, Hartman M, Kinnunen T (1998) Biomass functions for mountain birch in the Vuoskojarvi integrated monitoring area. Boreal Environ Res 3:297–303
Statistics of Norway (1979) Landbrukstelling 1979 Skogbruk, Finnmark and Troms (in Norwegian). Census of agriculture and forestry, vol VII. Forestry
Steininger MK (2000) Satellite estimation of tropical secondary forest above-ground biomass: data from Brazil and Bolivia. J Remote Sensing 21:1139–1158
Sturm M, Racine C, Tape K (2001) Climate change: increasing shrub abundance in the Arctic. Nature 411:546–547
Sveinbjörnsson B (1987) Biomass proportioning as related to plant size in juvenile mountain birch near Abisko, Swedish Lapland. Rep Kevo Subarctic Res Stat 20:1–8
Sveinbjörnsson B, Hofgaard A, Loyd A (2002) Natural causes of the Tundra-Taiga boundary. Ambio Spec Rep 12: 23–29
Tømmervik H (2000) Reinbeitekartlegging Mauken-Blåtind-Fagerfjell (in Norwegian). NINA Assignment Rep 641:1–34
Tømmervik H, Lauknes I (1987) Mapping of reindeer ranges in the Kautokeino area, northern Norway, by use of Landsat 5/TM data. Rangifer 2:2–14
Tømmervik H, Johansen B, Lauknes I (1997) Use of airborne CASI spatial mode data for mapping of Sub-Arctic mountain heaths in Pasvik, northern Norway. Can J Remote Sensing 23:230–242
Tømmervik H, Johansen ME, Pedersen JP, Guneriussen T (1998) Integration of remote sensed and in-situ data in an analysis of the air pollution effects on terrestrial ecosystems in border areas between Norway and Russia. Environ Monit Assess 49:51–85
Tømmervik H, Høgda KA, Karlsen SR (2001) Using remote sensing for detection of caterpillar outbreaks in mountain birch forests, a new interesting approach. In: Wielgolaski FE (ed) Nordic mountain birch ecosystems. UNESCO, Paris and Parthenon, New York, pp 185–194
Tømmervik H, Høgda KA, Solheim I (2003) Monitoring vegetation changes in Pasvik (Norway) and Pechenga in Kola Peninsula (Russia) using multi-temporal Landsat MSS/TM data. Remote Sensing Environ 85:370–388
Tømmervik H, Johansen B, Tombre I, Thannheiser D, Høgda KA, Gaare E, Wielgolaski FE (2004) Vegetation changes in the Nordic mountain birch forest: the influence of grazing and climate change. Arct Antarct Alpine Res 36:322–331
Väre H (2001). Mountain birch taxonomy and floristics of mountain birch woodlands. In: Wielgolaski FE (ed) Nordic mountain birch ecosystems. UNESCO, Paris and Parthenon, New York, London, pp 35–46
Vaarama A, Valanne T (1973) On the taxonomy, biology and origin of Betula tortuosa Lebeb. Rep Kevo Subarctic Res Stat 10:70–84
Wang TL, Tigerstedt PMA (1996) Growth rates and phenology of fast-and slow-growing families over an entire growth period in Betula pendula Roth. Silvae Genet 45:124–129
Wang JR, Zhong AL, Simard SW, Kimmins JP (1996) Aboveground biomass and nutrient accumulation in an age sequence of paper birch (Betula x pyrifera) in the Interior Cedar Hemlock zone, British Colombia. For Ecol Manage 83:27–38
Wielgolaski FE (2001) Field-and bottom layer vegetation mat transplantation.A method to simulate possible effects of climate change. Skogræktarritid 1:167–170
Wielgolaski FE, Bliss, LC, Svoboda I, Doyle G (1981) Primary production of tundra. In: Bliss LC, Heal OW, Moore JJ (eds) Tundra ecosystems: a comparative analysis. IBP 25. Cambridge Univ Press Cambridge, pp 187–225
Zhou L, Tucker CJ, Kaufmann RK, Slayback D, Shabanov NV, Myneni RB (2001) Variations in northern vegetation activity inferred from satellite data of vegetation index during 1981 to 1999. J Geophys Res 106(D17):2006920083
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2005 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Tømmervik, H., Wielgolaski, F.E., Neuvonen, S., Solberg, B., Høgda, K.A. (2005). Biomass and Production on a Landscape Level in the Mountain Birch Forests. In: Caldwell, M.M., et al. Plant Ecology, Herbivory, and Human Impact in Nordic Mountain Birch Forests. Ecological Studies, vol 180. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-26595-3_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-26595-3_4
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-22909-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-26595-5
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)