Abstract
The review deals with a special kind of gas-filled polymeric materials: the syntactic polymer foams, or spheroplastics, consisting of a polymer matrix and a hollow spherical filler. The survey covers the following aspects: preparation and properties of polymeric hollow micro- and macrospheres; physical principles of syntactic foam formation: rheology, regulation of apparent density, space factor and packing of syntactic compositions; chemical and technological principles of formation; preparation of syntactic foams based on epoxy, polyester, phenol, polyimide, and other resins, as well as the newest types of foams — prepregs, poly-phase structures, elastomeric and reinforced foams. The specificity of physical properties and methods of calculation of strength parameters are discussed. Attempts are made to evaluate the effect and contribution of size and packing of spheres on the principal physical properties. The main applications and trends of syntactic foams are outlined.
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Abbreviations
- ABS:
-
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer
- BJO:
-
USA grade phenolic microspheres
- BMC:
-
Bulk molding compound
- BV:
-
USSR grade phenolic microspheres
- DMC:
-
Dough molding compound
- DNPMTA:
-
Dinitrosopentamethylenetetramine
- EDM:
-
USSR grade syntactic foam from epoxy resin and phenol microspheres
- EDS:
-
USSR grade syntactic foam from epoxy resin and glass microspheres
- EK:
-
USSR grade epoxy resin
- EMS:
-
USSR grade syntactic foam based on epoxy resin
- ENS:
-
USSR grade syntactic foam based on epoxy resin
- FREP:
-
Fabricated reinforced epoxy tooling
- FTD:
-
USA grade glass microspheres
- HTF:
-
USA grade syntactic foam from polyimide resin
- OEA:
-
Oligo(ester acrylate)
- PhFO:
-
Phenol-formaldehyde oligomer
- PMMA:
-
Poly(methyl methacrylate)
- PPU:
-
USSR grade polyurethane foam
- RIM:
-
Reaction injection molding process
- RRIM:
-
Reinforced reaction injection molding process
- SMC:
-
Sheet molding compound
- SPAB:
-
USSR grade syntactic foam based on OEA
- SPB:
-
USSR grade syntactic foam based on polyester resin
- SPM:
-
USSR grade syntactic foam based on polyester resin
- SPS:
-
USSR grade syntactic foam based on polyester resin
- TTPSF:
-
Thermosetting three-phase syntactic foam
- a:
-
inner radius of a hollow sphere
- A:
-
coefficient
- b:
-
outer radius of a hollow sphere
- B:
-
coefficient
- C:
-
concentration, content
- D:
-
packing factor, diffusion coefficient, diameter
- E:
-
elastic modulus
- Ef :
-
elastic modulus of filler
- Es :
-
elastic modulus of syntactic foam
- E0 :
-
elastic modulus of matrix
- G:
-
shear modulus
- GH :
-
shear modulus of a hollow sphere
- GS :
-
shear modulus of a solid sphere
- G0 :
-
shear modulus of matrix
- h:
-
half-thickness of a specimen
- H:
-
long-term elastic modulus
- J:
-
long-term shear modulus
- K:
-
bulk elastic modulus
- Kf :
-
bulk elastic modulus of filler
- Ks :
-
space factor
- K0 :
-
bulk elastic modulus of matrix
- L:
-
length of specimen
- P:
-
molding pressure, external pressure
- Pcol :
-
collapsing hydrostatic pressure
- Pr :
-
relative hydrostatic pressure
- P0 :
-
pressure needed to get Ks
- P∞ :
-
hydrostatic long-term pressure
- r:
-
radius
- S:
-
surface area
- T:
-
temperature
- V:
-
volume
- Wτ :
-
water absorption in time τ
- W∞ :
-
equilibrium water absorption
- αf :
-
coefficient of thermal expansion for filler
- α0 :
-
coefficient of thermal expansion for matrix
- β:
-
parameter of cellular structure
- γ:
-
apparent density
- γb :
-
density of binder
- γt :
-
theoretical apparent density
- γ0 :
-
apparent density of matrix
- tan δ:
-
dielectric losses
- ε:
-
compressive deformation
- ε′:
-
dielectric constant
- ϑb :
-
binder volume fraction
- ϑf :
-
filler volume fraction
- ϑ mf :
-
maximum filler volume fraction
- ϑsph :
-
true volume fraction of microspheres
- ϑ0 :
-
packed volume fraction of spheres
- λ:
-
thermal conductivity
- ν:
-
Poisson's ratio
- ν0 :
-
Poisson's ratio for matrix
- σcyl :
-
cylindrical strength of filler
- σf :
-
flexural strength
- σs :
-
compressive strength
- σsh :
-
shear strength
- σt :
-
tensile strength
- σ0 :
-
compressive strength of matrix
- τ:
-
current time
- τ*:
-
relaxation time
- χi :
-
dimensionless numbers
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Shutov, F.A. (1986). Syntactic polymer foams. In: Chromatography/Foams/Copolymers. Advances in Polymer Science, vol 73/74. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-15786-7_7
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