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Diffusion-Weighted and Diffusion Tensor Imaging: Applications in Skeletal Muscles

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Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Skeletal Musculature

Part of the book series: Medical Radiology ((Med Radiol Diagn Imaging))

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Abstract

Diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been applied until fairly recently to the study of the brain microarchitecture. Muscle diffusion tensor imaging is still in its infancy but opens a whole new area of research in mapping microstructural organization. Diffusion arises from random motions from thermal energy; these random motions are referred to as "Brownian motion." MRI is the only modality that allows the noninvasive determination of diffusion (which is on the order of microns) and provides an excellent probe into tissue microarchitecture. Diffusion in biological tissue can be both hindered and have a preferential direction. In the latter case, diffusion is said to be anisotropic. In this chapter, we start with a brief discussion of the technical details of diffusion tensor image acquisition and the post-processing methods. The challenges of this complex modality can be appreciated from these technical details. Diffusion is measured at the macroscopic level but reflects micro-level structural organization. Diffusion models enable one to link the microarchitecture to the observed diffusion tensor; a brief discussion of the diffusion models is presented here. The potential to infer physiological status at a microscopic level from macroscopic measurements offers exciting possibilities for understanding muscle physiology and changes with disease. In order to apply this technique to detecting changes with normal progression or disease, it is important to establish normative values as well as the reproducibility of the technique. The summary of normal ranges and reproducibility of the diffusion indices is presented and confirms that the technique can monitor changes of the order of ~8 %. Several studies using DTI in disease condition are also presented to provide the range of application of diffusion tensor imaging. In addition to scalar indices of diffusion, DTI also enables muscle fiber tracking. Fiber tracking is the most challenging aspect of DTI and results from several groups are presented to demonstrate the feasibility and utility of this method in extracting fiber architectural parameters in a way that was not possible till now.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physics, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA

    Usha Sinha

  2. Muscle Imaging and Modeling Laboratory, Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA

    Shantanu Sinha

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  1. Usha Sinha
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Correspondence to Usha Sinha .

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  1. Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany

    Marc-André Weber

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Sinha, U., Sinha, S. (2013). Diffusion-Weighted and Diffusion Tensor Imaging: Applications in Skeletal Muscles. In: Weber, MA. (eds) Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Skeletal Musculature. Medical Radiology(). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/174_2013_932

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