Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Thermomechanics of polymers

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Pharmacy/Thermomechanics/Elastomers/Telechelics

Part of the book series: Advances in Polymer Science ((POLYMER,volume 76))

Abstract

This article reviews recent developments in polymer thermomechanics both in theory and experiment. The first section is concerned with theories of thermomechanics of polymers both in rubbery and solid (glassy and crystalline) states with special emphasis on relationships following from the thermomechanical equations of state. In the second section, some of the methods of thermomechanical measurements are briefly described. The third section deals with the thermomechanics of molecular networks and rubberlike materials including such technically important materials as filled rubbers and block and graft copolymers. Some recent data on thermomechanical behaviour of bioelastomers are also described. In the fourth section, thermomechanics of solid polymers both in undrawn and drawn states are discussed with a special focus on the molecular and structural interpretation of thermomechanical experiments. The concluding remarks stress the progress in the understanding of the thermomechanical properties of polymers.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Abbreviations

a0 :

radius of unstrained sample

a, a1, a2 :

parameters of van der Waals equation of state of a network

e:

uniform (volume) strain

f:

retractive force

fs :

entropy component of retractive force

fu :

energy component of retractive force

p:

number of statistical segments

r:

end-to-end distance of network chains

rmax :

maximum extension of network chains

〈r2〉:

mean square end-to-end distance of network chains in undeformed sample

〈r2〉0 :

mean square end-to-end distance of unperturbed chains

〈r2〉i :

mean square end-to-end distance of network chains in the reference state

w:

degree of crystallinity

xi :

generalized coordinate

A0 :

cross-sectional area of sample

C:

heat capacity

C:

constant in the Gaussian equation of state for-rubber elasticity

C1, C2 :

constants in the Mooney-Rivlin equation

\(D',D_m ,\bar D_m\) :

strain functions in van der Waals equation of state

E:

modulus of elasticity (Young modulus)

Ec :

conformational energy of chains

E′:

modulus of elasticity of filled rubbers

Ef :

internal energy changes in filled rubbers

E‖ :

modulus of elasticity along the draw axis

E⊥ :

modulus of elasticity perpendicular to the draw axis

Ecr :

modulus of elasticity of crystalline lattice

EAB :

modulus of elasticity of amorphous intrafibrillar regions

EAI :

modulus of elasticity of amorphous interfibrillar regions

F:

free energy

F*:

Free energy of deformation of solids

G:

free enthalpy

G*:

free enthalpy of deformation of solids

G0 :

shear modulus

H:

enthalpy

H*:

enthalpy of deformation of solids

K:

modulus of elasticity (volume)

L0 :

length of undeformed samples

L:

length of deformed samples

Li :

length of samples in the reference state

M:

twisting couple

P:

pressure

Q:

heat

S:

entropy

T:

absolute temperature

V:

volume

U:

internal energy

U*:

internal energy of deformation of solids

W:

mechanical work

X:

portion of interfibrillar amorphous regions

α:

volume thermal expansivity

α* :

degree of deformation

β:

linear thermal expansivity

β‖ :

linear thermal expansivity along the orientation axis

β⊥ :

linear thermal expansivity perpendicular to orientation axis

βcr :

linear thermal expansivity of crystalline lattice

βAB :

linear thermal expansivity of intrafibrillar amorphous regions

βAI :

linear thermal expansivity of interfibrillar amorphous regions

β:

linear thermal expansivity under the angle Ï•

γ:

= (∂ ln 〈r2〉0/∂ ln V)T, L

γS :

shear deformation

γ′:

= γ/2

δ:

solubility parameter

ε:

strain (uniaxial)

η:

heat to work ratio

κ:

volume compressibility

κL :

linear compressibility

λ:

elongation (or compression) ratio

λQ :

elongation corresponding to inversion of heat

λu :

elongation corresponding to inversion of internal energy

λm :

limiting elongation

λf :

elongation corresponding to inversion of force

μ:

Poisson's ratio

ν:

number of elastically active network chains

ξ, ξi :

generalized force

σ:

stress

Ï„:

shear stress

Ï•:

angle with the draw direction

ω:

internal energy to work ratio

θ:

twisting angle

PE:

polyethylene

LDPE:

low density polyethylene

HDPE:

high density polyethylene

PP:

polypropylene

PA:

polyamide

PS:

polystyrene

PET:

poly(ethylene terephthalate)

NR:

natural rubber

PDMS:

polydimethylsiloxane

EPR:

ethylene-propylene rubber

SBR:

styrene-butadiene rubber

PCR:

polychloroprene rubber

NBR:

nitrile-butadiene rubber

PBR:

polybutadiene rubber

8 References

  1. Müller, F. H.: Thermodynamics of deformation. Calorimetric investigation of deformation processes, in: Rheology, New York: Academic Press, Vol. 5, 417 (1969)

    Google Scholar 

  2. Landau, L. D., Lifshiz, E. M.: Statistical Physics (in Russian), Moscow: Nauka 1976

    Google Scholar 

  3. Rummer, Yu. B., Ryvkin, M. Sh.: Thermodynamics, Statistical Physics and Kinetics (in Russian), Moscow: Nauka 1977

    Google Scholar 

  4. Callen, H. B.: Thermodynamics, New York: Wiley International 1960

    Google Scholar 

  5. Reiss, H.: Methods of Thermodynamics, New York: Blaisdell Publ. Co. 1965

    Google Scholar 

  6. Sharda, S. C., Tschoegl, N. W.: Macromolecules 7, 882 (1974)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Godovsky, Yu. K.: Thermal Physics of Polymers (in Russian), Moscow: Khimiya 1982

    Google Scholar 

  8. Godovsky, Yu. K.: Colloid Polym. Science 260, 461 (1982)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Kilian, H.-G.: Colloid Polym. Science 260, 895 (1982)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Nadai, A.: Theory of Flow and Fracture of Solids, New York: McGraw-Hill 1963

    Google Scholar 

  11. Wunderlich, B., Gaur, U.: Pure Appl. Chem. 52, 445 (1980)

    Google Scholar 

  12. Lifshiz, I. M.: J. Exp. Theor. Phys. 22, 475 (1952)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Kan, K. N.: Theoretical Questions of Thermal Expansion of Polymers (in Russian), Leningrad: Leningrad University Press 1975

    Google Scholar 

  14. Chen, F. C., Choy, C. L., Young, K.: J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Phys. Ed. 18, 2312 (1980)

    Google Scholar 

  15. Chen, F. C. et al.: J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Phys. Ed. 19, 971 (1981)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Wakelin, J. H., Sutherland, A., Beck, L. R.: J. Polym. Sci. 42, 278 (1960)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Choy, C. L., Chen, F. C., Young, K.: J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Phys. Ed. 19, 335 (1981)

    Google Scholar 

  18. Dadobaev, G., Slutsker, A. I.: Vysokomol. Soedin. A24, 1616 (1982)

    Google Scholar 

  19. Flory, P. J.: Trans. Farad. Soc. 57, 829 (1961)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Mark, J. E.: Rubber Chem. Technol. 46, 593 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  21. Mark, J. E.: Rubber Chem. Technol. 55, 1123 (1982)

    Google Scholar 

  22. Allen, G. et al.: Trans. Farad. Soc. 67, 1278 (1971)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Price, C.: Proc. Roy. Soc. Ser. A 351, 331 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  24. Godovsky, Yu. K.: Polymer 22, 75 (1981)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Gee, G.: Trans. Farad. Soc. 42, 585 (1946)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Guth, E., James, H. M., Mark, H.: Adv. Colloid Sci. 2, 253 (1946)

    Google Scholar 

  27. Shen, M.: Macromolecules 2, 358 (1969)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Tobolsky, A. V., Shen, M.: J. Appl. Phys. 37, 1952 (1966)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Shen, M., Kroucher, M.: J. Macromol. Sci. C12, 287 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  30. Bleha, T.: Polymer 22, 1314 (1981)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Schwarz, J.: Polym. Bull. 5, 151 (1981)

    Google Scholar 

  32. Treloar, L. R. G.: Polymer 10, 291 (1969)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Treloar, L. R. G.: The physics of rubber elasticity, Oxford: Clarendon Press 19753; in: Applied Fibre Science. Happey, F. (ed.), p. 103, London: Academic Press 1979

    Google Scholar 

  34. Dušek, K., Prins, W.: Strukture and elasticity of non-crystalline polymer networks, in: Adv. Polym. Sci. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer, Vol. 6, pp. 1–102 (1969)

    Google Scholar 

  35. Schwarz, J.: Habilitationsschrift, Clausthal Technical University 1978

    Google Scholar 

  36. Schwarz, J.: IUPAC Internat. Symp. Macromolecules, Mainz 1979, pp. 1370–1373

    Google Scholar 

  37. Schwarz, J.: Europhysical Conference on Macromolecules, Jablonna 1979, pp. 121–122

    Google Scholar 

  38. Mark, J. E., Curro, J. G.: J. Chem. Phys. 79, 5705 (1983); 80, 4521, 5262 (1984)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Shen, M.: J. Appl. Phys. 41, 4351 (1970)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Valanis, K. C., Landel, R. F.: J. Appl. Phys. 38, 2997 (1967)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Blatz, P. J., Sharda, S. C., Tschoegl, N. W.: Trans. Soc. Rheol. 18, 145 (1974)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Sharda, S. C., Tschoegl, N. W.: Macromolecules 9, 910 (1976)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Chang, W. V., Bloch, R., Tschoegl, N. W.: Macromolecules 9, 917 (1976)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Tschoegl, N. W.: Polymer 20, 1365 (1979)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Tschoegl, N. W.: IUPAC Internat. Symp. Macromolecules, Amherst 1982, pp. 862-

    Google Scholar 

  46. Ogden, R. W.: Proc. Roy. Soc. Ser. A 326, 565 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  47. Chadwick, P.: Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London Sec. A 276, 371 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  48. Ogden, R. W.: J. Mech. Phys. Solids 26, 37 (1978)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Gee, G.: Macromolecules 13, 705 (1980)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Kilian, H.-G.: Colloid Polym. Sci. 258, 489 (1980); 259, 1084 (1981)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Eisele, U., Heise, B., Kilian, H.-G., Pietralla, M.: Angew. Makromol. Chem. 100, 67 (1981)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Vilgis, Th., Kilian, H.-G.: Polymer 24, 949 (1983)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Flory, P. J.: Proc. Roy. Soc., London A351, 351 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  54. Flory, P. J.: J. Chem. Phys. 66, 5720 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  55. Flory, P. J., Erman, B.: Macromolecules 15, 800; 806 (1982)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Marrucci, G.: Rheol. Acta 18, 193 (1979)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Ball, R. C., Doi, M., Edwards, S. F., Warner, M.: Polymer 22, 1010 (1981)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Marrucci, G.: Macromolecules 14, 434 (1981)

    Google Scholar 

  59. Gaylord, R. J.: Polym. Bull. 8, 325 (1982); 9, 181 (1983)

    Google Scholar 

  60. Priss, L. S.: Pure Appl. Chem. 53, 1581 (1981)

    Google Scholar 

  61. Edwards, S. F.: Brit. Polym. J. 9, 140 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  62. Greassly, W. W.: Adv. Polym. Sci. 47, 67 (1982)

    Google Scholar 

  63. Gottlieb, M., Gaylord, R. J.: Polymer 24, 1644 (1983); Macromolecules 17, 2024 (1984)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Godovsky, Yu. K.: Thermophysical Methods of Polymers Characterization (in Russian), Moscow: Khimiya 1976

    Google Scholar 

  65. Bloomquist, D. D., Sheffield, S. A.: J. Appl. Phys. 51, 5260 (1980)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Rodriquez, E. L., Filisko, F. E.: J. Appl. Phys. 53, 6536 (1982)

    Google Scholar 

  67. Wolf, F. P., Allen, G.: Polymer 16, 209 (1975)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Boyce, P. H., Treloar, L. R. G.: Polymer 11, 21 (1970)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Gent, A. N., Kuan, T. H.: J. Polym. Sci. 11, 1723 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  70. Duvdevani, I. J., Biesnberger, J. A., Gogos, C. G.: Polym. Eng. Sci. 9, 250 (1969)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Godovsky, Yu. K., Slonimsky, G. L., Alekseev, V. F.: Vysokomol. Soedin. A11, 1181 (1969)

    Google Scholar 

  72. Molchanov, Yu. M., Molchanova, G. A.: Mechan. Polym. N5, 579 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  73. Sergeev, Yu. A., Fainberg, E. Z., Michailov, N. V.: Vysokomol. Soedin. A14, 250 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  74. Jehlar, P., Romanov, A., Pollak, V.: IUPAC Internat. Symp. Macromolecules, Mainz 1979, pp. 1409–1413

    Google Scholar 

  75. Andrianova, G. P., Arutunov, B. A., Popov, Yu. V.: J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Phys. Ed. 16, 1139 (1978)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Price, C., Evans, K. A., deCandia, F.: Polymer 14, 339 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  77. Göritz, D., Müller, F. H.: Kolloid Z. Z. Polym. 252, 862 (1974)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. DeCandia, F. et al.: J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Phys. Ed. 20, 1525 (1982)

    Google Scholar 

  79. Allen, G., Price, C., Yoshimura, N.: Trans. Farad. Soc. 71, 548 (1975)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. Price, C., Allen, G., Yoshimura, N.: Polymer 16, 261 (1975)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  81. Chu, B.-T., in: A Critical Review of Thermodynamics, Stuart, E. B., Gal-Or, B., Brainard, A. J. (eds.), pp. 299–343, Baltimore: Mono Book Corp. 1970

    Google Scholar 

  82. Göritz, D., Müller, F. H.: Kolloid Z. Z. Polym. 251, 679 (1973)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  83. Mark, J. E., Flory, P. J.: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 86, 138 (1964)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. Mark, J. E.: J. Polym. Sci. Macromol. Revs. 11, 135 (1976)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  85. Godovsky, Yu. K.: Vysokomol. Soedin. A19, 2359 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  86. Birshtein, T. M., Ptitsyn, O. B.: Conformations of Macromolecules (in Russian) Moscow: Nauka 1964

    Google Scholar 

  87. Boyer, R. F., Miller, R. L.: Internat. Conference on Rubber, Rubber-78, Kiev 1978, Preprint A3.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Kilian, H.-G.: IUPAC Internat. Symp. Macromolecules, Amherst 1982, p. 566

    Google Scholar 

  89. Shen, M., Blatz, P. J.: J. Appl. Phys. 39, 4937 (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  90. Treloar, L. R. G.: Polymer 19, 1414 (1978)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  91. Christensen, R. C., Hoeve, C. A. J.: J. Polym. Sci. A-1,8, 1503 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  92. Mark, J. E.: Polym. Eng. Sci. 19, 254 (1979)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  93. Mark, J. E., Kato, M., Ko, J. H.: J. Polym. Sci. C54, 217 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  94. Su, T.-K., Mark, J. E.: Macromolecules 10, 120 (1977)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  95. Kato, M., Mark, J. E.: Rubber Chem. Technol. 49, 85 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  96. Göritz, D., Müller, F. H.: Kolloid Z. Z. Polym. 251, 679; 892 (1973)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  97. Furukawa, J. et al.: Polym. Bull. 6, 381 (1982)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  98. Llorente, M. A., Mark, J. E.: J. Chem. Phys. 71, 682 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  99. Llorente, M. A., Mark, J. E.: J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Phys. Ed. 18, 181 (1980)

    Google Scholar 

  100. Andrady, A. L., Llorente, M. A., Mark, J. E.: J. Chem. Phys. 72, 2282; 73, 1439; 74, 2289 (1980)

    Google Scholar 

  101. Mark, J. E.: The use of model polymer networks to elucidate molecular aspects of rubber-like elasticity, in: Adv. Polym. Sci. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer Verlag, Vol. 44, pp. 1–26 (1982)

    Google Scholar 

  102. Zhang, Z. M., Mark, J. E.: J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Phys. Ed. 20, 473 (1982); see also: Zhang, Z. M., Mark, J. E.: IUPAC Internat. Symp. Macromolecules Strasburg 1981, p. 725

    Google Scholar 

  103. Kilian, H.-G.: Colloid Polym. Sci. 259, 1151 (1981)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  104. Plate, N. A., Shibaev, V. P.: Comb-Like Polymers and Liquid Crystalls (in Russian), Moscow: Khimiya 1980

    Google Scholar 

  105. Adv. Polym. Sci. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer Verlag, Vols. 59, 60, 61 (1984)

    Google Scholar 

  106. Jarry, J. P., Monnerie, L.: Macromolecules 12, 316 (1979)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  107. Rusakov, V. V., in: Mathem. Methods for Polymer Investigation pp. 54–55, Puschino 1983

    Google Scholar 

  108. Rusakov, V. V., in: Structural and Mechanical Properties of Composite Materials, pp. 37–48, Sverdlovsk, Sci. Papers of Ural Sci. Center of Akad. Nauk USSR 1984

    Google Scholar 

  109. Kock, H. J. et al.: Amer. Chem. Soc. Polym. Prepr. 24, N2, 300 (1983)

    Google Scholar 

  110. Noshay, A., McGrath, J. E.: Block Copolymers. Overview and Critical Survey, New York: Academic Press 1977

    Google Scholar 

  111. Polmanteer, K. E., Lentz, C. W.: Rubber Chem. Technol. 48, 795 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  112. Kraus, G.: Rubber Chem. Technol. 51, 297 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  113. Warrick, E. L. et al.: Rubber Chem. Technol. 52, 437 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  114. Boonstra, B. B.: Polymer 20, 691 (1979)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  115. Rigbi, Z., in: Adv. Polym. Sci. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer Verlag, Vol. 36, 21 (1980)

    Google Scholar 

  116. Dannenberg, E. M.: Rubber Chem. Technol. 48, 410 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  117. Holden, G., Bishop, E. T., Legge, N. R.: J. Polym. Sci. C26, 37 (1969)

    Google Scholar 

  118. Tarasov, S. G., Godovsky, Yu. K.: Vysokomol. Soedin. A22, 879 (1980)

    Google Scholar 

  119. Godovsky, Yu. K.: Makromol. Chem. Suppl. 6, 117 (1984)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  120. Kawai, H., Hashimoto, T., in: Contemporary Topics in Polym. Science 3, pp. 245–266, New York: Plenum Press 1979

    Google Scholar 

  121. Pedemonto, E. et al.: Polymer 16, 531 (1975)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  122. Papkov, V. S. et al.: Mechan. polym. N3, 387 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  123. Godovsky, Yu. K., Tarasov, S. G.: Vysokomol. Soedin. A19, 2097 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  124. Leblanck, J. L.: J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 21, 2419 (1977)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  125. Zapp, R. L., Guth, E.: Ind. Eng. Chem. 43, 430 (1951)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  126. Oono, R., Ikeda, H., Todani, I.: Angew. Makromol. Chem. 46, 47 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  127. Galanti, A. V., Sperling, L.: Polym. Eng. Sci. 10, 177 (1970)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  128. Tarasov, S. G. et al.: Vysokomol. Soedin. A26, 1077 (1984)

    Google Scholar 

  129. Pollak, V., Romanov, A.: Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 45, 2315 (1980)

    Google Scholar 

  130. Romanov, A., Marcincin, K., Jehalr, P.: Acta Polym. 33, 218 (1982)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  131. Godovsky, Yu. K., Bessonova, N. P., Guseev, V. V.: Mechan. Polym. N4, 605 (1983)

    Google Scholar 

  132. Guseev, V. V., Shkalenko, Zh. I., Malinsky, Yu. M.: Vysokomol. Soedin. A23, 161 (1981)

    Google Scholar 

  133. Godovsky, Yu. K., Tarasov, S. G., Tsvankin, D. Ya.: IUPAC Internat. Symp. Macromolecules. Florence 1980, Vol. 3, pp. 235–238

    Google Scholar 

  134. Godovsky, Yu. K., Tarasov, S. G.: Vysokomol. Soedin. A22, 1613 (1980)

    Google Scholar 

  135. Leonard, W. J., Jr.: J. Polym. Sci. C54, 237 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  136. Bonart, R., Morbitzer, L.: Kolloid Z. Z. Polym. 232, 764 (1969)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  137. Bonart, R.: Polymer 20, 1389 (1979)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  138. Hoffman, K., Bonart, R.: Makromol. Chem. 184, 1529 (1983)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  139. Godovsky, Yu. K., Bessonova, N. P., Mironova, N. N.: Vysokomol. Soedin. A25, 296 (1983)

    Google Scholar 

  140. Godovsky, Yu. K., Bessonova, N. P.: Colloid Polym. Sci. 261, 645 (1983)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  141. Godovsky, Yu. K., Bessonova, N. P.: Vysokomol. Soedin. A19, 2731 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  142. Partridge, S. M., in: Chemistry and Molecular Biology of the Intercellular Matrix, Balazs, E. A. (ed.), Vol. 1, p. 593, London: Academic Press 1970

    Google Scholar 

  143. Weis-Fogh, T., Andersen, S. O., in: Chemistry and Molecular Biology of the Intercellular Matrix, Balazs, E. A. (ed.), Vol. 1, p. 671, London: Academic Press 1970

    Google Scholar 

  144. Weis-Fogh, T., Andersen, S. O.: Nature 227, 718 (1970)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Gosline, J. M., Yew, F. F., Weis-Fogh, T.: Biopolym. 14, 1811 (1975)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  146. Grut, W., McCrum, N. G.: Nature 251, 165 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  147. Hoeve, C. A. J., Flory, P. J.: Biopolym. 13, 677 (1974)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  148. Andrady, A. L., Mark, J. E.: Biopolym. 19, 849 (1980)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  149. Dorrington, K. L., McCrum, N. G.: Biopolym. 16, 1201 (1977)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  150. Volpin, D., Cifferi, A.: Nature 225, 382 (1970)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Evans, E. A., Hochmuth, R. M., in: Current Topics in Membranes and Transport, Bronner, F., Kleinzeller, A. (eds.), Vol. 10, p. 1, New York: Academic Press 1978

    Google Scholar 

  152. Evans, E. A., Skalak, R.: Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Biomembranes, Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, Inc., 1980

    Google Scholar 

  153. Evans, E. A., Waugh, R.: Colloid Interface Sci. 60, 286 (1977)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  154. Waugh, R., Evans, E. A.: Biophys. J. 26, 115 (1979)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  155. Gilmor, I. W., Trainor, A., Haward, R. N.: J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Phys. Ed. 16, 1277 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  156. Morbitzer, L., Hentze, G., Bonart, R.: Kolloid Z. Z. Polym. 216–217, 137 (1967)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  157. Godovsky, Yu. K., Bessonova, N. P., Konjuchova, E. V., Tarasov, S. G.: Paper presented at Rubber-84, Moscow 1984

    Google Scholar 

  158. Folkes, H. J., Keller, A., in: Physics of Glassy Polymers, Haward, R. N. (ed.), London: Applied Science Publishers 1973

    Google Scholar 

  159. Keller, A., Pedemonte, E., Willmouth, F. M.: Kolloid Z. Z. Polym. 238, 385 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  160. Folkes, H. J., Keller, A., Odell, J. A.: Am. Chem. Soc., Polym. Preprints 18, 251 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  161. Odell, J. A., Keller, A.: Polym. Eng. Sci. 17, 544 (1977)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  162. Krigbaum, W. R., Roe, R.-J., Smith, K. J., Jr.: Polymer 5, 533 (1964)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  163. Heise, B., Kilian, H.-G., Pietralla, M.: Progr. Colloid Polym. Sci. 62, 16 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  164. Lohse, D. J., Gaylord, R. J.: Polym. Eng. Sci. 18, 512 (1978)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  165. Butyagin, P. Yu., Garanin, V. V., Kuznetsov, A. R.: Vysokomol. Soedin. A16, 327 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  166. Anismov, S. P. et al.: Solid State Physics (FTT) 20, 77 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  167. Federov, Yu. N.: Vysokomol. Soedin. B25, 912 (1983)

    Google Scholar 

  168. Godovsky, Yu. K., Slonimsky, G. L., Papkov, V. S., Dikareva, T. A.: Mechan. polym. 5, 785 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  169. Thiele, J. L., Cohen, R. E.: Rubber Chem. Technol. 53, 313 (1980)

    Google Scholar 

  170. Mead, W. T., Desper, C. R., Porter, R. S.: J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Phys. Ed. 17, 859 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  171. Capiati, N. J., Porter, R. S.: J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Phys. Ed. 15, 1427 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  172. Choy, C. L., Chen, F. C., Ong, E. L.: Polymer 20, 1191 (1979)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  173. Choy, C. L., Ito, M., Porter, R. S.: J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Phys. Ed. 21, 1427 (1983)

    Google Scholar 

  174. Wolf, F.-P., Karl, V.-H.: Angew. Makromol. Chem. 92, 89 (1980)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  175. Wolf, F.-P., Karl, V.-H.: Colloid Polym. Sci. 259, 29 (1981)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  176. Wolf, F.-P., Karl, V.-H.: Makromol. Chem. 182, 1787 (1981)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  177. Marikhin, V. A., Myasnikova, L. P.: Supermolecular Structure of Polymers (in Russian), Leningrad: Khimiya 1977

    Google Scholar 

  178. Pakhomov, P. M. et al.: Vysokomol. Soedin. A18, 132 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  179. Peterlin, A., in: Ultra-high Modulus Polymers, Ciferri, A., Ward, I. M. (eds.), p. 279, London: Applied Science Publishers 1979

    Google Scholar 

  180. Prevorsek, D. C. et al.: J. Macromol. Sci. Phys. B9, 733 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  181. Chvalun, S. N. et al.: Vysokomol. Soedin. B20, 672 (1978)

    Google Scholar 

  182. Chvalun, S. N. et al.: Vysokomol. Soedin. B22, 359 (1980)

    Google Scholar 

  183. Chvalun, S. N. et al.: Vysokomol. Soedin. A23, 1381 (1981)

    Google Scholar 

  184. Chvalun, S. N. et al.: Internat. Symp. Chem. Fibres, Kalinin 1981, Vol. 1, pp. 116–121

    Google Scholar 

  185. Karpova, S. G. et al.: Vysokomol. Soedin. A25, 2435 (1983)

    Google Scholar 

  186. Marikhin, V. A., Myasnikova, L. P., Viktorova, N. L.: Vysokomol. Soedin. A18, 1302 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  187. Godovsky, Yu. K. et al.: Internat. Symp. Chem. Fibres, Kalinin 1981, Vol. 1 (suppl.), pp. 66–72

    Google Scholar 

  188. Göritz, D., Müller, F. H.: Colloid Polym. Sci. 253, 844 (1975)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  189. Hellwege, K.-H., Hannig, J., Knappe, W.: Kolloid Z. Z. Polym. 188, 121 (1963)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  190. Wang, L.-H., Choy, C. L., Porter, R. S.: J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Phys. Ed. 20, 633 (1982)

    Google Scholar 

  191. Kardos, J. L. et al.: Polym. Eng. Sci. 19, 1000 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  192. Shermergor, T. D.: Theory of Elasticity of Microheterogeneous Solids (in Russian), Moscow: Nauka 1977

    Google Scholar 

  193. Risyuk, B. D., Nosov, M. P.: Mechanical Anisotropy of Polymers (in Russian), Kiev: Naukova Dumka 1978

    Google Scholar 

  194. Ebert, G., Knispel, G., Müller, F. H.: Colloid Polym. Sci. 258, 495 (1980)

    Google Scholar 

  195. Ebert, G. et al.: Progr. Colloid Polym. Sci. 67, 175 (1980)

    Google Scholar 

  196. Ebert, G., Maeda, A., Müller, F. H.: Colloid Polym. Sci. 260, 404 (1982)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  197. Godovsky, Yu. K., Malzeva, I. I., Slonimsky, G. L.: Vysokomol. Soedin. A13, 2768 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Karpov Institute of Physical Chemistry, B-120, Moscow, USSR

    Yu. K. Godovsky

Authors
  1. Yu. K. Godovsky
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

K. Dušek

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1986 Springer-Verlag

About this paper

Cite this paper

Godovsky, Y.K. (1986). Thermomechanics of polymers. In: Dušek, K. (eds) Pharmacy/Thermomechanics/Elastomers/Telechelics. Advances in Polymer Science, vol 76. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-15830-8_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-15830-8_2

  • Received:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-15830-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-39659-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation