Abstract
Even though the basic stance of nineteenth-century physics, still founded in naive realism, interpreted all discovered laws of nature as the final way to describe reality in and of itself, it was Einstein’s theory of relativity, and, most especially, quantum theory, which incorporated the observer into reality as registered by measurement. It was hoped that Laplace’s demon, a creature supposedly able to calculate all initial conditions for the universe, would lead all of natural science back to mechanical processes, yet it proved to be an illusion. The new physics was no longer mechanical, but rather mathematical: the objects of its theory could no longer be represented according to the accustomed view of Newtonian mechanics. Both Austrians and Hungarians were significantly involved in the development of quantum theory, including Wolfgang Pauli, Victor F. Weisskopf, and naturally, Erwin Schrodinger, whom Alexander ZartI views from a less familiar side.
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
John von Neumann, Collected Works, vol. I–VI (Pergamon Press, 1961–63).
References
Erwin Schrödinger, Collected Papers on Wave Mechanics, (New York: Chelsea Publ., 1982, [Abhandlungen zur Wellenmechanik, Leipzig 1928]).
Space-time Structure, (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1986).
Erwin Schrödinger, What is Life?, (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, reprint, 1992 [1948]).
Erwin Schrödinger, Mind and Matter, (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1958).
Erwin Schrödinger, Roger Penrose, Nature and the Greek, (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1996).
Erwin Schrödinger, My View of the World, (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1964).
References
Walter Moore, Schrödinger — Life and Thought (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989).
Gerhard Oberkofler and Peter Goller, eds., Erwin Schrödinger. Briefe und Dokumente aus Zürich (Vienna/ Innsbruck: Zentralbibliothek für Physik, 1992).
Johann Götschl, Erwin Schrödinger’s World View. The Dynamics of Knowledge and Reality (Dordrecht/ Boston/ London: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1992).
References
H. Atmanspacher, H. Primas, E. Wertenschlag-Birkhäuser (eds.), Der Pauli-Jung-Dialog und seine Bedeutung für die moderne Wissenschaft (Berlin: Springer, 1995).
H. Atmanspacher, H. Primas, The Hidden Side of Wolfgang Pauli (Journal of Consciousness Studies 3, 1996) pp.112–126.
References
Walter Thirring, Quantum Mechanics of Large Systems, (New York: Springer, 1983).
Walter Thirring, Kosmische Impressionen. Gottes Spuren in den Naturgesetzen (Vienna: Molden, 2004)
References
D. Ruelle, Statistical Mechanics, Rigorous Results (New York: Benjamin, 1969).
O. Bratelli and D.W. Robinson, Operator Algebras and Quantum Statistical Mechanics I; II (Berlin/Heidelberg/New York: Springer, 1979).
G. Emch, Algebraic Methods in Statistical Mechanics and Quantum Field Theory (New York: Wiley, 1971).
R. Haag, D. Kastler, and E.B. Trych-Pohlmeyer, Commun. Math. Phys., 38 (1974): 173–193.
W. Pusz and S.L. Woronowicz, Commun. Math. Phys., 58 (1978): 273–290.
References
Anton Zeilinger, “On the Interpretation and Philosophical Foundation of Quantum Mechanics,” Vastakohtien todellisuus, Festschrift for KM Laurikainen, U. Ketvel et al. (eds.) (Helsinki: Helsinki University Press, 1996).
Anton Zeilinger, A Foundatlonal Principle for Quantum Mechanics (Foundations of Physics, vol 29, 4, 1999).
Hans Christian von Baeyer, In the Beginning was the Bit (New Scientist Magazine, 17. 2. 2001).
References
S.A. Werner, H. Rauch: Neutron Interferometry: Lessons in Experimental Quantum Mechanics, Oxford Series on Neutron Scattering in Condensed Matter (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000).
H. Rauch, A. Zeilinger, G. Badurek, A. Wilfing, W. Bauspiess, U. Bonse: Phys. Lett. A 54 (2975) 425.
D.M. Greenberger, M.A. Home, A. Zeilinger: “Going beyond Bell’s theorem.” In: Bell’s Theorem, Quantum Theory, and Conceptions of the Universe, ed. by M. Kafatos (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, 1989) pp. 73.
N. Bohr: In: Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist, ed. by P.A. Schilpp (Evanston: The Library of Living Philosophers, 1949) pp. 200–241.
R.R Feynman, R.B. Reighton, M. Sands: The Feynman Lectures of Physics, vol. III (Reading: Addison-Wesley, 1965).
N. Bohr: Phys. Rev. 48, 696(1935).
S. Kochen, E.P. Specker: J. Math. Mech. 17, 59 (1967); J.S. Bell: Rev. Mod. Phys. 38, 447(1966).
J.S. Bell: Physics (New York) 1, 195(1964). Reprinted in J.S. Bell: Speakables and Unspeakables in Quantum Mechanics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987).
C. Brukner, A. Zeilinger: eprint quant-ph/0201026 (to appear in Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. A).
C. Brukner, A. Zeilinger: Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 354 (1999).
D.M. Greenberger, M. Home, A. Shimony, A. Zeilinger: Am. J. Phys. 58, 1131 (1990).
S.J. Freedman, J.S. Clauser: Phys. Rev. Lett. 28, 938 (1972).
A. Aspect, P. Grangier, G. Roger: Phys. Rev. Lett. 47, 460 (1981).
G. Weihs, T. Jennewein, C. Simon, H. Weinfurter, A. Zeilinger: Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 5039 (1998)
A. Zeilinger: Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. 1733,2401 (1997).
A. Zeilinger: Found. Phys. 29, 631 (1999).
C. Brukner, M. Zukowski, A. Zeilinger: e-print quant-ph/0106119.
S.L. Braunstein, A. Mann, M. Revzen: Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 3259 (1992)
A. Zeilinger, M.A. Home, D.M. Greenberger: “Higher-Order Quantum Entanglement.” In: Proc. Squeezed States and Quantum Uncertainty, ed. by D. Han, Y.S. Kim, W.W. Zachary, NASA Conf. Publ. 3135 (National Aeronautics and Space Administration 1992).
C.H. Benett, S.J. Wiesner: Phys. Rev. Lett. 69, 2881 (1992).
K. Mattle, H. Weinfurter, P.G. Kwiat, A. Zeilinger: Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, (1996) 4656.
C.H. Bennett, G. Brassard, C. Crepeau, R. Jozsa, A. Peres, W.K. Wootters: Phys. Rev. Lett. 70. 1895(1993).
D. Bouwmeester, J.-W. Pan, K. Mattle, M. Eibl, H. Weinfurter, A. Zeilinger: Nature 390, 575 (1997).
S. Stenholm: private communication (2000).
C. Brukner, J.-W. Pan, C. Simon, G. Weihs, A. Zeilinger: quant-ph/0109022.
M. Zukowski, A. Zeilinger, M. Home, A. Ekert: Phys. Rev. Lett. 71, 4287 (1993).
J.-W. Pan, D. Bouwmeester, H. Weinfurter, A. Zeilinger: Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 3891 (1998).
T. Jennewein, G. Weihs, J.-W. Pan, A. Zeilinger: Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 017903 (2002).
T. Jennewein, C. Simon, G. Weihs, H. Weinfurter, A. Zeilinger: Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 4729 (2000).
A.K. Ekert: Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 661 (1991).
J.S. Bell: Phys. World, pp. 33–40 (Aug. 1990).
References
See Maxwell’s demon in J. C. Maxwell, Theory of Heat (1871), in the chapter “Limitation of the Second Law of Thermodynamics.” See also H. S. Leff, A. F. Rex, eds., Maxwell’s Demon. Entropy, Information, Computing (Bristol: A. Hilger, 1990).
B. J. Alder, T. E. Wainwright, “Studies in Molecular Dynamics,” J. Chem. Phys. 27 (1957).
Peter Weibel, Otto E. Rössler, eds., Endophysik. Die Welt des inneren Beobachters (Berlin: Merve, 1992).
R. J. Boscovich, Theoria Philosophiae Naturalis (Vienna, 1758). Reprinted as A Theory of Natural Philosophy (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996).
E. Fredkin, Digital Information Mechanics, Reprint, 1983. E. Fredkin, “Digital Mechanics,” Physica D 45 (1990): 254–270.
References
Peter Weibel (ed.), Otto E. Rössler, Endophysik-die Welt des inneren Beobachters, (Bern: Merve Verlag, 1992).
Otto E. Rössler, Das Flammenschwert. Wie hermetisch ist die Schnittstelle des Mikrokonstruktivismus (Berlin, 1996).
Otto E. Rössler, Springende Identitäten von Teilchen, in: W. Hahn, P. Weibel (eds.), Evolutionäre Symmetrietheorie (Stuttgart, 1996).
References
Gottfried Bechtold. Graz/Bregenz/Bozen (Graz: Neue Galerie, 1994).
Gottfried Bechtold (Bregenz: Bregenzer Kunstverein, 1996).
References
Vera and Gabor Body (eds.), AXIS (Cologne: 1986).
Peter Weibel, Edith Decker (eds.), Vom Verschwinden der Ferne (Cologne: 1991).
Ruth Schnell, On the Occasion of La Biennale di Venezia 1995 (Vienna: 1995).
References
Where he wrote “On the Self-Energy and the Electromagnetic Field of the Electron,” published in Physical Rev., 56 (1939): 72–85.
Where, in 1936, he wrote “On the Electrodynamics of the Vacuum Based on the Quantum Theory of Electrons,” published in Kongelige Dankse Videnskabemes Selskab, Mathematisk-fysiske Meddelesler XIV:6. Both essays were reprinted in Selected Papers on Quantum Electrodynamics, Julian Schwinger, ed. (New York: Dover, 1958).
References
E. P. Wigner, “The Problem of Measurement,” American Journal of Physics 31 (1963): 6–15; E.P. Wigner, “Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics,” lecture, Princeton University, 1976. Published in Quantum Theory and Measurement, J.A. Wheeler, W.H. Zurek, eds. (Princeton UP, 1983); E.P. Wigner, “Die Messung quantenmechanischer Operatoren,” Zeitschrift für Physik 133 (1952): 101–08.
Zeitschrift für Physik 47 (1928): 631–651.
E.P. Wigner, “Remarks on the Mind-Body Question,” The Scientist Speculates, I.J. Good, ed. (London, 1961; New York, 1962).
E.P. Wigner, “Are We Machines?,” Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. 113 (1969): 95–101.
see for example E.P. Wigner, “On the Time-Energy Uncertainty Relation,” Aspects of Quantum Theory, A. Salam, E.P. Wigner, eds. (Cambridge UP, 1972).
Commun. Pure Appl. Math. XIII (1960): 1–14.
New York: Academic Press, 1959.
E.P. Wigner, “The Limits of Science,” Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 94 (1950): 422.
References
Aspects/Positions. 50 Years of Art in Central Europe 1949–1999 (Vienna, 1999).
Reference
Herwig Turk, parallelaktion (Vienna: Museum für angewandte Kunst, 1996).
Herwig Turk, Herwig Turk (Vienna: 1998).
References
Ch. Dellago, H.A. Posch, “Mixing, Lyapunov Instability, and the Approach to Equilibrium in a Hard-Sphere Gas,” Phys. Rev. E 55: R9 (1997); “Kolmogorov-Sinai Entropy and Lyapunov Spectra of a Hardsphere Gas,” Physica A 240: 68 (1997).
H.A. Posch, W.G. Hoover, B.L. Holian, “Time-reversible Molecular Motion and Macroscopic Irreversibility” Ber. d. Bunsenges. f. Phys. Chem., 94: 250 (1990).
H.A. Posch, W.G. Hoover, “Nonequilibrium Molecular Dynamics of Classical Fluids,” Molecular Liquids. New Perspectives in Physics and Chemistry, Jose J.C. Teixeira Dias, ed., NATO-ASI Series C (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1992) pp. 527–547.
B.L. Holian, W.G. Hoover, H.A. Posch, “Resolution of Loschmidt’s Paradox. The Origin of Irreversible Behavior in Reversible Atomistic Dynamics,” in: Phys. Rev. Lett. 59:10 (1987); W.G. Hoover, H.A. Posch, “Second-Law Irreversibility and Phase-Space Dimensionality Loss from Time-Reversible Nonequilibrium Steady-state Lyapunov Spectra,” Phys. Rev. E 49:1913(1994).
Ch. Dellago, H.A. Posch, W.G. Hoover, “Lyapunov Instability of Hard Discs in Equilibrium and Nonequilibrium States,” Phys. Rev. E 53:1485 (1996).
Ch. Dellago, L. Glatz, H.A. Posch, “Lyapunov spectrum of the Driven Lorentz Gas,” Thys. Rev. E 52: 4817 (1995); H. van Beijeren, J-R. Dorfman, E.G. D. Cohen, H.A. Posch, Ch. Dellago, “Lyapunov Exponents from Kinetic Theory for a Dilute, Fielddriven Lorentz Gas,” Phys. Rev. Lett., 77:1974(1996); Ch. Delago, H.A. Posch, “Lyapunov Spectrum and the Conjugate Pairing Rule for a Thermostatted Random Lorentz Gas: Numerical Simulation”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 78:211 (1997).
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2007 Springer-Verlag/Wien
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Rédei, M. et al. (2007). Measurement observation. In: Beyond Art: A Third Culture. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-211-37846-4_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-211-37846-4_4
Publisher Name: Springer, Vienna
Print ISBN: 978-3-211-24562-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-211-37846-5