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MR Spectroscopy and Spectroscopic Imaging for Evaluation of Skeletal Muscle Metabolism: Basics and Applications in Metabolic Diseases

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Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Skeletal Musculature

Part of the book series: Medical Radiology ((Med Radiol Diagn Imaging))

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Abstract

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) provide metabolic information on the musculoskeletal system, thus helping to understand the biochemical and pathophysiological nature of numerous diseases. In particular, MRS has been used to study the energy metabolism of muscular tissue since the very beginning of magnetic resonance examinations in humans when small-bore magnets for studies of the limbs became available. Even more than in other organs, the observation of non-proton-nuclei was important in muscle tissue. Spatial localization was less demanding in these studies, however, high temporal resolution was necessary to follow metabolism during exercise and recovery. The observation of high-energy phosphates during and after the application of workload gives insight into oxidative phosphorylation, a process that takes place in the mitochondria and characterizes impaired mitochondrial function. New applications in insulin-resistant patients followed the development of volume-selective 1H-MRS in whole-body magnets. Nowadays, multinuclear MRS and MRSI of the musculoskeletal system provide several windows to vital biochemical pathways noninvasively. It is shown how MRS and MRSI have been used in numerous diseases to characterize an involvement of the muscular metabolism.

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Abbreviations

1H:

1-Hydrogen, protons

13C:

13-Carbon

19F:

19-Fluor

23Na:

23-Sodium

31P:

31-Phosphorus

ADP:

Adenosinediphosphate

AOD:

Arterial occlusive disease

ATP:

Adenosinetriphosphate

BMD:

Becker muscle dystrophies

CPEO:

Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia

CPOD:

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

CSI:

Chemical shift imaging

DMD:

Duchenne muscle dystrophies

DNA:

Deoxyribonucleic acid

EMCL:

Extramyocellular lipids

FSHD:

Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy

G6P:

Glucose-6-phosphate

GHD:

Growth hormone deficiency

GPCh:

Glycerophosphocholine

GPEt:

Glycerophosphoethanolamine

IMCL:

Intramyocellular lipids

ISIS:

Image-selected in vivo spectroscopy

KSS:

Kearns-Sayre syndrome

LGMD:

Limb girdle muscular dystrophy

LHON:

Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy

MELAS:

Mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes

MERRF:

Myoclonus epilepsy with ragged red fibers

MH:

Malignant hyperthermia

MIDD:

Maternally inherited diabetes and deafness

MRI:

Magnetic resonance imaging

MRS:

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy

MRSI:

Magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging

NADH:

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

NARP:

Neuropathy, ataxia, and retinitis pigmentosa

NIDDM:

Non-insulin-dependent-diabetes-mellitus

NIRS:

Near infrared spectroscopy

OPMD:

Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy

PAD:

Peripheral arterial disease

PCh:

Phosphocholine

PCr:

Phosphocreatine

PDE:

Phosphodiester

PEt:

Phosphoethanolamine

PFK:

Phosphofructokinase

pH:

Concentration of hydrogen

Pi:

Inorganic phosphate

PME:

Phosphomonoester

PRESS:

Point resolved spectroscopy

QMAX:

Apparent maximum rate of oxidative ATP synthesis

SNR:

Signal-to-noise ratio

STEAM:

Stimulated echo acquisition mode

TCA:

Tricarboxylic acid cycle

TE:

Echo time

TMA:

Trimethyl ammonium containing metabolites

TR:

Repetition time

tRNA:

Transfer ribonucleic acid

VEGF:

Vascular endothelial growth factor

VO2max:

Maximal oxygen uptake

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    Chris Boesch

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    Marc-André Weber

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Boesch, C. (2013). MR Spectroscopy and Spectroscopic Imaging for Evaluation of Skeletal Muscle Metabolism: Basics and Applications in Metabolic Diseases. In: Weber, MA. (eds) Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Skeletal Musculature. Medical Radiology(). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/174_2013_847

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