Zusammenfassung
Die Intensivmedizin gilt häufig noch — auch unter Internisten — als „Lebensrettungsmedizin“, die primär dazu dienen soll, für den Patienten akut bedrohliche Störungen der Vitalfunktionen zu beseitigen. Diese Aufgabe ist auch unbestritten sehr wichtig.
Aber internistische Intensivmedizin muss mehr sein! Neben der Beseitigung akut bedrohlicher Störungen der Vitalfunktionen bei einem kritisch kranken internistischen Patienten muss auch die Grundkrankheit während der Intensivphase adäquat behandelt werden: Dies bedeutet nicht nur Fortführung der laufenden, vor der Übernahme auf die Intensivstation begonnenen internistischen Behandlung, sondern auch Eingehen auf die intensivmedizinische Phase einer internistischen Erkrankung.
„Lebensrettungsmedizin“ und „intensiv-internistische“ Betreuung unserer Patienten müssen Hand in Hand gehen und können nicht parallel und abgekoppelt voneinander praktiziert werden. Die internistische Intensivmedizin ist ein Teil der Inneren Medizin.
Für uns Internisten ist dies Chance, aber auch Verpflichtung zugleich!
* Expertenempfehlungen
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Literatur
Adam S, Batson S (1997) A study of problems associated with the delivery of enteral feed in critically ill patients in five ICUs in the UK. Intensive Care Med 23:261–266
Ahamad I, Mouncher A, Abdoolah A, Stenson R, Wright J, Daniels A, Tillett J, Hawthorne AB, Thomas G (2003) Antibiotic prophylaxis for percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 18:209–215
Aggett PJ (1985) Physiology and metabolism of essential trace elements: an outline. Clin Endocrinol Metab 14:513–543
AHA-ECC (2000) Guidelines 2000 for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care — a consensus on science. Circulation 102(Suppl 8): I1–I384
Annane D, Sébille, V, Charpentier C, Bollaert PE, Francois B, Korach JM, Capellier G, Cohern Y, Azoulay E, Troche G, Chaumet-Riffault JM, Bellissant E (2002) Effect of a treatment with low doses of hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone on mortality in patients with septic shock. JAMA 288:862–871
Atkinson S, Sieffert E, Bihari D (1998) A prospective, randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial of enteral immunonutrition in the critically ill. Guy’s Hospital Intensive Care Group. Crit Care Med 26:1164–1172
Barrientos-Vega R, Sanchez-Soria MM, Morales-Garcia C, Robas-Gomez A, Cuena-Boy R, Ayensa-Rincon A (1997) Prolonged sedation of critically ill patients with midazolam or propofol: Impact on weaning and costs. Crit Care Med 25:33–44
Bastos PG, Knaus WA, Zimmerman JE, Magalhaes Jr A, Sun X, The Brazil APACHE III Study Group (1996) The importance of technology for achieving superior outcome from intensive care. Intensive Care Med 22:664–669
Baue AE, Faist E, Fry DE (2000) Multiple organ failure — pathophysiology, prevention and therapy. Springer, New York Berlin Heidelberg
Behrendt W, Raumanns J (2000) Stoffwechseländerungen und künstliche Ernährung. In: Schuster HP, Werdan K (Hrsg) Intensivtherapie bei Sepsis und Multiorganversagen, 3. Aufl. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, S 311–332
Bernard SA, Buist MD (2002) Treatment of comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with induced hypothermia. N Engl J Med 346:557–563
Bert F, Lambert ZN (1995) Microbiology of nosocomial sinusitis in intensive care unit patients. J Infect 31:5–8
Bjornson HS (1993) Pathogenesis, prevention, and management of catheter-associated infections. New Horiz 1:271–278
Bertolini G, Iapichino G, Radrizzani D, Facchini R, Simini B, Bruzzone P, Zanforlin G, Tognoni G (2003) Early enteral immunonutrition in patients with severe sepsis: results of an interim analysis of a randomized multicentre clinical trial. Intensive Care Med 29:834–840
Bodmann K-F, Vogel F (2001) Antimikrobielle Therapie der Sepsis — Empfehlungen einer Arbeitsgruppe der Paul-Ehrlich-Gesellschaft für Chemotherapie e. V. Chemotherapie Journal 10: 43–55 *
Bogdanski R et al. (1999) Die septische Enzephalopathie. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 34:123–130
Böhm D (2002) Rationale Arzneimitteltherapie bei kritisch Kranken. Intensiv Notfallbeh 27:153–190
Bolton CF (1996) Sepsis and the systemic inflammatory response syndrome: neuromuscular manifestations. Crit Care Med 24: 1408–1416
Bonten MJ, Gaillard CA, Ramsay G (1995) The pathogenesis of nosocomial pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients. In: Vincent JL (ed) Yearbook of the intensive care and emergency medicine. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 711–725
Bonten MJ, Kullberg BJ, van Dalen R, Girbes AR, Hoepelman IM, Hustinx W, van der Meer JW, Speelman P, Stobberingh EE, Verbrugh HA, Verhoef J, Zwaveling JH (2000) Selective digestive decontamination in patients in intensive care. The Dutch Working Group on Antibiotic Policy. J Antimicrob Chemother 46:351–362
Bower RH, Cerra FB, Bershadsky B, Licari JJ, Hoyt DB, Jensen GL, Van Buren CT, Rothkopf MM, Daly JM, Adelsberg BR (1995) Early enteral administration of a formula (impact) supplemented with arginine, nucleotides, and fish oil in intensive care unit patients: results of a multicenter, prospektive, randomized, clinical trial. Crit Care Med 23:436–449
Braun B, Blank W (1996) Gallenblasenpunktion und-drainage als Therapie der akuten Cholezystitis. Med Klin 91:359–365
Briegel J, Forst H, Haller M, Schelling G, Kilger E, Kuprat G, Hemmer B, Hummel T, Lenhart A, Heyduck M, Stoll C, Peter K (1999) Stress doses of hydrocortison reverse hyperdynamic septic shock:a prospective, randomized, double-blind, single-center study. Crit Care Med 27:723–732
Brun-Buisson C, Doyon F, Sollet JJP, Cochard JF, Cohen Y, Nitenberg G (2004) Prevention of intravascular catheter-related infection with newer chlorhexidine-silver sulfadiazine-coated catheters: a randomized controlled trial. Intensive Care Med 30:837–843
Buckley PM (1997) Propofol in patients needing long-term sedation in intensive care: an assessment of the development of tolerance. Intensive Care Med 23:969–974
Burchardi H, Briegel J, Eckart J, Hasenfuss G, Hermann HP, Holtz J, Meier-Hellmann A, Möllhoff T, Radermacher P, Roessler M, Speiss C, Thiemermann C, Werdan K (2000) Expertenforum — Hämodynamisch aktive Substanzen in der Intensivmedizin. Anästhesiologie & Intensivmedizin 41: 557–631 *
Burchardi H, Kuhlen R, Schönhofer B, Müller E, Criée CP, Welte T (2001) Konsensus-Statement zu Indikation, Möglichkeiten und Durchführung der nicht-invasiven Beatmung bei der akuten respiratorischen Insuffizienz. Intensivmed 38: 611–621 *
Burchell SA, Yu MH, Takiguchi SA, Ohta RM, Myers SA (1997) Evaluation of a continuous cardiac output and mixed venous oxygen saturation catheter in critically ill surgical patients. Crit Care Med 25:388–391
Caffrey SL, Willoughby PH, Pepe PE, Becker LB (2002) Public use of automated external defibrillators. N Engl J Med 347:1242–1247
Carrasco MN, Bueno A, de las Cuivas C, Jimenez S, Salinas I, Sartorius A, Recio T, Generelo M, Ruiz-Ocana F (2004) Evaluation of a triplelumen central venous heparin-coated catheter versus a catheter coated with chlorhexidine and silver sulfadiazine in ciritically ill patients. Intensive Care Med 30:633–688
Cerra FB, Benitez MR, Blackburn GL, Irwin RS, Jeejeebhoy KN, Katz DP, Pingleton SK, Pomposelli J, Rombeau J, Shronts E, Wolfe RR, Zaloga GP (2001) ACCP consensus statement:applied nutrition in ICU patients. Chest 111:769–778
Chamorro C, de Latorre FJ, Montero A, Sanchez-Izquierdo JA, Jareno A, Moreno JA, Gonzalez E, Barrios M, Carpintero JL, Martin-Santos F, Otero B, Ginestal R (1996) Comparative study of propofol vs. midazolam in the sedation of critically ill patients: results of a prospective, randomized, multicenter trial. Crit Care Med 24:932–939
Cohen D, Horiuchi K, Kemper M, Weissman C (1996) Modulating effects of propofol on metabolic and cardiopulmonary responses to stressful intensive care unit procedures. Crit Care Med 24:612–617
Cook DJ, Witt LG, Cook RJ, Guyatt GH (1991) Incidence of clinically important bleeding in mechanically ventilated patients. J Intensive Care Med 6:167–174
Cook DJ, Fuller HD, Guyatt GH, Marshall JC, Leasa D, Hall R, Winton TL, Rutledge F, Todd TJ, Roy P, for the Canadian Critical Care Trials Group (1994) Risk factors for gastrointestinal bleeding in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 330:377–381
Cook DJ, Reeve BK, Guyatt GH, Heyland DK, Griffith LE, Buckingham L, Tryba M (1996) Stress ulcer prophylaxis in critically ill patients. Resolving discordant meta-analyses. JAMA 275:308–314
Cook DJ, Randolph A, Kernerman P, Cupido C, King D, Soukup C, Brun BC (1997) Central venous catheter replacement strategies: a systematic review of the literature. Crit Care Med 25:1417–1424
Cook DJ, Guyatt G, Marshall J, Leasa D, Fuller H, Hall R, Peters S, Rutledge F, Griffith L, McLellan A, Wood G, Kirby A (1998) A comparison of sucralfate and ranitidine for the prevention of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients requiring mechanical ventilation. Canadian Critical Care Trials Group. N Engl J Med 338:791–797
Cook DJ, Heyland DK, Marshall J (2001) On the need for observational studies to design and interpret randomized trails in ICU patients: a case study in stress ulcer prophylaxis. Intensive Care Med 27:347–354
Daschner F (2001) Hygiene auf der Intensivstation. In: Burchardi H, Larsen R, Schuster H-P, Suter PM (Hrsg) Intensivmedizin, 8.Aufl. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, S 1069–1082
Daul AE, Wenzel RR, Wagner K, Schäfers RF, Paar D, Philipp T (1993) Kontinuierliche Hämodialyse (CVVHD) unter Verwendung einer bikarbonatgepufferten Elektrolytlösung als Dialysat. Intensiv-und Notfallbehandlung 18:140–146
DeJonghe B, Cook D, Appere-De VC, Guyatt G, Meade M, Outin H (2000) Using and understanding sedation scoring systems: a systematic review. Intensive Care Med 26:275–285
Del Valle J, Cohen H, Laine L, Scheiman JM (1999) Acid peptic disorders. In: Yamada T, Alpers DH, Laine L, Owyang C, Powell DW (eds) Textbook of gastroenterology, 3rd edn. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia New York Baltimore, pp 1370–1444
Deutsche Interdisziplinäre Vereinigung für Intenivmedizin und Notfallmedizin (DIVI) (1999) Empfehlungen der DIVI — Bau, Einrichtung und Organisation von Intensivbehandlungseinheiten. Intensivmed 36: 314–325 *
Dohrmann (2003) DGEM-Leitlinie Enterale Ernährung: Grundlagen. Akt Ernähr Med 28:S26–35
Dörges V, Wenzel V (2001) Ventilation zur kardiopulmonalen Reanimation. Intensivmed 38:576–589
Druml W (1997) Infusionstherapie und parenterale Ernährung. In: Lasch HG, Lenz K, Seeger W (Hrsg) Lehrbuch der Internistischen Intensivtherapie, 3.Aufl. Schattauer, Stuttgart New York, S 226–240
Druml W (2001) Künstliche Ernährung bei akutem Nierenversagen. Intensiv-und Notfallbehandlung 26:123–137
Eidelman LA, Putterman D, Putterman C, Sprung CL (1996) The spectrum of septic encephalopathy. Definitions, etiologies, and mortalities. JAMA 275:470–473
Eisenberg MS, Mengert TJ (2001) Cardiac resuscitation. N Engl J Med 344:1304–1313
Erstad B (2004) Dosing of medications in morbidly obese patients in the intensive care unit setting. Intensive Care Med 30:18–32
Esteban A, Alia I (1998) Clinical management of weaning from mechanical ventilation. Intensive Care Med 24:999–1008
Fletcher SN, Kennedy DD, Ghosh IR, Misra VP, Kiff K, Coakley JH, Hinds CJ (2003) Persistent neuromuscular and neurophysiologic abnormalities in long-term survivors of prolonged ciritical illness. Crit Care Med 31:1012–1016
Forum IS (2001) Summary of recommentation. Intensive Care Med 27:S128–S134
Geiss HK (1999) Nosocomial sinusitis. Intensive Care Med 25: 1037–1039
Griffiths RD, Jones C, Palmer TE (1997) Six-month outcome of critically ill patients given glutamine-supplemented parenteral nutrition [see comments]. Nutrition 13:295–302
Grimble RF (1996) Theory and efficacy of antioxidant therapy. Curr Opin Crit Care 2:260–266
Hackl JM (1997) Enterale Ernährung. In: Lasch HG, Lenz K, Seeger W (Hrsg) Lehrbuch der Internistischen Intensivtherapie, 3. Aufl. Schattauer, Stuttgart New York, S 240–253
Hallstrom A, Cobb L, Johnson E, Copass M (2000) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation by chest compression alone or with mouth-to-mouth ventilation. N Engl J Med 342:1546–1553
Hashizume M, Sugimachi K, MacFayden BV (1998) The clinical management and results of surgery for acute cholecystitis. Semin Laparos Surg 5:69–80
Hasse C, Zielke A, Nies C, al Bazaz B, Gotzen L, Rothmund M (1995) Influence of ceruletid on gallbladder contraction: a possible prophylaxis of acute acalculous cholecystitis in intensive care patients? Digestion 56:389–394
Helbich TH, Mallek R, Madl C, Wunderbaldinger P, Breitenseher M, Tscholakoff D, Mostbeck GH (1997) Sonomorphology of the gallbladder in critically ill patients. Value of a scoring system and follow-up examinations. Acta Radiol 38:129–134
Henze D, Soukop J, Menzel M, Radke J (2001) Laboranalysen in der Intensivmedizin. Intensiv-und Notfallbehandlung 26:40–51
Herridge MS, Cheung AM, Tansey CM, Matte-Martyn A, Dia-Granados N, Al-Saidi F, Cooper AB, Guest CB, Mazer D, Mehta S, Stewart TA, Barr A, Cook D, Slutskiy AS, for the Canadian Critical Care Trials Group (2003) One-year outcomes in survivors of the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 348:683–693
Heyland DK, Gafni A, Griffith L, for the Canadian Critical Care Trials Group (1996) The clinical and economical consequence of clinically important gastrointestinal bleeding in critically ill patients. Clin Intensive Care 7:121–125
Heyland DK, Novak F, Drover JW, Jain M, Su X, Suchner U (2001) Should immunonutrition become routine in criticallly ill patients? JAMA 286:944–953
Holzapfel L, Chevret S, Madinier G, Ohen F, Demingeon G, Coupry A, Chaudet M (1993) Influence of long-term oro-or nasotracheal intubation on nosocomial maxillary sinusitis and pneumonia: results of a prospective, randomized, clinical trial. Crit Care Med 21:1132–1138
Holzer et al. (2002) Therapeutic hypothermia to improve the neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 346:549
Hoyt JW (1995) Neuromuscular blocking agents in the critical care setting. Curr Opin Crit Care 1:261–266
Hudson LD, Lee CM (2003) Neuromuscular sequelae of critical illness. N Engl J Med 348:745–747
Hund E (2001) Neurological complications of sepsis: critical illness polyneuropathy and myoopathy. J Neurol 248:929–934
Iber H, Sewer MB, Barclay TB, Mitchell SR, Li T, Morgan ET (1999) Modulation of drug metabolism in infectious and inflammatory diseases. Drug Metab Rev 31:29–41
Ishibashi N, Plank LD, Sando K, Hill GL (1998) Optimal protein requirements during the first 2 weeks after onset of criticall illness. Crit Care Med 26:1529–1535
Jakob SM, Rothen HU (1997) Intensive care 1980–1995: Change in patient characteristics, nursing workload and outcome. Intensive Care Med 23:1165–1170
Jacobi J, Frager GL, Coursin DB, Riker RR, Fontaine D, Wittbrodt ET, Chalfin DB, Masica MF, Bjerke HS, Coplin WM, Crippen DW, Fuchs BD, Kelleher RM, Marik PE, Nasraway SA Jr, Murray MJ, Peruzzi WT, Lumb PD (2002) Clinical practice guidelines for the sustained use of sedatives and analgesics in the ciritically ill adult. Crit Care Med 30:119–141
Jeejeebhoy KN (2000) Micronutrient deficiencies. In: Grenvik A, Ayres SM, Holbrook PR, Shoemaker WC (eds) Textbook of critical care, 4th edn. W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 926–931
Jonge ED (2003) Effects of selective decontamination of difestive tract on mortality and acquisition of resistant bacteria in intensive care: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 362: 1011–1016
Keller E (1995) Einfluss der kontinuierlichen Nierenersatztherapie auf die Pharmakokinetik von Arzneimitteln. Intensivmed 32:605–611
Kierdorf H, Maurin N, Heintz B, Kindler J, Sieberth HG (1990) Eiweißkatabolie bei schwerkranken internistischen Intensivpflegepatienten. Intensivmed 27:193–200
Kleinschmidt S (2001) Analgesie, Sedierung, Relaxation und Therapie von Psychosyndromen. In: Burchardi H, Larsen R, Schuster HP, Suter PM (Hrsg) Intensivmedizin, 8. Aufl. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, S 341–365
Knöbl P (2001) Hämostasestörung bei Multiorgandysfunktion und Sepsis. Intensivmed 38: I9–15
Koea JB, Wolfe RR, Shaw JHF (1995) Total energy expenditure during total parenteral nutrition: ambulatory patients at home vs. patients with sepsis in surgical intensive care. Surgery 118:54–62
Kompan L, Kremzar B, Gadzijev E, Prosek M (1999) Effects of early enteral nutrition on intestinal permeability and the development of multiple organ failure after multiple injury. Intensive Care Med 25:157–161
Kreymann G, Ebener C, Hartl W, von Heymann C, Spiess C (2003) DGEM-Leitlinie: Enterale Ernährung. Intensivmedizin 28:S42–S50
Kreymann G, Grosser S, Schwarzenberg H, Plonsker M, Costard-Jäckle A, Greten H (1992) Klinische Wertigkeit der indirekten Kalorimetrie in der internistischen Intensivmedizin — Teil 1–3. Intensivmed 29:24–50
Kudsk KA, Minard G (1995) Enteral vs. parenteral nutrition in the critically ill and injured. Curr Opin Crit Care 2:255–260
Kudsk KA, Croce MA, Fabian TC, Minard G, Tolley EA, Poret HA, Kuhl MR, Brown RO (1992) Enteral vs. parenteral feeding. Effects on septic morbidity after blunt and penetrating abdominal trauma. Ann Surg 215:503–511
Latronico N, Fenzi F, Recupero D, Guarneri B, Tomelleri G, Tonin P, De Maria G, Antonini L, Rizzuto N, Candiani A (1996) Critical illness myopathy and neuropathy. Lancet 347:1579–1582
Lavery GG, Glover P (2000) The metabolic and nutritional response to critical illness. Curr Opin Crit Care 6:233–238
Leape LL, Cullen DJ, Clapp MD, Burdick E, Demonaco HJ, Erickson JI, Bates DW (1999) Pharmacist participation on physician rounds and adverse drug events in the intensive care unit. JAMA 282:267–270
Llewelyn M, Cohen J (2001) Diagnosis of infection in sepsis. Intensive Care Med 27:S10–S32
Lopez A, Lorente JA, Steingrub J, Bakkter J, McLuckie A, Willatts S, Brockway M, Anzueto A, Holzapfel L, Breen D, Silverman MS, Takala J, Donaldson J, Arneson C, Grove G, Grossman S, Grover R (2004) Multiple-center, randomized, placebo-controlled, doubleblind study of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor 546C88: effect on survival in patients with septic shock. Crit Care Med 32:21–30
Macheiner P, Gritzmann N (1996) Sonographie der Stresscholezystitis — Diagnose und Differenzialdiagnose. Z Gastroenterol 34:21–26
Madler C, Jauch K-W, Werdan K (1999) Das NAW-Buch — Praktische Notfallmedizin, 2. Aufl. Urban & Schwarzenberg, München Wien Baltimore
Martin MA (1993) Nosocomial infections in intensive care units: an overview of their epidemiology, outcome, and prevention. New Horiz 1:162–171
Mayhall CG (1996) Nosocomial sinusitis in the intensive care unit. Curr Opin Crit Care 2:366–370
Meier-Hellman A, Burgard G (2004) New therapeutic approaches in the treatment of shock: hypertonic hyperoncotic solutions ans vasopressin. Internist 45:305–314
Melin MM, Sarr MG, Bender CE, van Heerden JA (1995) Percutaneous cholecystostomy: a valuable technique in high-risk patients with presumed acute cholecystitis [see comments]. Br J Surg 82:1274–1277
Metha L, Pascual MT, Soroko S (2002) Diuretics, mortality and nonrecovery of renal function in acute renal failure. JAMA 288: 2547–2553
Mohr M, Englisch L, Roth A, Burchardi H, Zielmann S (1997) Effects of early treatment with immunoglobulin on critical illness polyneuropathy following multiple organ failure and gram-negative sepsis. Intensive Care Med 23:1144–1149
Molenat F, Boussuges A, Valantin V, Sainty JM (1996) Gallbladder abnormalities in medical ICU patients: an ultrasonographic study. Intensive Care Med 22:356–358
Moore FA, Feliciano DV, Andrassy RJ, McArdle AH, Booth FV, Morgenstein WT, Kellum-JM J, Welling RE, Moore EE (1992) Early enteral feeding, compared with parenteral, reduces postoperative septic complications. The results of a meta-analysis. Ann Surg 216:172–183
Müller MJ (1995) Nutrition in liver disease. In:Vincent JL (ed) Yearbook of the intensive care and emergency medicine. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 789–806
Napolitano LM, Bochicchio G (2000) Enteral feeding of the critically ill. Curr Opin Crit Care 6:136–142
Nolan PE (1997) Pharmacokinetics and pharmakodynamics of intravenous agents for ventricular arrhythmias. Pharmacotherapy 17:65S–75S
Nolan JP, Morley PT, Joek TL, Hickey RW (2003) Therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest. An advisory statement by the Advancement Life Support Task Force of the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation. Resuscitation 57:231–235
Park GR (1993) Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in the critically ill patient. Xenobiotica 23:1195–1230
Pearson ML (1996) Guidelines for prevention of intravascular devicerelated infections. Am J Infect Control 24:293
Plaisance P, Lurie KG, Vicaut E (1999) A comparison of standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation and active compression-decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation for out of hospital cardiac arrest. French Active Compression-Decompression Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation STudy Group. N Engl J Med 341:569–575
Prielipp RC (2000) Neuromuscular blocking drugs in patients in the ICU. In: Grenvik A, Ayres SM, Holbrook PR, Shoemaker WC (eds) Textbook of critical care, 4th edn. W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 972–984
Prod’hom G, Leuenberger P, Koerfer J, Blum A, Chiolero R, Schaller MD, Perret C, Spinnler O, Blondel J, Siegrist H et al. (1994) Nosocomial pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients receiving antacid, ranitidine, or sucralfate as prophylaxis for stress ulcer. A randomized controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 120:653–662
Radke J (Hrsg) (2000) Ethische, juristische und ökonomische Aspekte der Intensivmedizin. Intensiv-und Notfallbehandlung 25:161–192
Ramsay MA, Savege TM, Simpson BR, Goodwin R (1974) Controlled sedation with alphaxalone-alphadolone. Br Med J 2:656–659
Roberts JR, Hedges JR (1998) Clinical procedures in emergency medicine, 3rd edn. W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia
Rodrigo Casanova MP, Garcia Pena JM (1997) The effect of the composition of the enteral nutrition on infection in the critical patients. Nutr Hosp 12:80–84
Roth E, Funovics J, Schulz F, Karner J (1980) Biochemische Methoden zur Bestimmung des klinischen Eiweißkatabolismus. Infusionsther Klin Ernähr 7:306–309
Rudis MI, Sikora CA, Angus E, Peterson E, Popovich J, Hyzy R, Zarowitz BJ (1997) A prospective, randomized, controlled evaluation of peripheral nerve stimulation vs. standard clinical dosing of neuromuscular blocking agents in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 25:575–583
Sablotzki A, Dehne MG, Prondzinsky R, Friedrich I, Radke J (2000) Management von Notfallsituationen im Krankenhaus. Intensivund Notfallbehandlung 25:152–160
Savic I, Widen L, Stone ES (1991) Feasibility of reversing benzodiazepine tolerance with flumazenil. Lancet 337:133–137
Schierholz JM, Fleck C, Beuth J (2000) The antimicrobial efficacy of a new central venous catheter with long-term broad-spectrum activity. J Antimicrob Chemother 46:45–50
Schmidt HB, Heinroth KM, Müller-Werdan U et al. (2000) Die autonome Dysfunktion des Intensivpatienten — ein Überblick. Intensivmed 37:7–18
Schmidt HB, Werdan K, Müller-Werdan U (2001) Autonomic dysfunction in the ICU patients. Curr Opin Crit Care 7:314–322
Schuster HP, Werdan K. (1998) Themenheft:„Organversagen in der Intensivmedizin“. Internist 39:441–508
Schuster HP, Werdan K (2000) Themenheft:„Intensivmedizin — Bewährte und neue Konzepte auf dem Prüfstand“. Internist 41:969–1076
Schwarz NT, Walgenbach KJ, Brunagel G, Hirner A (1996) Die akute Cholezystitis — Eine seltene Komplikation beim intensivpflichtigen Patienten. Langenbecks Arch Chir 113Suppl. II:364–366
Seiden AM (1993) Sinusitis in the critical care patient. New Horiz 1:261–270
Seige M, Werdan K, Prondzinsky R (2001) Beatmung bei Herzkranken. Intensivmed 38:299–313
Semsroth M (1994) Parenterale Ernährung. In: Benzer H, Burchardi H, Larsen R, Suter PM (Hrsg) Intensivmedizin, 7. Aufl. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, S 120–150
Shapiro BA, Warren J, Egol AB, Greenbaum DM, Jacobi J, Nasraway SA, Schein RM, Spevetz A, Stone JR (1995a) Practice parameters for intravenous analgesia and sedation for adult patients in the intensive care unit: an executive summary. Society of Critical Care Medicine. Crit Care Med 23:1596–1600
Shapiro BA, Warren J, Egol AB, Greenbaum DM, Jacobi J, Nasraway SA, Schein RM, Spevetz A, Stone JR (1995b) Practice parameters for sustained neuromuscular blockade in the adult critically ill patient: an executive summary. Society of Critical Care Medicine. Crit Care Med 23:1601–1605
Souba WW (1997) Nutritional support. N Engl J Med 336:41–48
Straub H (1988) Dopplersonographische Diagnostik der Venenerkrankungen. In: Ruland O, Bosiers M (Hrsg) Doppler-Sonographische Diagnostik. Deutscher Ärzteverlag, Köln, S 73–84
Task Force of the American College of Critical Care Medicine SoCCM (1999) Guidelines for intensive care unit admission, discharge, and triage. Crit Care Med 27:633–638
The Veterans Affairs Total Parenteral Nutrition Cooperative Study Group (1991) Perioperative total parenteral nutrition in surgical patients. N Engl J Med 325:525–532
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (Themenheft) (2001) Brit J Clin Pharmacol 52(Suppl 1):S1–S103
Tisnado J, Newsome JM (2000) Interventional radiology for the critically ill patient. In: Grenvik A, Ayres SM, Holbrook PR, Shoemaker WC (eds) Textbook of critical care, 4th edn. W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 447–474
Van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F, Verwaest C, Bruyninckx F, Schetz M, Vlasselaers D, Ferdinande P, Lauwers P, Bouillon R (2001) Intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 345:1359–1367
Vincent J-L, Bihari DJ, Suter PM, Bruining HA, White J, Nicolas-Chanoin M-H, Wolff M, Spencer RC, Hemmer M, for the EPIC International Advisory Committee (1995) The prevalence of nosocomial infection in intensive care units in Europe — results of the European Prevalence of Infection in Intensive Care (EPIC) Study. JAMA 274:639–644
Wagner RL, White PF, Kan PB, Rosenthal MH, Feldman D (1984) Inhibition of adrenal steroidogenesis by the anesthetic etomidate. N Engl J Med 310:1415–1421
Wallmeyer S, Wolfhard U, Erbel R (2001) Kardiale Defibrillation durch Laien-und Ersthelfer „First Responder“ — Überlegungen zu einem neuen Rettungskonzept gegen den plötzlichen Herztod. Intensivmed 38:590–594
Waxman K (2000) The acute abdomen. In: Grenvik A, Ayres SM, Holbrook PR, Shoemaker WC (eds) Textbook of critical care, 4th edn. W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 1603–1609
Wenzel V, Krismer AC, Arntz HR, Sitter H, STadlbauer KH, Lindner KH (2004) A comparison of vasopressin an depinephrine for out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation. N Engl J Med 350:105–113
Wenzler S, Ebner W, Zehender M, Rüden F, Daschner F (2002) Sinnvolle und nicht sinnvolle Hygienemaßnahmen in der internistischen Intensivmedizin. Intensivmed 39:265–273
Werdan K (2001) Mechanische und elektrische Therapie kardialer Arrhythmien. In: van Aken H, Reinhart K, Zimpfer M (Hrsg) Intensivmedizin. Thieme, Stuttgart New York, S 176–188
Werdan K (2001) Assessment of IVIG for prophylaxis and therapy of sepsis. Curr Opin Crit Care 7:354–361
Westergren V, Berg S, Lundgren J (1997) Ultrasonographic bedside evaluation of maxillary sinus disease in mechanically ventilated patients. Intensive Care Med 23:393–398
Westergren V, Lundblad L, Hellquist HB, Forsum U (1998) Ventilatorassociated sinusitis: a review. Clin Infect Dis 27:851–864
Wyncoll D, Beale R (2001) Immunologically enhanced enteral nutrition: current status. Curr Opin Crit Care 7:128–132
Young GB, Bolton CF, Austin TW, Archibald YM, Gonder J, Wells GA (1990) The encephalopathy associated with septic illness. Clin Invest Med 13:297–304
Zakko W, Van Dam J (1996) Techniques for nutritional assessment: tips for designing an effective enteral feeding regimen. J Crit Illness 11:405–412
Zaloga GP, Roberts PR (1997) Early enteral feeding improves outcome. In:Vincent J-L (ed) Yearbook of the intensive care and emergency medicine. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 701–714
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2005 Springer Medizin Verlag
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ruß, M., Seige, M., Werdan, K. (2005). Allgemeine Intensivtherapie. In: Steinbeck, G., et al. Therapie innerer Krankheiten. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-26504-X_18
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-26504-X_18
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-23750-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-26504-7
eBook Packages: Medicine (German Language)