Abstract
Reptiles from all major phylogenetic radiations—turtles, lizards, snakes, and crocodilians—respond, both physiologically and behaviorally, to auditory stimuli. There is considerable variation in the auditory frequency response range among different reptilian groups, though the underlying biophysical and neurological bases for these differences are poorly known. In some reptiles the auditory neural processing appears to have reasonably discrete low- and high-frequency components. In these reptiles, which include some lizards and crocodilians, vocal communication has evolved multiple times; associated with this vocal communication is a diversity of intraspecific behaviors including territoriality, parental care, and courtship. In other reptiles, most notably, but not exclusively, the snakes, the response to high-frequency stimuli has been lost. Vocal communication is rare in these taxa and plays little to no part in intraspecific behaviors. The commonality of low-frequency auditory responses across reptiles is associated with a common, and very generalized, avoidance response.
Keywords
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Bartol, S. M., & Musick, J. (2003). Sensory biology of sea turtles. In P. Lutz, J. Musick, & J Wyneken (Eds.), The biology of sea turtles (Vol. 2 ,pp. 79–102). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Blondheim, S., & Frankenberg, E. (1983). “Protest” sounds of a grasshopper: Predator-deterrent signal. Psyche, 90, 387–394.
Brillet, C., & Paillette, M. (1991). Acoustic signals of the nocturnal lizard Gekko gecko: Analysis of the ‘long complex sequence’. Bioacoustics, 3, 33–44.
Brittan-Powell, B., Christensen-Dalsgaard, J., Tang, Y. Z., Carr, C. E., & Dooling, R. (2010). The auditory brainstem response in two lizard species. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 128, 787–794.
Britton, A. R. C. (2001). Review and classification of call types of juvenile crocodilians and factors affecting distress calls. In G. C. Grigg, F. Seebacher, & C. E. Franklin (Eds.), Crocodilian biology and evolution (pp. 364–377). Chipping Norton: Surrey Beatty & Sons Press.
Brown, A. M. (1984). Ultrasound in gecko distress calls (Reptilia: Gekkonidae). Israel Journal of Zoology, 33, 95–101.
Campbell, H. W. (1973). Observations on the acoustic behavior of crocodilians. Zoologica, 58, 1–11.
Campbell, H. W., & Evans, W. (1972). Observations on the vocal behavior of Chelonians. Herpetologica, 28, 277–280.
Carpenter, C. C., & Ferguson, G. W. (1977). Variation and evolution of stereotyped behavior in reptiles. In C. Gans, & D. W. Tinke (Eds.), Biology of the reptilia, (Vol. 7, pp. 335–553). New York: Academic Press.
Carroll, R. L. (1982). Early evolution of reptiles. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 13, 87–109.
Charruau, P., & Hénaut, Y. (2012). Nest attendance and hatchling care in wild American crocodiles (Crocodylus acutus) in Quintana Roo, Mexico. Animal Biology, 62, 29–51.
Chou, L., Leong, C., & Choo, B. (1968). The role of optic, auditory, and olfactory cues in prey hunting by two species of Geckos. Journal of Herpetology, 22, 349–351.
Christensen, C., Christensen-Dalsgaard, J., Brandt, C., & Madsen, P. (2012). Hearing with an atympanic ear: Good vibration and poor sound-pressure detection in the royal python, Python regius. Journal of Experimental Biology, 215, 331–342.
Christensen-Dalsgaard, J., & Manley, G. (2005). Directionality of the lizard ear. Journal of Experimental Biology, 208, 1209–1217.
Christensen-Dalsgaard, J., & Manley, G. (2008). Acoustical coupling of lizard eardrums. Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology, 9, 407–416.
Christensen-Dalsgaard, J., Brandt, C., Willis, K., Christensen, C., Ketten, D., Edds-Walton, P., Fay, R., Madsen, P., & Carr, C. (2012). Specialization for underwater hearing by the tympanic middle ear of the turtle, Trachemys scripta elegans. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 279, 2816–2824.
Curry-Lindahl, K. (1961). Contribution a l’etude des vertebres Terrestres en Afrique Tropicale: Exploration du Parc National Albert. Institut des Parcs Nationaux du Congo et Ruanda Urundi, 1,1–331.
Dinets, V. (2011). Effects of aquatic habitat continuity on signal composition in crocodilians. Animal Behaviour, 82, 191–201.
Doody, J., Stewart, B., Camacho, C., & Christian, K. (2012). Good vibrations? Sibling embryos expedite hatching in a turtle. Animal Behaviour, 3, 645–651.
Eatock, R. A., Manley, G. A., & Pawson, L. (1981). Auditory nerve fibre activity in the tokay gecko. I. Implications for cochlear processing. Journal of Comparative Physiology A, 142, 203–218.
Fraher, J., Davenport, J., Fitzgerald, E., McLaughlin, P., Doyle, T., Harman, L., & Cuffe, T. (2010). Opening and closing mechanisms of the leatherback sea turtle larynx: A crucial role for the tongue. Journal of Experimental Biology, 213, 4137–4145.
Frankenberg, E. (1974). Vocalizations of three geographical forms of ptyodactylus from Israel (Reptilia: Sauria: Gekkonidae). Journal of Herpetology, 8, 59–70.
Frankenberg, E. (1975). Distress calls of gekkonid lizards from Israel and Sinai. Israel Journal of Zoology, 24, 43–53.
Frankenberg, E. (1982). Vocal behavior of the mediterranean house gecko, Hemidactylus turcicus. Copeia, 1982, 770–775.
Frankenberg, E., & Werner, Y. (1984). The defensive vocal “distress” repertoire of gekkonid lizards: Intra- and inter-specific variation. Amphibia-Reptilia, 5, 109–124.
Frankenberg, E., & Werner, Y. (1992). Vocal communication in the reptilia-facts and questions. Acta Zoologica Lilloana, 41, 15–62.
Frazier, J., & Peters, G. (1981). The call of the Aldabra tortoise (Geochelone gigantea) (Reptilia, Testudinidae). Amphibia-Reptilia, 2, 165–179.
Friedel, P., Young, B. A., & van Hemmen, J. L. (2008). Auditory localization of ground-borne vibrations in snakes. Physical Review Letters, 100(048701), 4.
Galeotti, P., Roberto, S., Mauro, F., & Ballasina, D. (2005a). Do mounting vocalizations in tortoises have a communication function? A comparative analysis. Herpetological Journal, 15, 61–71.
Galeotti, P., Sacchi, R., Rosa, D., & Fasola, M. (2005b). Female preference for fast-rate, high-pitched calls in Hermann’s tortoises, Testudo hermanni. Behavioral Ecology, 16, 301–308.
Gans, C., & Maderson, P. F. A. (1973). Sound producing mechanisms in recent reptiles: Review and comment. American Zoologist, 13, 1195–1203.
Gans, C., & Wever, E. G. (1976). Ear and hearing in Sphenodon punctatus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 73, 4244–4246.
Garrick, L. D., & Lang, J. W. (1977). Social signals and behaviors of adult alligators and crocodiles. American Zoologist, 17, 225–239.
Garrick, L. D., Lang, J. W., & Herzog, H. A. (1978). Social signals of adult American alligators. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 160, 153–192.
Giles, J., Davis, J., McCauley, R., & Kuchling, G. (2009). Voice of the turtle: The underwater acoustic repertoire of the long-necked freshwater turtle, Chelodina oblonga. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 126, 434–443.
Greer, A. E. (1989). The biology and evolution of Australian lizards. Chipping Norton, NSW Australia: Surrey Beatty and Sons.
Hartdegen, R. W., Russell, M. J., Young, B., & Reams, R. D. (2001). Vocalization of the crocodile skink, Tribolonotus gracilis (De Rooy, 1909), and evidence of parental care. Contemporary Herpetology, 2, 1–9.
Hetherington, T. (1989). Use of vibratory cues for detection of insect prey by the sand swimming lizard Scincus scincus. Animal Behaviour, 37, 290–297.
Hibbitts, T. J., Whiting, M. J., & Stuart-Fox, D. M. (2007). Shouting the odds: vocalization signals status in a lizard. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 61, 1169–1176.
Higgs, D., Brittan-Powell, E., Soares, D., Souza, M., Carr, C., Dooling, R., & Popper, A. (2002). Amphibious auditory responses of the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis). Journal of Comparative Physiology A, 188, 217–223.
Hunt, R., & Watanabe, M. (1982). Observations on maternal behavior of the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis). Journal of Herpetology, 15, 235–239.
Jackson, C., & Awbrey, F. (1978). Mating bellows of the Galapagos tortoise, Geochelone elephantopus. Herpetologica, 34, 134–136.
Joanen, T., & McNease, L. (1970). A telemetric study of adult female alligators on Rockefeller Refuge, Louisiana. Proceedings of the 24th Annual Conference of Southeastern Game Fish Commissioners, 24, 175–193.
Jono, T., & Inui, Y. (2012). Secret calls from under the eaves: Acoustic behavior of the Japanese house gecko, Gecko japanocius. Copeia, 2012, 145–149.
Klauber, L. M. (1956). Rattlesnakes: Their habits, life histories, and influence on mankind. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Koch, A., Carr, A., & Ehrenfeld, D. (1969). The problem of open-sea navigation: The migration of the green turtle to Ascension Island. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 22, 163–179.
Lan, S. C., & Zhang, G. C. (1982). Vocal responses to stimulate midbrain in Gekko gecko. Acta Zoologica Sinica, 28, 15–22.
Lan, S. C., Li, D. F., & Yang, L. C. (1991). Primary analysis on vocal apparatus and sonogram of Gekko gecko. Chinese Journal of Zoology, 26, 33–34.
Lee, D. S. (1968). Possible communication between eggs of the American alligator. Herpetologica, 24, 88.
Llusia, D., Marquez, R., & Beltran, J. (2010). Non-selective and time-dependent behavioral responses of common toads (Bufo bufo) to predator acoustic cues. Ethology, 116, 1146–1154.
Lohmann, K., Cain, S., Dodge, S., & Lohmann, C. (2001). Regional magnetic fields as navigational markers for sea turtles. Science, 294, 364–366.
Lohmann, K., Luschi, P., & Hays, G. (2008). Goal navigation and island-finding in sea turtles. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 356, 83–95.
Magnusson, W. E. (1980). Hatching and creche formation by Crocodylus porosus. Copeia, 1980, 359–362.
Manley, G. A. (1972). Frequency response of the ear of the tokay gecko. Journal of Experimental Zoology, 181, 159–168.
Manley, G. A. (1990). Peripherical hearing mechanisms in reptiles and birds. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Manley, G. A. (2000). The hearing organs of lizards. In R. J. Dooling, R. Fay, & A. N. Popper (Eds.), Comparative hearing: Birds and reptiles (pp. 139–196). New York: Springer Science+Business Media.
Manley, G. A. (2004). The lizard basilar papilla and its evolution. In G. A. Manley, A. N. Popper, & R. R. Fay (Eds.), Evolution of the vertebrate auditory system (pp. 200–223). New York: Springer Science+Business Media.
Manley, G. A. (2011). Lizard auditory papillae: An evolutionary kaleidoscope. Hearing Research, 273, 59–64.
Manley, G. A., & Kraus, E. M. (2010). Exceptional high-frequency hearing and matched vocalizations in Australian pygopod geckos. The Journal of Experimental Biology, 213, 1876–1885.
Manley, G. A., Köppl, C., & Sneary, M. (1999). Reversed tonotopic map of the basilar papilla in Gekko gecko. Hearing Research, 131, 107–116.
Marcellini, D. L. (1974). Acoustic behavior of the gekkonid lizard, Hemidactylus frenatus. Herpetologica, 30, 44–52.
Marcellini, D. L. (1977a). Acoustic and visual display behavior of gekkonid lizards. American Zoologist, 17, 251–260.
Marcellini, D. L. (1977b). The function of a vocal display of the lizard Hemidactylus frenatus. Animal Behaviour, 25, 414–417.
Marcellini, D. L. (1978). The acoustic behavior of lizards. In N. Greenberg & P. MacLean (Eds.), Behavior and neurology of lizards (pp. 287–300). Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Mental Health.
Martin, K., Alessi, S., Gaspard, J., Tucker, A., Bauer, G., & Mann, D. (2012). Underwater hearing in the loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta): A comparison of behavioral and auditory evoked potential audiograms. Journal of Experimental Biology, 215, 3001–3009.
McIlhenny, E. A. (1935). The alligator’s life history. Boston: Christopher Publishing House.
Mertens, R. (1955). Die Amphibien und Reptilien Sudwestafrikas. Abhandlungen der Senckenbergische Naturforschungen Gesellschaft, 490, 1–172.
Mertens, R., & Parker, H. W. (1960). The world of amphibians and reptiles. London: George G. Harrap & Co.
Meyer, A., & Zardoya, R. (2003). Recent advances in the (molecular) phylogeny of vertebrates. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 34, 311–338.
Milton, T. A., & Jenssen, T. A. (1979). Description and significance of vocalizations by Anolis grahami (Sauria, Iguanidae). Copeia, 1979, 481–489.
Moore, B. A., Russell, A. P., & Bauer, A. M. (1991). Structure of the larynx of the tokay gecko (Gekko gecko), with particular reference to the vocal cords and glottal lips. Journal of Morphology, 210, 227–238.
Mrosovsky, N. (1972). Spectographs of the sounds of leatherback turtles. Herpetology, 28, 256–258.
Neill, W. T. (1971). The last of the ruling reptiles-Alligators, Crocodiles and their kin. New York: Columbia University Press.
Olegario, C., & Diefenbach, C. (1988). Thermal and feeding relations of Caiman latirostris (Crocodylia: Reptilia). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A, 89, 149–155.
Piniak, W., Mann, D., Eckert, S., & Harms, C. (2012). Amphibious hearing in sea turtles. In A. Popper & A. Hawkins (Eds.), The effects of noise on aquatic life (pp. 83–88). New York: Springer Science+Business Media.
Platt, S., Rainwater, T., Finger, A., Thorbjamarson, J., Anderson, T., & McMurry, S. (2006). Food habits, ontogenetic dietary partitioning and observations of foraging behavior of Morlet’s crocodile (Crocodylus moreletii) in northern Belize. Herpetological Journal, 16, 281–290.
Reagan, S. R. (2000). American alligator nesting ecology in impounded marsh habitat. Ph.D. dissertation, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 84. pp.
Regalado, R. (2003). Roles of visual, acoustic, and chemical signals in social interactions of the tropical house gecko (Hemidactylus mabouia). Caribbean Journal of Science, 39, 307–320.
Rothblum, L. M., Watkins, J. W., & Jenssen, T. A. (1979). A learning paradigm and the behavioral demonstration of audition for the lizard. Anolis grahami. Copeia, 1979, 490–494.
Russell, A. P., Rittenhouse, D. R., & Bauer, A. M. (2000). Laryngotracheal morphology of the Afro-Madagascar geckos: A comparative survey. Journal of Morphology, 245, 241–268.
Russell, A. P., Bauer, A., & Johnson, M. (2005). Migration in amphibians and reptiles: An overview of patterns and orientation mechanisms in relation to life history strategies. In A. Elewa (Ed.), Migration of organisms (pp. 151–203). New York: Springer Science+Business Media.
Ryan, M. J., & Wilczynski, W. (1988). Coevolution of sender and receiver: Effect on local mate preference in cricket frogs. Science, 240, 1786–1789.
Sacchi, R., Galeotti, P., Fasola, M., & Ballasina, D. (2003). Vocalization and courtship intensity correlate with mounting success in marginated tortoises, Testudo marginata. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 55, 95–102.
Sacchi, R., Galeotti, P., Fasola, M., & Gerzeli, G. (2004). Larynx morphology and sound production in three species of Testudinidae. Journal of Morphology, 261, 175–183.
Sakaluk, S., & Belwood, J. (1984). Gecko phonotaxis to cricket calling song: A case of satellite predation. Animal Behaviour, 32, 659–662.
Sams-Dodd, F., & Capranica, R. R. (1996). Representation of acoustic signals in the eighth nerve of the tokay gecko: II. Masking of pure tones with white noise. Hearing Research, 100, 131–142.
Saunders, J. C., Duncan, R. K., Doan, D. E., & Werner, Y. L. (2000). The middle ear of reptiles and birds. In R. J. Dooling, R. R. Fay, & A. N. Popper (Eds.), Comparative hearing: Birds and reptiles (pp. 70–138). New York: Springer-Verlag.
Shine, R. (2005). Life-history evolution in reptiles. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 36, 23–46.
Smolders, J. W. T., & Klinke, R. (1984). Effects of temperature on the properties of primary auditory fibres of the spectacled caiman Caiman crocodilus. Journal of Comparative Physiology, 155, 19–30.
Soares, D. (2002). An ancient sensory organ in crocodilians. Nature, 417, 241–242.
Swaisgood, R., Rowe, M., & Owings, D. (1999). Assessment of rattlesnake dangerousness by California ground squirrels: Exploitation of cues from rattling sounds. Animal Behaviour, 57, 1301–1310.
Tang, Y. Z., Zhang, Q. Q., Li, Q. Q., & Qin, P. S. (1995). Preliminary investigation on call characters and population density of Gekko gecko L. in Longrui Natural Reserve, Guangxi. Journal of Guangxi Agricultural University, 14, 49–54.
Tang, Y. Z., Zhuang, L. Z., & Wang, Z. W. (2001). Advertisement calls and their relation to reproductive cycles in Gekko gecko (Reptilia, Lacertilia). Copeia, 2001, 248–253.
Thorbjarnarson, J., & Wang, X. (2010). The Chinese alligator. Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press.
Tuttle, S. E., & Carroll, D. M. (2005). Movements and behavior of hatchling wood turtles (Glyptemys insculpta). Northeastern Naturalist, 12, 331–348.
Vergne, A., & Mathevon, N. (2008). Crocodile egg sounds signal hatching time. Current Biology, 18, 513–514.
Vergne, A., Avril, A., Martin, S., & Mathevon, N. (2007). Parent-offspring communication in the Nile crocodile Crocodylus niloticus: Do newborns’ calls show an individual signature? Naturwissenschaften, 94, 49–54.
Vergne, A., Pritz, M. B., & Mathevon, N. (2009). Acoustic communication in crocodilians: From behaviour to brain. Biological Reviews, 84, 391–411.
Vergne, A., Aubin, T., & Mathevon, N. (2011). Acoustic signals of baby black caimans. Zoology, 114, 313–320.
Vergne, A., Aubin, T., Martin, S., & Mathevon, N. (2012). Acoustic communication in crocodilians: Information coding and species-specificity of juvenile calls. Animal Cognition, 15: 1095–1109.
Vincent, S., Shine, R., & Brown, G. (2005). Does foraging mode influence sensory modalities for prey detection in male and female filesnakes, Acrochordus arafurae? Animal Behaviour, 70, 715–721.
Vogel, P. (1976). Der stimmapparat der reptilien, mit besonderer berücksichtigung von Lacerta galloti. Verhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Basel, 84: 135–153.
Wallace, K., & Leslie, A. (2008). Diet of the Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Journal of Herpetology, 42, 361–368.
Wang, X., Wang, D., Wu, X., Wang, R., & Chaolin, W. (2007). Acoustic signals of Chinese alligators (Alligator sinensis): Social communication. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 121, 2984–2989.
Watanabe, M. E. (1980). An ethological study of the American alligator Alligator mississipiensis with emphasis on vocalizations and responses to vocalizations. Unpublished PhD thesis, New York University.
Weber, E., & Werner, Y. L. (1977). Vocalizations of two snake-lizards (Reptilia: Sauria: Pygopodidae). Herpetologica, 33, 353–363.
Werner, Y. L., Frankenberg, E., & Adar, O. (1978). Further observations on the distinctive vocal repertoire of Ptyodactylus hasselquistii cf. hasselquistii (Reptilia: Gekkoninae). Israel Journal of Zoology, 27, 176–188.
Werner, Y. L., Rickert, M., & Schröder, E. (2001). Polysyllabic calls of diplodactyline geckos, genera Oedura and Rhacodactylus. Herpetological Natural History, 8, 37–48.
Wever, E. G. (1978). The reptile ear: Its structure and function. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Wever, E. G., & Vernon, J. A. (1957). Auditory responses in the spectacled caiman. Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology, 50, 333–339.
Wever, E. G., Vernon, J. A., Peterson, E. A., & Crowley, D. E. (1963). Auditory responses in the tokay gecko. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 50, 806–811.
Wever, E. G., Hepp-Reymond, M.-C., & Wernon, J. A. (1965). Vocalization and hearing in the leopard lizard. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 55, 98–106.
Wever, W. (1970). Courtship and combat behavior in Gopherus berlanderi. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum, 15, 1–43.
Wojtusiak, R. J., & Majlert, Z. (1973). Bioacoustics of the voice of the tuatara, Sphenodon punctatus punctatus. New Zealand Journal of Science, 16, 305–313.
Young, B. A. (1991). Morphological basis of “growling” in the king cobra, Ophiophagus hannah. Journal of Experimental Zoology, 260, 275–287.
Young, B. A. (1997). A review of sound production and hearing in snakes, with a discussion of intraspecific acoustic communication in snakes. Journal of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science, 71, 39–46.
Young, B. A. (2000). The comparative morphology of the larynx in snakes. Acta Zoologica, 81, 177–193.
Young, B. A. (2003). Snake bioacoustics: Toward a richer understanding of the behavioral ecology of snakes. Quarterly Review of Biology, 78, 303–325.
Young, B., & Brown, I. (1993). On the acoustic profile of the rattlesnakes rattle. Amphibia-Reptilia, 14, 373–380.
Young, B., & Brown, I. (1995). The physical basis of the rattling sound in the rattlesnake, Crotalus viridis oreganus. Journal of Herpetology, 29, 80–85.
Young, B., & Aguiar, A. (2002). Response of western diamondback rattlesnakes Crotalus atrox to airborne sounds. Journal of Experimental Biology, 205, 3087–3092.
Young, B., & Morain, M. (2002). The use of ground-borne vibrations for prey localization in the Saharan sand vipers (Cerastes). Journal of Experimental Biology, 205, 661–665.
Young, B., Nejman, N., Metzler, K., & Marvin, J. (1999). The mechanics of sound production in the puff adder Bitis arietans (Serpentes: Viperidae) and the information content of the snake hiss. Journal of Experimental Biology, 202, 2281–2289.
Young, B., Sheft, S., & Yost, W. (2005). Sound production in Pituophis melanoleucus (Serpentes: Colubridae) with the first description of a vocal cord in snakes. Journal of Experimental Zoology, 273, 472–481.
Young, B., Aguiar, A., & Lillywhite, H. (2008). Foraging cues used by insular Florida cottonmouths, Agkistrodon piscivorus conanti. South American Journal of Herpetology, 3, 135–144.
Yu, X., Peng, Y., Aowphol, A., Ding, L., Brauth, S. B., & Tang, Y. Z. (2011). Geographic variation in the advertisement calls of Gekko gecko in relation to variations in morphological features: Implications for regional population differentiation. Ethology Ecology and Evolution, 23, 211–228.
Zhang, Q. Q., Tang, Y. Z., Huang, Y. C., & Zeng, F. H. (1997). Investigation on the geographic variance of tokay, Gekko gecko L. Chinese Journal of Zoology, 32, 44–46.
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to thank Catherine Carr, Samuel Martin, Peter Taylor, and Amélie Vergne for their support and assistance.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Young, B.A., Mathevon, N., Tang, Y. (2013). Reptile Auditory Neuroethology: What Do Reptiles Do with Their Hearing?. In: Köppl, C., Manley, G., Popper, A., Fay, R. (eds) Insights from Comparative Hearing Research. Springer Handbook of Auditory Research, vol 49. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/2506_2013_30
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/2506_2013_30
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-9076-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-9077-7
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)