Skip to main content

Localized Scleroderma

  • Chapter
  • 1338 Accesses

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Aberer E, Neumann R, and Stanek G (1985) Is localised scleroderma a Borrelia infection? Lancet, 2: 278

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aiba S, Tabata N, Ohtani H, Tagami H (1994) CD34+ spindle-shaped cells selectively disappear from the skin lesion of scleroderma. Arch Dermatol, 130: 593–597

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Akimoto S, Hayashi H, Ishikawa H (1992). Disaccharide analysis of the skin glycosaminoglycans in systemic sclerosis. Br J Dermatol, 126: 29–34

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arnett FC, Tan FK, Uziel Y, Laxer RM, Krafchik BR, Antohi S, and Bona C (1999) Autoantibodies to the extracellular matrix microfibrillar protein, fibrillin 1, in patients with localized scleroderma. Arthritis Rheum, 42: 2656–2659

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Balat A, Akinci A, Turgut M, Mizrak B, Aydin A (1999) Eosinophilic fasciitis — progression to linear scleroderma: a case report. Turk J Pediatr, 41: 381–385

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barrera P, Haagsma CJ, Boerbooms AM, Van Riel PL, Borm GF, Van de Putte LB, Van der Meer JW (1995) Effect of methotrexate alone or in combination with sulphasalazine on the production and circulating concentrations of cytokines and their antagonists. Longitudinal evaluation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Rheumatol, 34: 747–755

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Birdi N, Shore A, Rush P, Laxer RM, Silverman ED, Krafchik B (1992). Childhood linear scleroderma: a possible role of thermography for evaluation. J Rheumatol, 19: 968–973

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blaszczyk M, Jablonska S (1999) Linear scleroderma en coup de sabre. Relationship with progressive facial hemiatrophy (PFH). RheumaDerm, M. a. Uitto, ed., Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, 101–104

    Google Scholar 

  • Blaszczyk M, Krysicka-Janiger K, Jablonska S (2000) Primary atrophic profound linear scleroderma. Report of three cases. Dermatology, 200: 63–66

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blaszczyk M, Krolicki L, Krasu M, Glinska O, Jablonska S (2003). Progressive facial hemiatrophy: central nervous system involvement and relationship with scleroderma en coup de sabre. J Rheumatol, 30: 1997–2004

    Google Scholar 

  • Bleasel NR, Stapleton KM, Commens C, Ahern VA (1999) Radiation-induced localized scleroderma in breast cancer patients. Australas J Dermatol, 40: 99–102

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bodemer C, Belon M, Hamel-Teillac D, Amoric JC, Fraitag S, Prieur AM, De Prost Y (1999) Scleroderma in children: a retrospective study of 70 cases. Ann Dermatol Venereol, 126: 691–694

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boelsma E, Pavel S, Ponec M (1995) Effects of calcitriol on fibroblasts derived from skin of scleroderma patients. Dermatology, 191: 226–33

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bottomley WW, Jutley J, Wood EJ, Goodfield MD (1995) The effect of calcipotriol on lesional fibroblasts from patients with active morphoea. Acta Derm Venereol, 75: 364–366

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Branchet MC, Boisnic S, Bletry O, Robert L, Charron D, Frances C (1992) Expression of HLA class II antigens on skin fibroblasts in scleroderma. Br J Dermatol, 126: 431–435

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Caca-Biljanovska NG, Vlckova-Laskoska MT, Dervendi DV, Pesic NP, Laskoski DS (1999) Treatment of generalized morphea with oral 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Adv Exp Med Biol, 455: 299–304

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Camacho NR, Sanchez JE, Martin RF, Gonzalez JR, Sanchez JL (2001). Medium-dose UVA1 phototherapy in localized scleroderma and its effect in CD34-positive dendritic cells. J Am Acad Dermatol, 45: 697–699

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Canizares O, Sachs P, Jaimovich L, Torres V (1958) Idiopathic atrophoderma of Pasini and Pierini. Arch Dermatol, 77: 42–59

    Google Scholar 

  • Cannick L, 3rd, Douglas G, Crater S, Silver R (2003). Nodular scleroderma: case report and literature review. J Rheumatol, 30: 2500–2502

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Castanet J, Lacour JP, Perrin C, Taillan B, Dubois D, Ortonne JP (1994) Association of eosinophilic fasciitis, multiple morphea and antiphospholipid antibody. Dermatology, 189: 304–307

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Christianson H, Dorsey C, O’Leary P, Kierland R (1956) Localized scleroderma: a clinical study of twohundred thirty-five cases. Arch Dermatol, 74: 629–639

    Google Scholar 

  • Chung MH, Sum J, Morrell MJ, Horoupian DS (1995) Intracerebral involvement in scleroderma en coup de sabre: report of a case with neuropathologic findings. Ann Neurol, 37: 679–681

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chung H, Hann S (1997) Lupus panniculitis treated by a combination therapy of hydroxychloroquine and quinacrine. J Dermatol, 24: 569–572

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clemens TL, Adams JS, Horiuchi N, Gilchrest BA, Cho H, Tsuchiya Y, Matsuo N, Suda T, Holick MF (1983) Interaction of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin-D3 with keratinocytes and fibroblasts from skin of normal subjects and a subject with vitamin-D-dependent rickets, type II: a model for study of the mode of action of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 56: 824–830

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cosnes A, Anglade MC, Revuz J, Radier C (2003). Thirteen-megahertz ultrasound probe: its role in diagnosing localized scleroderma. Br J Dermatol, 148: 724–729

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cribier B, Faradji T, Le Coz C, Oberling F, Grosshans E (1995) Extracorporeal photo-chemotherapy in systemic sclerosis and severe morphea. Dermatology, 191: 25–31

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cunningham BB, Landells ID, Langman C, Sailer DE, Paller AS (1998) Topical calcipotriene for morphea/linear scleroderma. J Am Acad Dermatol, 39: 211–215

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Curley RK, Macfarlane AW, Evans S, Woodrow JC (1987) The treatment of linear morphoea with D-penicillamine. Clin Exp Dermatol, 12: 56–57

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Czarnecki DB, Taft EH (1982) Generalized morphoea successfully treated with salazopyrine. Acta Derm Venereol, 62: 81–82

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Daoud MS, Su WP, Leiferman KM, Perniciaro C (1994) Bullous morphea: clinical, pathologic, and immunopathologic evaluation of thirteen cases. J Am Acad Dermatol, 30: 937–943

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • David J, Wilson J, Woo P (1991) Scleroderma "en coup de sabre". Ann Rheum Dis, 50: 260–262

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dehen L, Roujeau JC, Cosnes A, Revuz J (1994) Internal involvement in localized scleroderma. Medicine (Baltimore), 73: 241–245

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Diaz-Perez J, Connolly S, Winkelmann R (1980) Disabling pansclerotic morphea of children. Arch Dermatol, 116: 169–173

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dillon WI, Saed GM, Fivenson DP (1995) Borrelia burgdorferi DNA is undetectable by polymerase chain reaction in skin lesions of morphea, scleroderma, or lichen sclerosus et atrophicus of patients from North America. J Am Acad Dermatol, 33: 617–620

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Doyle JA, Ginsburg WW (1989) Eosinophilic fasciitis. Med Clin North Am, 73: 1157–1166

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Drago F, Rampini P, Lugani C, Rebora A (1998) Generalized morphoea after antitetanus vaccination. Clin Exp Dermatol, 23: 142

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dubois EL, Chandor S, Friou GJ, Bischel M (1971) Progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS) and localized scleroderma (morphea) with positive LE cell test and unusual systemic manifestations compatible with systemic lupus erythematous (SLE): presentation of 14 cases including one set of identical twins, one with scleroderma and the other with SLE. Review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore), 50: 199–222

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eisen D, Alster TS (2002). Use of a 585 nm pulsed dye laser for the treatment of morphea. Dermatol Surg, 28: 615–616

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • El-Mofty M, Zaher H, Bosseila M, Yousef R, Saad B (2000) Low-dose broad-band UVA in morphea using a new method for evaluation. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed, 16: 43–49

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • El-Mofty M, Mostafa W, El-Darouty M, Bosseila M, Nada H, Yousef R, Esmat S, El-Lawindy M, Assaf M, El-Enani G (2004). Different low doses of broad-band UVA in the treatment of morphea and systemic sclerosis. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed, 20: 148–156

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • El-Mofty M, Mostafa W, Esmat S, Youssef R, Bousseila M, Nagi N, Shaker O, Abouzeid A (2004). Suggested mechanisms of action of UVA phototherapy in morphea: a molecular study. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed, 20: 93–100

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elst EF, Van Suijlekom-Smit LW, Oranje AP (1999) Treatment of linear scleroderma with oral 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol) in seven children. Pediatr Dermatol, 16: 53–58

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Falanga V, Medsger TA, Reichlin M (1985) High titers of antibodies to single-stranded DNA in linear scleroderma. Arch Dermatol, 121: 345–347

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Falanga V, Medsger TA, Jr, Reichlin M, Rodnan GP (1986) Linear scleroderma. Clinical spectrum, prognosis, and laboratory abnormalities. Ann Intern Med, 104: 849–857

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Falanga V, Medsger TA, Jr, Reichlin M (1987) Antinuclear and anti-single-stranded DNA antibodies in morphea and generalized morphea. Arch Dermatol, 123: 350–353

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Falanga V, Medsger TA, Jr (1990) D-penicillamine in the treatment of localized scleroderma. Arch Dermatol, 126: 609–612

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fleischmajer R, Nedwich A (1972) Generalized morphea. I. Histology of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue. Arch Dermatol, 106: 509–514

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fleischmajer R, Perlish JS (1972). Glycosaminoglycans in scleroderma and scleredema. J Invest Dermatol, 58: 129–132

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fleischmajer R, Prunieras M (1972) Generalized morphea. II. Electron microscopy of collagen, cells, and the subcutaneous tissue. Arch Dermatol, 106: 515–524

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fleischmajer R, Perlish JS, Krieg T, Timpl R (1981) Variability in collagen and fibronectin synthesis by scleroderma fibroblasts in primary culture. J Invest Dermatol, 76: 400–403

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Foeldvari I (1998) Progressive linear scleroderma and morphea in a child. J Pediatr, 133: 308

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fry A, Alvarellos A, Fink C, Blaw M, Roach E (1992) Intracranial findings in progressive facial hemiatrophy. J Rheumatol, 19: 956–958

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fujimoto M, Sato S, Ihn H, Takehara K (1995) Autoantibodies to the heat-shock protein hsp73 in localized scleroderma. Arch Dermatol Res, 287: 581–585

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gambichler T, Kreuter A, Rotterdam S, Altmeyer P, Hoffmann K (2003). Linear scleroderma ‘en coup de sabre’ treated with topical calcipotriol and cream psoralen plus ultraviolet A. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol, 17: 601–602

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia-Bustinduy M, Noda A, Sanchez R, Gonzalez de Mesa MJ, Guimera F, Garcia-Montelongo R (1998) PUVA therapy in localized scleroderma. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol, 10: 283–284

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garzon M, Paller A (1999) Ultrapotent topical corticosteroids treatment of childhood genital lichen sclerosus. Arch Dermatol, 135: 525–528

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gordon GV (1981) Eosinophilic fasciitis. A case report and review of the literature. Cutis, 28:268, 271–273

    Google Scholar 

  • Grundmann-Kollmann M, Ochsendorf F, Zollner TM, Spieth K, Sachsenberg-Studer E, Kaufmann R, Podda M (2000) PUVA-cream photochemotherapy for the treatment of localized scleroderma. J Am Acad Dermatol, 43: 675–678

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gruss C, Reed JA, Altmeyer P, McNutt NS, Kerscher M (1997a) Induction of interstitial collagenase (MMP-1) by UVA-1 phototherapy in morphea fibroblasts. Lancet, 350:1295–1296

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gruss C, Stucker M, Kobyletzki G, Schreiber D, Altmeyer P, Kerscher M (1997b) Low dose UVA1 phototherapy in disabling pansclerotic morphoea of childhood. Br J Dermatol, 136: 293–294

    Google Scholar 

  • Hasegawa M, Sato S, Nagaoka T, Fujimoto M, Takehara K (2003). Serum levels of tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-13 are elevated in patients with localized scleroderma. Dermatology, 207: 141–147

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hatamochi A, Ono M, Arakawa M, Takeda K, Ueki H (1992) Analysis of collagen gene expression by cultured fibroblasts in morphoea. Br J Dermatol, 126: 216–221

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hauser C, Skaria A, Harms M, Saurat JH (1996) Morphoea following Blaschko’s lines. Br J Dermatol, 134: 594–595

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hayakawa I, Hasegawa M, Takehara K, Sato S (2004). Anti-DNA topoisomerase IIalpha autoantibodies in localized scleroderma. Arthritis Rheum, 50: 227–232

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Higley H, Persichitte K, Chu S, Waegell W, Vancheeswaran R, Black C(1994). Immunocytochemical localization and serologic detection of transforming growth factor beta 1. Association with type I procollagen and inflammatory cell markers in diffuse and limited systemic sclerosis, morphea, and Raynaud’s phenomenon. Arthritis Rheum, 37: 278–288

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holick MF, Smith E, Pincus S (1987) Skin as the site of vitamin D synthesis and target tissue for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Use of calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) for treatment of psoriasis. Arch Dermatol, 123: 1677–1683a

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hsu S, Lee MW, Carlton S, Kramer EM (1999) Nodular morphea in a linear pattern. Int J Dermatol, 38: 529–530

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hulshof MM, Pavel S, Breedveld FC, Dijkmans BA, Vermeer BJ (1994) Oral calcitriol as a new therapeutic modality for generalized morphea. Arch Dermatol, 130: 1290–1293

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Humbert PG, Dupond JL, Rochefort A, Vasselet R, Lucas A, Laurent R, Agache P (1990) Localized scleroderma — response to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Clin Exp Dermatol, 15: 396–398

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Humbert P, Aubin F, Dupond JL, Delaporte E (1995) Oral calcitriol as a new therapeutic agent in localized and systemic scleroderma. Arch Dermatol, 131: 850–851

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunzelmann N, Anders S, Fierlbeck G, Hein R, Herrmann K, Albrecht M, Bell S, Muche R, Wehner-Caroli J, Gaus W, Krieg T (1997) Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of intralesional interferon gamma for the treatment of localized scleroderma. J Am Acad Dermatol, 36: 433–435

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hunzelmann N, Scharffetter Kochanek K, Hager C, Krieg T (1998) Management of localized scleroderma. Semin Cutan Med Surg, 17: 34–40

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Igarashi A, Nashiro K, Kikuchi K, Sato S, Ihn H, Fujimoto M, Grotendorst GR, Takehara K (1996) Connective tissue growth factor gene expression in tissue sections from localized scleroderma, keloid, and other fibrotic skin disorders. J Invest Dermatol, 106: 729–733

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ihn H, Sato S, Fujimoto M, Kikuchi K, Takehara K (1994) Demonstration of interleukin 8 in serum samples of patients with localized scleroderma. Arch Dermatol, 130: 1327–1328

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ihn H, Sato S, Fujimoto M, Kikuchi K, Takehara K (1995) Demonstration of interleukin-2, interleukin-4 and interleukin-6 in sera from patients with localized scleroderma. Arch Dermatol Res, 287: 193–197

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ihn H, Sato S, Fujimoto M, Kikuchi K, Takehara K (1996) Clinical significance of serum levels of soluble interleukin-2 receptor in patients with localized scleroderma. Br J Dermatol, 134: 843–7

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ihn H, Yazawa N, Kubo M, Yamane K, Sato S, Fujimoto M, Kikuchi K, Soma Y, Tamaki K (2000) Circulating levels of soluble CD30 are increased in patients with localized scleroderma and correlated with serological and clinical features of the disease. J Rheumatol, 27: 698–702

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Itin PH, Schiller P (1999) Double-lined frontoparietal scleroderma en coup de sabre. Dermatology, 199: 185–186

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jablonska S (1975a) Facial hemiatrophy and it’s relation to localized scleroderma. In: Jablonska S (ed) Scleroderma and pseudoscleroderma. PZWL, Warsaw, pp 537–548

    Google Scholar 

  • Jablonska S (1975b) Localised Scleroderma.In: Jablonska S (ed) Scleroderma and pseudo-scleroderma. PZWL, Warsaw, pp 277–303

    Google Scholar 

  • Jablonska S, Rodnan G (1979) Localized forms of scleroderma. Clin Rheumatol Dis, 5: 215–241

    Google Scholar 

  • Jablonska S, Blaszczyk M (2004). Is superficial morphea synonymous with atrophoderma Pasini-Pierini? J Am Acad Dermatol, 50: 979–980

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Janzen L, Jeffery JR, Gough J, Chalmers IM (1995) Response to methotrexate in a patient with idiopathic eosinophilic fasciitis, morphea, IgM hypergammaglobulinemia, and renal involvement. J Rheumatol, 22: 1967–1970

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jaworsky C (1997) Connective tissue diseases. In: Elder D (ed) Lever’s Histopathology of the Skin. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, pp 253–285

    Google Scholar 

  • Joly P, Bamberger N, Crickx B, Belaich S (1994) Treatment of severe forms of localized scleroderma with oral corticosteroids: follow-up study on 17 patients. Arch Dermatol, 130: 663–664

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jones SM, Mathew CM, Dixey J, Lovell CR, McHugh NJ (1996) VCAM-1 expression on endothelium in lesions from cutaneous lupus erythematosus is increased compared with systemic and localized scleroderma. Br J Dermatol, 135: 678–686

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kahari VM, Heino J, Vuorio T, Vuorio E (1988a) Interferon-alpha and interferon-gamma reduce excessive collagen synthesis and procollagen mRNA levels of scleroderma fibroblasts in culture. Biochim Biophys Acta, 968: 45–50

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kahari VM, Sandberg M, Kalimo H, Vuorio T, Vuorio E (1988b) Identification of fibroblasts responsible for increased collagen production in localized scleroderma by in situ hybridization. J Invest Dermatol, 90: 664–670

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kanekura T, Fukumaru S, Matsushita S, Terasaki K, Mizoguchi S, Kanzaki T (1996) Successful treatment of scleroderma with PUVA therapy. J Dermatol, 23: 455–459

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Karrer S, Abels C, Landthaler M, Szeimies RM (2000) Topical photodynamic therapy for localized scleroderma. Acta Derm Venereol, 80: 26–27

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kencka D, Blaszczyk M, Jablonska S (1995) Atrophoderma Pasini-Pierini is a primary atrophic abortive morphea. Dermatology, 190: 203–6

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kerscher M, Volkenandt M, Meurer M, Lehmann P, Plewig G, Rocken M (1994) Treatment of localised scleroderma with PUVA bath photochemotherapy. Lancet, 343: 1233

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kerscher M, Dirschka T, Volkenandt M (1995) Treatment of localised scleroderma by UVA1 phototherapy. Lancet, 346: 1166

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kerscher M, Meurer M, Sander C, Volkenandt M, Lehmann P, Plewig G, Rocken M (1996) PUVA bath photochemotherapy for localized scleroderma. Evaluation of 17 consecutive patients. Arch Dermatol, 132: 1280–1282

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kerscher M, Volkenandt M, Gruss C, Reuther T, von Kobyletzki G, Freitag M, Dirschka T, Altmeyer P (1998) Low-dose UVA phototherapy for treatment of localized scleroderma. J Am Acad Dermatol, 38: 21–26

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kobayashi KA, Lui H, Prendiville JS (1991) Solitary morphea profunda in a 5-year-old girl: case report and review of the literature. Pediatr Dermatol, 8: 292–295

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kobayasi T, Serup J (1985) Vascular changes in morphea. Acta Derm Venereol, 65: 116–120

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kobayasi T, Willeberg A, Serup J, Ullman S (1990) Generalized morphea with blisters. A case report. Acta Derm Venereol, 70: 454–456

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koeger AC, Rozenberg S, Fautrel B (1999) Effectiveness of topical calcitriol for localized scleroderma. J Rheumatol, 26: 239–240

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kowalewski C, Kozlowska A, Zawadzka M, Wozniak K, Blaszczyk M, Jablonska S (2004). Alterations of basement membrane zone in bullous and non-bullous variants of extragenital lichen sclerosus. Am J Dermatopathol, 26: 96–101

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krell JM, Solomon AR, Glavey CM, Lawley TJ (1995) Nodular scleroderma. J Am Acad Dermatol, 32: 343–345

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kreuter A, Gambichler T, Avermaete A, Jansen T, Hoffmann M, Hoffmann K, Altmeyer P, von Kobyletzki G, Bacharach-Buhles M (2001). Combined treatment with calcipotriol ointment and low-dose ultraviolet A1 phototherapy in childhood morphea. Pediatr Dermatol, 18:241–245

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kubo M, Ihn H, Yamane K, Tamaki K (2001). Up-regulated expression of transforming growth factor beta receptors in dermal fibroblasts in skin sections from patients with localized scleroderma. Arthritis Rheum, 44: 731–734

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Labandeira J, Leon-Mateos A, Suarez-Penaranda JM, Garea MT, Toribio J (2003). What is nodular-keloidal scleroderma? Dermatology, 207: 130–132

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee HJ, Kim MY, Ha SJ, Kim JW (2002). Two cases of morphea associated with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Acta Derm Venereol, 82: 58–59

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levy JJ, Gassmuller J, Audring H, Brenke A, Albrecht-Nebe H (1993) Imaging subcutaneous atrophy in circumscribed scleroderma with 20 MHz B-scan ultrasound. Hautarzt, 44:446–451

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu P, Uziel Y, Chuang S, Silverman E, Krafchik B, Laxer R (1994) Localized scleroderma: Imaging features. Pediatr Radiol, 24: 207–209

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Luer W, Jockel D, Henze T, Schipper HI (1990) Progressive inflammatory lesions of the brain parenchyma in localized scleroderma of the head. J Neurol, 237: 379–381

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Man J, Dytoc MT (2004). Use of Imiquimod Cream 5% in the Treatment of Localized Morphea. J Cutan Med Surg, 8: 166–9

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mancuso G, Berdondini RM (2003). Topical tacrolimus in the treatment of localized scleroderma. Eur J Dermatol, 13: 590–592

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martini G, Murray KJ, Howell KJ, Harper J, Atherton D, Woo P, Zulian F, Black CM (2002). Juvenile-onset localized scleroderma activity detection by infrared thermography. Rheumatology (Oxford), 41: 1178–1182

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marzano AV, Menni S, Parodi A, Borghi A, Fuligni A, Fabbri P, Caputo R (2003). Localized scleroderma in adults and children. Clinical and laboratory investigations on 239 cases. Eur J Dermatol, 13: 171–176

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mattila L, Airola K, Ahonen M, Hietarinta M, Black C, Saarialho-Kere U, Kahari VM (1998) Activation of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-3 (TIMP-3) mRNA expression in scleroderma skin fibroblasts. J Invest Dermatol, 110: 416–421

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McColl G, Buchanan RR (1994) Unilateral scleroderma following ischemic hand injury. J Rheumatol, 21: 380–381

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McNiff JM, Glusac EJ, Lazova RZ, Carroll CB (1999) Morphea limited to the superficial reticular dermis: an underrecognized histologic phenomenon. Am J Dermatopathol, 21: 315–319

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Menni S, Marzano AV, Passoni E (1997) Neurologic abnormalities in two patients with facial hemiatrophy and sclerosis coexisting with morphea. Pediatr Dermatol, 14: 113–116

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Micalizzi C, Parodi A, Rebora A (1994) Morphea with nodular lesions. Br J Dermatol, 131: 298–300

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Micalizzi C, Parodi A, Rebora A (1996) Generalized bullous morphoea. Efficacy of salazopyrin. Clin Exp Dermatol, 21: 246–247

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller J (1992) The fasciitis-morphea complex in children. Am J Dis Child, 146: 733–736

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchet C, Doyle J, Ginsburg W (1981) Eosinophilic fascitis: report of 15 cases. Mayo Clin Proc, 56: 27–34

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mizutani H, Yoshida T, Nouchi N, Hamanaka H, Shimizu M (1999) Topical tocoretinate improved hypertrophic scar, skin sclerosis in systemic sclerosis and morphea. J Dermatol, 26: 11–7

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mohrenschlager M, Jung C, Ring J, Abeck D (1999) Effect of penicillin G on corium thickness in linear morphea of childhood: An analysis using ultrasound technique. Pediatr Dermatol, 16: 314–316

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moller R, Serup J, Ammitzboll T (1985) Glycosaminoglycans in localized scleroderma (morphoea). Connect Tissue Res, 13: 227–236

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Monteiro MR, Murphy EE, Galaria NA, Whitaker-Menezes D, Murphy GF (2000) Cytological alterations in dermal dendrocytes in vitro: evidence for transformation to a non-dendritic phenotype. Br J Dermatol, 143: 84–90

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morison WL (1997) Psoralen UVA therapy for linear and generalized morphea. J Am Acad Dermatol, 37: 657–659

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morita A, Werfel T, Stege H, Ahrens C, Karmann K, Grewe M, Grether-Beck S, Ruzicka T, Kapp A, Klotz LO, Sies H, Krutmann J (1997) Evidence that singlet oxygen-induced human T helper cell apoptosis is the basic mechanism of ultraviolet-A radiation phototherapy. J Exp Med, 186: 1763–1768

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mork NJ (1981) Clinical and histopathologic morphea with immunological evidence of lupus erythematosus: a case report. Acta Derm Venereol, 61: 367–368

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morley SM, Gaylarde PM, Sarkany I (1985) Epidermal thickness in systemic sclerosis and morphoea. Clin Exp Dermatol, 10: 51–57

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moynahan EJ (1973) Morphoea (localized cutaneous scleroderma) treated with low-dosage penicillamine (4 cases, including coup de sabre). Proc R Soc Med, 66: 1083–1085

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nagai M, Hasegawa M, Takehara K, Sato S (2004). Novel autoantibody to Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase in patients with localized scleroderma. J Invest Dermatol, 122: 594–601

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Narvaez D, Kanitakis J, Faure M, Claudy A (1996) Immunohistochemical study of CD34-positive dendritic cells of human dermis. Am J Dermatopathol, 18: 283–288

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Neldner KH (1978) Treatment of localized linear scleroderma with phenytoin. Cutis, 22: 569–572

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Neuhofer J, Fritsch P (1984) Treatment of localized scleroderma and lichen sclerosus with etretinate. Acta Derm Venereol, 64: 171–174

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oikarinen A, Knuutinen A (2001). Ultraviolet A sunbed used for the treatment of scleroderma. Acta Derm Venereol, 81: 432–433

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Leary P, Montgomery H, Ragsdale W (1957) Dermatohistopathology of various types of scleroderma. Arch Dermatol, 75: 78–87

    Google Scholar 

  • Oyama N, Chan I, Neill SM, Hamada T, South AP, Wessagowit V, Wojnarowska F, D’Cruz D, Hughes GJ, Black MM, McGrath JA (2003). Autoantibodies to extracellular matrix protein 1 in lichen sclerosus. Lancet, 362: 118–123

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oyama N, Chan I, Neill SM, South AP, Wojnarowska F, Kawakami Y, D’Cruz D, Mepani K, Hughes GJ, Bhogal BS, Kaneko F, Black MM, McGrath JA (2004). Development of antigen-specific ELISA for circulating autoantibodies to extracellular matrix protein 1 in lichen sclerosus. J Clin Invest, 113: 1550–1559

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Passos CO, Werneck CC, Onofre GR, Pagani EA, Filgueira AL, Silva LC (2003). Comparative biochemistry of human skin: glycosaminoglycans from different body sites in normal subjects and in patients with localized scleroderma. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol, 17: 14–19

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perlish JS, Lemlich G, Fleischmajer R (1988) Identification of collagen fibrils in scleroderma skin. J Invest Dermatol, 90: 48–54

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Person JR, Su WP (1979) Subcutaneous morphoea: a clinical study of sixteen cases. Br J Dermatol, 100: 371–380

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peter RU, Ruzicka T, Eckert F (1991) Low-dose cyclosporine A in the treatment of disabling morphea. Arch Dermatol, 127: 1420–1421

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson LS, Nelson AM, Su WP (1995) Classification of morphea (localized scleroderma). Mayo Clin Proc, 70: 1068–1076

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson LS, Nelson AM, Su WP, Mason T, O’Fallon WM, Gabriel SE (1997) The epidemiology of morphea (localized scleroderma) in Olmsted County 1960–1993. J Rheumatol, 24: 73–80

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rai R, Handa S, Gupta S, Kumar B (2000) Bilateral en coup de sabre-a rare entity. Pediatr Dermatol, 17: 222–224

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rencic A, Brinster N, Nousari CH (2003). Keloid morphea and nodular scleroderma: two distinct clinical variants of scleroderma? J Cutan Med Surg, 7: 20–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Rigby WF, Denome S, Fanger MW (1987) Regulation of lymphokine production and human T lymphocyte activation by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Specific inhibition at the level of messenger RNA. J Clin Invest, 79: 1659–1664

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rigby WF, Waugh MG (1992) Decreased accessory cell function and costimulatory activity by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-treated monocytes. Arthritis Rheum, 35: 110–119

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rodnan GP, Lipinski E, Luksick J (1979) Skin thickness and collagen content in progressive systemic sclerosis and localized scleroderma. Arthritis Rheum, 22: 130–140

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rose CD, Fawcett PT, Gibney K, Doughty RA, Singsen BH (1994) Serial measurements of soluble interleukin 2 receptor levels (sIL2-R) in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis treated with oral methotrexate. Ann Rheum Dis, 53: 471–474

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg AM, Uziel Y, Krafchik BR, Hauta SA, Prokopchuk PA, Silverman ED, Laxer RM (1995) Antinuclear antibodies in children with localized scleroderma. J Rheumatol, 22: 2337–2343

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ruffatti A, Peserico A, Rondinone R, Calligaro A, Del Ross T, Ghirardello A, Germino M, Todesco S (1991) Prevalence and characteristics of anti-single-stranded DNA antibodies in localized scleroderma. Comparison with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arch Dermatol, 127: 1180–1183

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sakuraoka K, Tajima S, Nishikawa T (1992) Progressive facial hemiatrophy: report of five cases and biochemical analysis of connective tissue. Dermatology, 185: 196–201

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Salmon-Ehr V, Serpier H, Nawrocki B, Gillery P, Clavel C, Kalis B, Birembaut P, Maquart FX (1996) Expression of interleukin-4 in scleroderma skin specimens and scleroderma fibroblast cultures. Potential role in fibrosis. Arch Dermatol, 132: 802–806

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sato S, Fujimoto M, Ihn H, Kikuchi K, Takehara K (1994) Antigen specificity of antihistone antibodies in localized scleroderma. Arch Dermatol, 130: 1273–1277

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sato S, Fujimoto M, Kikuchi K, Ihn H, Tamaki K, Takehara K (1996a) Elevated soluble CD23 levels in the sera from patients with localized scleroderma. Arch Dermatol Res, 288: 74–88

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sato S, Fujimoto M, Kikuchi K, Ihn H, Tamaki K, Takehara K (1996b) Soluble CD4 and CD8 in serum from patients with localized scleroderma. Arch Dermatol Res, 288: 358–362

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sato S, Fujimoto M, Hasegawa M, Takehara K (2003). Antiphospholipid antibody in localised scleroderma. Ann Rheum Dis, 62: 771–774

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schaffer JV, Carroll C, Dvoretsky I, Huether MJ, Girardi M (2000) Postirradiation morphea of the breast presentation of two cases and review of the literature. Dermatology, 200: 67–71

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scharffetter-Kochanek K, Goldermann R, Lehmann P, Holzle E, Goerz G (1995) PUVA therapy in disabling pansclerotic morphoea of children. Br J Dermatol, 132: 830–831

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scharffetter K, Lankat-Buttgereit B, Krieg T (1988) Localization of collagen mRNA in normal and scleroderma skin by in-situ hybridization. Eur J Clin Invest, 18: 9–17

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schiener R, Behrens-Williams SC, Gottlober P, Pillekamp H, Peter RU, Kerscher M (2000) Eosinophilic fasciitis treated with psoralen-ultraviolet A bath photochemotherapy. Br J Dermatol, 142: 804–807

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seitz M, Loetscher P, Dewald B, Towbin H, Rordorf C, Gallati H, Baggiolini M, Gerber NJ (1995) Methotrexate action in rheumatoid arthritis: stimulation of cytokine inhibitor and inhibition of chemokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Br J Rheumatol, 34: 602–9

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seitz M, Zwicker M, Loetscher P (1998) Effects of methotrexate on differentiation of monocytes and production of cytokine inhibitors by monocytes. Arthritis Rheum, 41: 2032–2038

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seyger MM, van den Hoogen FH, de Boo T, de Jong EM (1997) Reliability of two methods to assess morphea: skin scoring and the use of a durometer. J Am Acad Dermatol, 37: 793–796

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seyger MM, van den Hoogen FH, de Boo T, de Jong EM (1998) Low-dose methotrexate in the treatment of widespread morphea. J Am Acad Dermatol, 39: 220–225

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seyger MM, van den Hoogen FH, van Vlijmen-Willems IM, van de Kerkhof PC, de Jong EM (2001). Localized and systemic scleroderma show different histological responses to methotrexate therapy. J Pathol, 193: 511–516

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sgonc R, Gruschwitz MS, Dietrich H, Recheis H, Gershwin ME, Wick G (1996) Endothelial cell apoptosis is a primary pathogenetic event underlying skin lesions in avian and human scleroderma. J Clin Invest, 98: 785–792

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shulman L (1974) Diffuse fasciitis with hypergammaglobulinemia and eosinophilia: a new syndrome? Clinical Reaserch, 23: 443A

    Google Scholar 

  • Silman A, Jannini S, Symmons D, Bacon P (1988) An epidemiological study of scleroderma in the West Midlands. Br J Rheumatol, 27: 286–290

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Skobieranda K, Helm KF (1995) Decreased expression of the human progenitor cell antigen (CD34) in morphea. Am J Dermatopathol, 17: 471–475

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Soma Y, Fujimoto M (1998). Frontoparietal scleroderma (en coup de sabre) following Blaschko’s lines. J Am Acad Dermatol, 38: 366–368

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Soma Y, Tamaki T, Kikuchi K, Abe M, Igarashi A, Takehara K, Ishibashi Y (1993) Coexistence of morphea and systemic sclerosis. Dermatology, 186: 103–105

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stava Z, Kobikova M (1977) Salazopyrin in the treatment of scleroderma. Br J Dermatol, 96: 541–544

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stefanec T (2000) Endothelial apoptosis: could it have a role in the pathogenesis and treatment of disease? Chest, 117: 841–854

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stege H, Berneburg M, Humke S, Klammer M, Grewe M, Grether-Beck S, Boedeker R, Diepgen T, Dierks K, Goerz G, Ruzicka T, Krutmann J (1997) High-dose UVA1 radiation therapy for localized scleroderma. J Am Acad Dermatol, 36: 938–944

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Steger JW, Matthews JH (1999) UVA therapy for scleroderma. J Am Acad Dermatol, 40: 787–788

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stone J, Franks AJ, Guthrie JA, Johnson MH (2001). Scleroderma "en coup de sabre": pathological evidence of intracerebral inflammation. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 70: 382–385

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Su WP, Person JR (1981) Morphea profunda. A new concept and a histopathologic study of 23 cases. Am J Dermatopathol, 3: 251–260

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Su WP, Greene SL (1986) Bullous morphea profunda. Am J Dermatopathol, 8: 144–147

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Takehara K, Moroi Y, Nakabayashi Y, Ishibashi Y (1983) Antinuclear antibodies in localized scleroderma. Arthritis Rheum, 26: 612–616

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taveira M, Selores M, Costa V, Massa A (1999) Generalized morphea and lichen sclerosus et atrophicus successfully treated with sulphasalazine. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol, 12: 283–284

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Todd DJ, Askari A, Ektaish E (1998) PUVA therapy for disabling pansclerotic morphoea of children. Br J Dermatol, 138: 201–202

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Torres JE, Sanchez JL (1998) Histopathologic differentiation between localized and systemic scleroderma. Am J Dermatopathol, 20: 242–245

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tuffanelli DL (1998) Localized scleroderma. Semin Cutan Med Surg, 17: 27–33

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Uitto J, Santa Cruz DJ, Bauer EA, Eisen AZ (1980) Morphea and lichen sclerosus et atrophicus. Clinical and histopathologic studies in patients with combined features. J Am Acad Dermatol, 3: 271–279

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Umbert P, Winkelmann RK (1978) Concurrent localized scleroderma and discoid lupus erythematosus. Cutaneous ‘mixed’ or ‘overlap’ syndrome. Arch Dermatol, 114: 1473–1478

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Unterberger I, Trinka E, Engelhardt K, Muigg A, Eller P, Wagner M, Sepp N, Bauer G (2003). Linear scleroderma "en coup de sabre" coexisting with plaque-morphea: neuroradiological manifestation and response to corticosteroids. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 74: 661–664

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Uziel Y, Krafchik BR, Feldman B, Silverman ED, Rubin LA, Laxer RM (1994). Serum levels of soluble interleukin-2 receptor. A marker of disease activity in localized scleroderma. Arthritis Rheum, 37: 898–901

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Uziel Y, Krafchik BR, Silverman ED, Thorner PS, Laxer RM (1994b) Localized scleroderma in childhood: a report of 30 cases. Semin Arthritis Rheum, 23: 328–340

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Uziel Y, Feldman BM, Krafchik BR, Yeung RS, Laxer RM (2000) Methotrexate and corticosteroid therapy for pediatric localized scleroderma. J Pediatr, 136: 91–95

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Bergen BH, van Dooren-Greebe RJ, Fiselier TJ, Koopman RJ (1997) D-penicillamine in treatment of scleroderma "en coup de sabre". Hautarzt, 48: 42–44

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van den Hoogen FH, Boerbooms AM, Swaak AJ, Rasker JJ, van Lier HJ, van de Putte LB (1996) Comparison of methotrexate with placebo in the treatment of systemic sclerosis: a 24 week randomized double-blind trial, followed by a 24 week observational trial. Br J Rheumatol, 35: 364–372

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Venneker GT, Das PK, Naafs B, Tigges AJ, Bos JD, Asghar SS (1994) Morphoea lesions are associated with aberrant expression of membrane cofactor protein and decay accelerating factor in vascular endothelium. Br J Dermatol, 131: 237–242

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wach F, Ullrich H, Schmitz G, Landthaler M, Hein R (1995) Treatment of severe localized scleroderma by plasmapheresis — report of three cases. Br J Dermatol, 133: 605–609

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wakelin SH, James MP (1995) Zosteriform atrophoderma of Pasini and Pierini. Clin Exp Dermatol, 20: 244–246

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weedon D (1997) Disorders of collagen. In: Skin Pathology, Churchill Livingstone, HongKong, pp 288–293

    Google Scholar 

  • Weide B, Walz T, Garbe C (2000) Is morphoea caused by Borrelia burgdorferi? A review. Br J Dermatol, 142: 636–644

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Whittaker SJ, Smith NP, Jones RR (1989) Solitary morphoea profunda. Br J Dermatol, 120: 431–440

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Winkelmann RK, Connolly SM, Doyle JA (1982) Carpal tunnel syndrome in cutaneous connective tissue disease: generalized morphea, lichen sclerosus, fasciitis, discoid lupus erythematosus, and lupus panniculitis. J Am Acad Dermatol, 7: 94–99

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Winkelmann R (1985) Localized cutaneous scleroderma. Seminars in Dermatology, 4: 90–103

    Google Scholar 

  • Wlaschek M, Briviba K, Stricklin GP, Sies H, Scharffetter-Kochanek K (1995) Singlet oxygen may mediate the ultraviolet A-induced synthesis of interstitial collagenase. J Invest Dermatol, 104: 194–198

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wollenberg A, Baumann L, Plewig G (1995) Linear atrophoderma of Moulin: a disease which follows Blaschko’s lines. Br J Dermatol, 135: 277–279

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wollina U, Looks A, Schneider R, Maak B (1998) Disabling morphoea of childhood-beneficial effect of intravenous immunoglobulin therapy. Clin Exp Dermatol, 23: 292–293

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wuthrich RC, Roenigk HH, Steck WD (1975) Localized scleroderma. Arch Dermatol, 111: 98–100

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yamaguchi K, Takeuchi I, Yoshii N, Gushi A, Kanekura T, Kanzaki T (1998) The discrepancy in hardness between clinical and histopathological findings in localized scleroderma treated with PUVA. J Dermatol, 25: 544–546

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yamanaka CT, Gibbs NF (1999) Trauma-induced linear scleroderma. Cutis, 63: 29–32

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yamane K, Ihn H, Kubo M, Yazawa N, Kikuchi K, Soma Y, Tamaki K (2000) Increased serum levels of soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 and E-selectin in patients with localized scleroderma. J Am Acad Dermatol, 42: 64–69

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Young EM, Jr, Barr RJ (1985) Sclerosing dermatoses. J Cutan Pathol, 12: 426–441

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng XY, Zhang JZ, Tu P, Ma SQ (1998) Expression of platelet-derived growth factor B-chain and platelet-derived growth factor beta-receptor in fibroblasts of scleroderma. J Dermatol Sci, 18: 90–97

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2005 Springer-Verlag Wien

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Orteu, C.H., Dutz, J.P. (2005). Localized Scleroderma. In: Hertl, M. (eds) Autoimmune Diseases of the Skin. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-211-27377-8_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-211-27377-8_7

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Vienna

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-211-20686-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-211-27377-7

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics